今天早一點(diǎn)寫坊萝,找個(gè)安靜的時(shí)間先讀~
做一個(gè)學(xué)會(huì)觀察的人很重要,因?yàn)橹挥心阕銐驎?huì)觀察许起,你看到的十偶、聽到的信息才足夠完整,對你的批判性思考很有好處街氢。
開篇作者就舉了幾個(gè)例子扯键,思考一下我們是否有關(guān)注父親眼睛的顏色睦袖,母親頭發(fā)習(xí)慣往哪邊卷珊肃,等等身邊需要我們提高感知、觀察水平去留意的細(xì)節(jié)馅笙。
Observing People
作者講述了如何用去觀察人伦乔,如果我們能夠更有效地觀察他人,可以提升我們的批判性思考水平董习。偵探就有很高的觀察水平烈和。(基本的觀察我們多少會(huì)一點(diǎn),因?yàn)槟愀粋€(gè)人溝通皿淋,他是否用心在溝通我們能感受到招刹,是直視你的眼睛用心地傾聽交流恬试,還是無法掩飾地流露出不耐煩,比如看手表以及細(xì)微的臉部表情等)
觀察人不光對思考有好處疯暑,這種細(xì)致的觀察可以使我們更加的敏感训柴、對他人更加的考慮周到thoughtful。
作者舉了一個(gè)例子妇拯,一個(gè)已經(jīng)進(jìn)行9周幻馁、并且課堂作文練習(xí)在第一節(jié)課就聲明的作業(yè)課上,一個(gè)學(xué)生向老師借鋼筆越锈。雖然老師什么都沒說仗嗦,也看不出不悅,慢慢掏出筆甘凭,走到他桌前稀拐,把鋼筆借給他了。但如果這個(gè)學(xué)生足夠有觀察力丹弱,可以感受到老師的不悅以及“What’s the use?”的懷疑钩蚊。
Observation in Science and Medicine
科學(xué)與藥物上的發(fā)現(xiàn)也是通過觀察。比如心臟病的確診蹈矮,青霉素的發(fā)現(xiàn)penicillin等等砰逻。另外也要注意不要犯錯(cuò):post hoc fallacy。能觀察泛鸟、推論是很好的蝠咆,但是注意因果關(guān)系是不一定成立的。
The Range of Application
Becoming More Observant
我們還是會(huì)受到mine is better的思想影響北滥,很多時(shí)候我們都只關(guān)注自身刚操。但是真正會(huì)觀察的人,會(huì)把觀察點(diǎn)放在身邊的人身上再芋。
下面這一段真的很有趣菊霜,全面節(jié)選過來,實(shí)踐思考济赎。(個(gè)人思考:這個(gè)讓我想起在知乎上的一個(gè)問答鉴逞,做公交車的時(shí)候做什么好。 對我來說司训,聽東西很難因?yàn)樘彻辜瘢磿褪謾C(jī)又很傷眼,所以一般就三件事情可以做壳猜。一是睡覺勾徽,二是思考最近的計(jì)劃安排、背東西统扳、想設(shè)計(jì)喘帚、理思路畅姊,三就是觀察身邊的人了,觀察每個(gè)人的樣貌吹由、衣著涡匀、在車?yán)锏膭?dòng)作,思考推測他們的職業(yè)溉知、故事等等陨瘩。)
A good way to start becoming more observant is to practice receiving sense impressions more attentively. At the next meeting of an organization you belong to or any other gathering, try to notice things you would?normally miss: objects in the room, the arrangement of the furniture, the?positions of the people in relation to one another, the subtle reactions of?people during the discussion. The next time you are walking around your?neighborhood or in the mall, try to see how many things you’ve been?missing. Which houses are best cared for? How many people smile and?nod or otherwise greet you? What activities are people you pass engaged?in? Do they seem to be enjoying what they are doing? How many different sounds do you hear? Which sounds dominate? Are they pleasant or?harsh? How many different styles of walking can you detect among the?people you pass? How many stores have closed? Which stores are most?crowded?
When? you? are? reading? a? magazine? or? newspaper? or? watching? TV,look for the significance of things. Consider the connections among ideas,even apparently unrelated ones. An article about an astronomer’s location of a new galaxy may reveal something about concentration and mental discipline. A TV show about the effects of negligence and abuse on?children may suggest a new perspective on marriage or divorce or the?Hollywood image of romance.
Reflecting on Your Observations
這里作者給了特別好的建議,值得我們?nèi)ホ`行级乍。我們可以養(yǎng)成反思自己觀察的習(xí)慣舌劳。最好的方法就是每天找一段10-15分鐘能安靜思考的時(shí)間,能夠排除一切的干擾玫荣,然后你記錄在過去一天你聽到的看到的甚淡,然后問自己發(fā)生的這些事情意味著什么,他們跟其他重要的問題有什么關(guān)聯(lián)捅厂。通過這樣的思考贯卦,你可以提升自己的思考水平。
比如說一個(gè)案例是焙贷,一夫婦開車的時(shí)候?yàn)榱吮苊庾驳揭粋€(gè)狗撵割,翻車了。女的肚子里有16個(gè)月的胎兒辙芍,因此男的就起訴了狗主人啡彬。問題的關(guān)鍵在于胎兒在未出生前是否被當(dāng)成一個(gè)人。對這個(gè)問題進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的反思就是對流產(chǎn)的判定故硅。