哈嘍大家好,上一篇文章我們聊了聊Java線程的基礎(chǔ)知識贡茅,這一篇文章我們就來聊聊線程中的線程安全問題
線程安全問題
線程安全問題一般指的是多個線程同時對同一個變量進(jìn)行操作的時候可能會出現(xiàn)問題城菊。
我們先舉個簡單的例子來說說什么是線程安全問題:
public class symain {
public static int a = 0;
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestThread testThread = new TestThread();
Thread thread1 = new Thread(testThread,"A");
Thread thread2 = new Thread(testThread,"B");
Thread thread3 = new Thread(testThread,"C");
thread1.start();
thread2.start();
thread3.start();
}
public static class TestThread extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
a++;
System.out.println(currentThread().getName()+" a = "+a);
}
}
}
}
結(jié)果為:
A a = 2
B a = 2
B a = 4
......
代碼中a為公共變量备燃,三個線程分別用for循環(huán)對a進(jìn)行a++操作,結(jié)果中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)A和B同時出現(xiàn)了a為2的情況凌唬,這就是a的數(shù)據(jù)并沒有及時同步到每一個線程并齐,這就是我們所說的線程安全問題。
方法內(nèi)部變量不存在線程安全問題
我們知道了線程安全問題的一個關(guān)鍵是對同一個變量進(jìn)行操作客税,那么變量如果在方法內(nèi)部况褪,就不會造成線程安全問題了,雖然是同一個對象霎挟,但是方法中的變量是臨時生成的窝剖,每調(diào)用一次方法就生成一個新的變量,所以不會造成線程安全問題酥夭,下面用代碼驗證下:
public class Test {
public void test() {
int a = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
a++;
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " a = " + a);
}
}
}
public class symain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test test = new Test();
TestThread testThread1 = new TestThread(test);
TestThread testThread2 = new TestThread(test);
TestThread testThread3 = new TestThread(test);
testThread1.start();
testThread2.start();
testThread3.start();
}
public static class TestThread extends Thread {
private Test test;
public TestThread(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
test.test();
}
}
}
結(jié)果為:
Thread-0 a = 1
Thread-2 a = 1
Thread-2 a = 2
Thread-1 a = 1
Thread-1 a = 2
Thread-1 a = 3
Thread-2 a = 3
Thread-0 a = 2
Thread-2 a = 4
Thread-1 a = 4
Thread-2 a = 5
Thread-0 a = 3
Thread-2 a = 6
Thread-1 a = 5
Thread-1 a = 6
Thread-1 a = 7
Thread-1 a = 8
Thread-1 a = 9
Thread-1 a = 10
Thread-2 a = 7
Thread-0 a = 4
Thread-0 a = 5
Thread-2 a = 8
Thread-0 a = 6
Thread-0 a = 7
Thread-2 a = 9
Thread-0 a = 8
Thread-2 a = 10
Thread-0 a = 9
Thread-0 a = 10
我們可以看到雖然因為多線程執(zhí)行的順序有變化,但是每一個線程中的a是沒有問題的脊奋。所以當(dāng)變量在方法中的時候熬北,是不存在線程安全問題的。
synchronized解決線程安全問題
那么有什么方法解決第一個例子的線程安全問題呢诚隙?Java為我們提供了關(guān)鍵字synchronized,我們在方法前加上這個關(guān)鍵字:
public static class TestThread extends Thread {
@Override
synchronized public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
a++;
System.out.println(currentThread().getName()+" a = "+a);
}
}
}
看下運行的結(jié)果:
A a = 1
A a = 2
A a = 3
A a = 4
A a = 5
A a = 6
A a = 7
A a = 8
A a = 9
A a = 10
C a = 11
C a = 12
C a = 13
C a = 14
C a = 15
C a = 16
C a = 17
C a = 18
C a = 19
C a = 20
B a = 21
B a = 22
B a = 23
B a = 24
B a = 25
B a = 26
B a = 27
B a = 28
B a = 29
B a = 30
上面的問題解決了讶隐。
synchronized對象鎖
我們接下來看一個例子:
public class Test {
synchronized public void test1() {
try {
System.out.println("test1 start");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("test1 end");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
synchronized public void test2() {
System.out.println("test2 start");
System.out.println("test2 end");
}
}
public class symain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test test = new Test();
ThreadA threadA = new ThreadA(test);
ThreadB threadB = new ThreadB(test);
threadA.start();
threadB.start();
}
public static class ThreadA extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadA(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
test.test1();
}
}
public static class ThreadB extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadB(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
test.test2();
}
}
}
結(jié)果為:
test1 start
test1 end
test2 start
test2 end
我們看到運行結(jié)果是按順序運行的,證明同一個對象中久又,在方法前面加入了synchronized巫延,這些方法獲取的是同一個鎖,并且他們獲取的是對象鎖地消。下面我們通過代碼來驗證下:
public void test2() {
synchronized (this) {
System.out.println("test2 start");
System.out.println("test2 end");
}
}
結(jié)果為:
test1 start
test1 end
test2 start
test2 end
驗證了在方法前加synchronized和synchronized(this)的效果是相同的炉峰,他們都是以當(dāng)前類生成的對象為監(jiān)視器的,并且這種鎖都是對象鎖脉执。
對象鎖還有一個特性疼阔,那就是多個對象多個鎖,我們來看一段代碼:
public class Test {
synchronized public void test1() {
try {
System.out.println("test1 start");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("test1 end");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
synchronized public void test2() {
System.out.println("test2 start");
System.out.println("test2 end");
}
}
public class symain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test test1 = new Test();
Test test2 = new Test();
ThreadA threadA = new ThreadA(test1);
ThreadB threadB = new ThreadB(test2);
threadA.start();
threadB.start();
}
public static class ThreadA extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadA(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
test.test1();
}
}
public static class ThreadB extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadB(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
test.test2();
}
}
}
結(jié)果為:
test1 start
test2 start
test2 end
test1 end
當(dāng)我們傳入的Test并不是同一個對象的時候半夷,結(jié)果也并不是按順序打印婆廊,因為兩個對象分別拿的是兩個不同的鎖。
synchronized鎖重入
在擁有相同鎖的前提下巫橄,加了鎖的方法內(nèi)部依然可以調(diào)用擁有相同鎖的方法淘邻,下面我們來看看代碼:
public class Test {
synchronized public void test1() {
System.out.println("in test1");
test2();
}
synchronized public void test2() {
System.out.println("in test2");
test3();
}
synchronized public void test3(){
System.out.println("in test3");
}
}
public class symain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test test1 = new Test();
ThreadTest threadTest = new ThreadTest(test1);
threadTest.start();
}
public static class ThreadTest extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadTest(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
test.test1();
}
}
}
結(jié)果為:
in test1
in test2
in test3
上面的代碼證明了擁有相同鎖的方法之間是可以互相調(diào)用的。
子類和父類之間也是可以實現(xiàn)鎖重入的湘换,我們來看看代碼:
public class Test {
synchronized public void test1() {
System.out.println("in test1");
}
}
public class TestMin extends Test {
synchronized public void test2() {
System.out.println("in test2");
test1();
}
}
public class symain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestMin testMin = new TestMin();
ThreadA threadA = new ThreadA(testMin);
threadA.start();
}
public static class ThreadA extends Thread {
private TestMin testMin;
public ThreadA(TestMin testMin) {
this.testMin = testMin;
}
@Override
public void run() {
testMin.test2();
}
}
}
結(jié)果為:
in test2
in test1
我們可以看到在test2方法中還沒有釋放當(dāng)前鎖宾舅,我們成功的調(diào)用了父類的方法test1敬尺,證明了父類和子類之間也可以實現(xiàn)鎖重入。
異常會釋放鎖
如果加鎖的代碼中出現(xiàn)了異常贴浙,那么這個鎖就會自動釋放掉砂吞,下面我們來看看代碼:
public class Test {
synchronized public void test1() {
System.out.println("test1 start");
int a = 100;
while (true) {
int b = 20 / a--;
System.out.println("test1 b = " + b);
}
}
synchronized public void test2() {
System.out.println("in test2");
}
}
public class symain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test test = new Test();
ThreadA threadA = new ThreadA(test);
ThreadB threadB = new ThreadB(test);
threadA.start();
threadB.start();
}
public static class ThreadA extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadA(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
test.test1();
}
}
public static class ThreadB extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadB(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
test.test2();
}
}
}
結(jié)果為:
......
test1 b = 10
test1 b = 20
Exception in thread "Thread-0" java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
at Sydemo.Test.test1(Test.java:10)
at Sydemo.symain$ThreadA.run(symain.java:24)
in test2
我們可以看到,早報錯過后test1方法釋放了鎖崎溃,test2方法才開始運行蜻直。
同步不具有繼承性
子類重寫了父類的方法,如果父類方法前加了synchronized袁串,那么子類方法中也必須加synchronized概而,要不就不具有鎖的效果,我們來看看代碼:
public class Test {
synchronized public void test1() {
try {
System.out.println("test1 start");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("test1 end");
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class TestMin extends Test {
@Override
public void test1() {
try {
System.out.println("test1 start");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("test1 end");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
synchronized public void test2() {
System.out.println("test2 start");
System.out.println("test2 end");
}
}
public class symain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestMin testMin = new TestMin();
ThreadA threadA = new ThreadA(testMin);
ThreadB threadB = new ThreadB(testMin);
threadA.start();
threadB.start();
}
public static class ThreadA extends Thread {
private TestMin testMin;
public ThreadA(TestMin testMin) {
this.testMin = testMin;
}
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
testMin.test1();
}
}
public static class ThreadB extends Thread {
private TestMin testMin;
public ThreadB(TestMin testMin) {
this.testMin = testMin;
}
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
testMin.test2();
}
}
}
結(jié)果為:
test1 start
test2 start
test2 end
test1 end
我們可以看到test1還沒有執(zhí)行完成test2已經(jīng)執(zhí)行完成了囱修,證明鎖并沒有起作用赎瑰,我們將子類的test1方法加上synchronized試試。
@Override
public synchronized void test1() {
try {
System.out.println("test1 start");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("test1 end");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
結(jié)果為:
test1 start
test1 end
test2 start
test2 end
這樣才是正確的破镰,所以子類在重寫父類帶有synchronized關(guān)鍵字方法的時候餐曼,也要加上synchronized關(guān)鍵字才行。
任意對象為對象監(jiān)視器
對象監(jiān)視器是什么呢鲜漩,我們在使用synchronized(this)的時候源譬,傳入的this就是對象監(jiān)視器,這個傳入的值可以為任意值孕似。我們一般會使用一個對象踩娘,或者是一個變量來充當(dāng)這個對象監(jiān)視器,下面我們舉個例子:
public class Test {
private final Object object = new Object();
public void test1() {
synchronized (object){
try {
System.out.println("test1 start");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("test1 end");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public void test2() {
synchronized (object){
System.out.println("test2 start");
System.out.println("test2 end");
}
}
}
public class symain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test test = new Test();
ThreadA threadA = new ThreadA(test);
ThreadB threadB = new ThreadB(test);
threadA.start();
threadB.start();
}
public static class ThreadA extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadA(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
test.test1();
}
}
public static class ThreadB extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadB(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
test.test2();
}
}
}
結(jié)果為:
test1 start
test1 end
test2 start
test2 end
我們在以object為對象監(jiān)視器的時候喉祭,鎖是起了作用的养渴。需要注意的是要用同一個對象當(dāng)監(jiān)視器才行,如果是不同的對象泛烙,鎖則不起作用理卑。
方法前添加synchronized也有可能出現(xiàn)線程不安全
上面我們都說添加synchronized過后,線程就是安全的胶惰,但是有時候也會有特殊情況傻工,這也是線程安全的難點,到處都是細(xì)節(jié)啊孵滞。我們下面來看個例子:
public class Test {
private List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
synchronized void addList() {
list.add(1);
}
synchronized Integer getList() {
return list.size();
}
}
public class symain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
Test test = new Test();
ThreadA threadA = new ThreadA(test);
ThreadB threadB = new ThreadB(test);
threadA.start();
threadB.start();
Thread.sleep(6000);
System.out.println(test.getList());
}catch (Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static class ThreadA extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadA(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
try {
if (test.getList() < 1) {
Thread.sleep(2000);
test.addList();
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public static class ThreadB extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadB(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
try {
if (test.getList() < 1) {
Thread.sleep(2000);
test.addList();
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
結(jié)果為:
2
我們在Test類中的兩個方法都加入了synchronized關(guān)鍵字中捆,這兩個方法的調(diào)用時線程安全的,但是我們在調(diào)用的時候有一個時間差坊饶,就造成了最后的錯誤泄伪,像這種情況,我們可以用synchronized代碼塊來解決:
public static class ThreadA extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadA(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
synchronized (test) {
try {
if (test.getList() < 1) {
Thread.sleep(2000);
test.addList();
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
public static class ThreadB extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadB(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
synchronized (test) {
try {
if (test.getList() < 1) {
Thread.sleep(2000);
test.addList();
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
我們線程中加入了以test為線程監(jiān)視器的synchronized代碼塊匿级,我們來看看結(jié)果:
1
最后結(jié)果為正常的蟋滴。
synchronized靜態(tài)方法和synchronized(.Class)
synchronized如果加在靜態(tài)方法前面染厅,線程監(jiān)視器就為當(dāng)前類,我們舉個例子:
public class Test {
public synchronized static void test1() {
try {
System.out.println("test1 start");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("test2 end");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void test2() {
synchronized (Test.class) {
System.out.println("test2 start");
System.out.println("test2 end");
}
}
}
public class symain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test test = new Test();
ThreadA threadA = new ThreadA();
ThreadB threadB = new ThreadB(test);
threadA.start();
threadB.start();
}
public static class ThreadA extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
Test.test1();
}
}
public static class ThreadB extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadB(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
test.test2();
}
}
}
結(jié)果為:
test1 start
test1 end
test2 start
test2 end
證明了他們的線程監(jiān)視器都是Test.Class這個類津函。
當(dāng)使用類當(dāng)線程監(jiān)視器的時候肖粮,對這個類的所有對象都是起作用的,下面我們來看看代碼:
public class Test {
public void test1() {
synchronized (Test.class) {
try {
System.out.println("test1 start");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("test1 end");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public void test2() {
synchronized (Test.class) {
System.out.println("test2 start");
System.out.println("test2 end");
}
}
}
public class symain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test test1 = new Test();
Test test2 = new Test();
ThreadA threadA = new ThreadA(test1);
ThreadB threadB = new ThreadB(test2);
threadA.start();
threadB.start();
}
public static class ThreadA extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadA(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
test.test1();
}
}
public static class ThreadB extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadB(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
test.test2();
}
}
}
結(jié)果為:
test1 start
test1 end
test2 start
test2 end
我們傳入的是兩個不同的Test對象尔苦,但是最后的結(jié)果是同步的涩馆。所以這也驗證了我們上面的說法。
死鎖
死鎖簡單來說就是在使用synchronized的時候允坚,因為使用不正確而造成進(jìn)入有鎖的方法后就無法出來了魂那。我們舉個例子來說明一下:
public class Test {
private final Object object1 = new Object();
private final Object object2 = new Object();
public void test1() {
synchronized (object1) {
try {
System.out.println("進(jìn)入了test1第一次鎖");
Thread.sleep(2000);
synchronized (object2) {
System.out.println("進(jìn)入了test1的第二層鎖");
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public void test2() {
synchronized (object2) {
try {
System.out.println("進(jìn)入了test2第一次鎖");
Thread.sleep(2000);
synchronized (object1) {
System.out.println("進(jìn)入了test2的第二層鎖");
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
public class symain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test test = new Test();
ThreadA threadA = new ThreadA(test);
ThreadB threadB = new ThreadB(test);
threadA.start();
threadB.start();
}
public static class ThreadA extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadA(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
test.test1();
}
}
public static class ThreadB extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadB(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
test.test2();
}
}
}
結(jié)果為:
進(jìn)入了test1第一次鎖
進(jìn)入了test2第一次鎖
結(jié)果明顯是代碼沒有走完,就一直困在了方法里面稠项。我們來稍微分析一下涯雅,當(dāng)?shù)谝粋€線程進(jìn)入第一個方法的時候,持有了對象監(jiān)視器為object1這個鎖展运,然后準(zhǔn)備等待2s后進(jìn)入對象監(jiān)視器為object2的這個鎖活逆,但是還沒有到2s,第二個線程就進(jìn)入了方法并且持有了對象監(jiān)視器為object2的這個鎖乐疆,這就造成了線程一要等線程二執(zhí)行完這個方法并釋放對象監(jiān)視器為object2的鎖后才能才能繼續(xù)往下執(zhí)行划乖。但是線程二中也同樣在等待線程一執(zhí)行完成,釋放對象監(jiān)視器為object1的鎖挤土,所以他們就相互在等待,最后就困在了方法里面误算。
對象鎖仰美,對象的參數(shù)變化不會影響到鎖
我們在使用任意一個對象為線程監(jiān)視器的時候,如果我們修改了對象中的屬性儿礼,并不會影響同步咖杂,我們舉個例子:
public class User {
private String name;
private int age;
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
}
public class Test {
private final User user = new User();
public Test() {
user.setName("AAA");
user.setAge(7);
}
public void test1() {
synchronized (user) {
try {
System.out.println("test1 start");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("test1 end");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public void test2() {
synchronized (user) {
System.out.println("test2 start");
System.out.println("test2 end");
}
}
public void changeUser() {
user.setAge(user.getAge() + 10);
System.out.println("age修改為:" + user.getAge());
}
}
public class symain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
Test test = new Test();
ThreadA threadA = new ThreadA(test);
ThreadB threadB = new ThreadB(test);
threadA.start();
Thread.sleep(500);
test.changeUser();
threadB.start();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static class ThreadA extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadA(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
test.test1();
}
}
public static class ThreadB extends Thread {
private Test test;
public ThreadB(Test test) {
this.test = test;
}
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
test.test2();
}
}
}
結(jié)果為:
test1 start
age修改為:17
test1 end
test2 start
test2 end
我們可以看到執(zhí)行順序依然是正常的。
有關(guān)synchronized關(guān)鍵字和線程安全的知識點就講的差不多了蚊夫,如果上文中有錯誤的地方歡迎大家指出诉字。