連接符(hyphen豫喧,- )
短劃線(en-dash,– )
長劃線(em-dash,— )
減號(minus sign钥庇,- )
不間斷連字符(Uninterrupted hyphen, -)
輸入方式:
連接符 :減號鍵(Num-)
短劃線 :Ctrl+減號鍵(Num-)
長劃線 :Alt+Ctrl+減號鍵(Num-)
不間斷連字符 : Shift+Ctrl+減號鍵(Num-)
1.連接符:這是幾種橫線中最常用的一種哥放。
Hyphen的輸入很簡單歼指,在英文輸入法狀態(tài)下,按下數(shù)字鍵盤右上角的“減號”鍵即可甥雕。需要注意的是踩身,Hyphen的前后均不需要加空格。
1)用來連接復合單詞的幾個部分挟阻,
例如
non-governmental organization(NGO,非政府組織)
pre-emptive right(優(yōu)先認購權(quán))
2)把兩到三個詞連起來作為形容詞來修飾后面的名詞附鸽,這種情況下連接符是必需的瞒瘸。
Eight-week-old mice were given a high-fat diet for 12 weeks.
3)用于排版時連接因斷行而被打斷的單詞坷备,例如:
Trust Law ranks the Congo as one of themost dangerous coun-
tries for sexual violence.
4)用于分隔數(shù)字或字母,例如電話號碼:或名字的拼寫:
1-800-621-2376
My name is Phyllis; that's p-h-y-l-l-i-s.
>不間斷連字符
不間斷連字符的一個例子: 比如公司名稱A-Z情臭,很明顯您不希望A-出現(xiàn)在一行的結(jié)尾,而Z單獨出現(xiàn)在下一行俯在。
2.短劃線:用在表示范圍的兩個數(shù)字之間。
En-dash在中文中尚未找到比較統(tǒng)一的說法跷乐,可稱為“連接號”或“短劃線”肥败。它的長度稍長于連字符,又稍短于破折號em-dash劈猿。
En-dash通常用來表示范圍、聯(lián)系筷黔、比例等。
輸入en-dash佛舱,以Microsoft Word為例,按ctrl加數(shù)字-鍵盤右上角的“減號”鍵请祖。不過需要注意,en-dash前后也是不需要加空格的肆捕,因此需要在隨后將前后的空格刪除。
1)相當于 to眼虱。主要用于連接數(shù)字或單詞席纽,表示「到并包括」(up to and including)。不過應注意润梯,在 from...to... 和 between...and... 的結(jié)構(gòu)中,不要用 en dash 去替代中間的 to 和 and纺铭。
例如
Her college years, 1998–2002, were thehappiest in her life.
For documentation and indexing, see chapters 16–18.
In Genesis 6:13–22 we find God's instructions to Noah.
Join us on Thursday, 11:30 a.m.–4:00 p.m., to celebrate the New Year.
2)后面什么也不接彤蔽。比如用于表示年代庙洼,若事件仍在進行中顿痪,en dash 后面不要加空格油够。
例句
Professor Plato's survey (1999–) will cover the subject in
the final volume.Jane Doe (1950–); or Jane Doe (b. 1950)
3)代替 hyphen 的用途。在復合型形容詞中揩悄,如果其中一個構(gòu)成元素是開放型復合詞鬼悠,或者如果其中兩個或多個構(gòu)成元素是開放型復合詞或帶 hyphen 的復合詞,那么應使用 en dash焕窝。
例句:
the post–World War II years
a hospital–nursing home connection
a nursing home–home care policy
a quasi-public–quasi-judicial body
(or, better, a judicial body that isquasi-public and quasi-judicial)
在上述前三例中,post 和 World War II巴帮,hospital 和 nursing home,以及 nursing home 和 home 都是所屬新的復合詞中的元素榕茧,這些元素本身已經(jīng)是開放型復合詞,為了避免混淆和層次清晰用押,應使用 en dash 來連接。第四例中译仗,quasi-public 和 quasi-judicial 是兩個獨立的均帶 hyphen 的復合詞,它們需要進一步連接起來纵菌,所以中間用了 en dash休涤。
用來對照的反例如下:
non-English-speaking peoples
a wheelchair-user-designed environment
(or, better, an environment designed forwheelchair users)
U.S.-Canadian relations
上述前兩例都是單個詞的復合,盡管由三個以上元素構(gòu)成功氨,一律都用 hyphen。第三例中忱详,復合詞的縮寫(U.S.)視為一個詞,所以也用 hyphen匈睁。
3.長劃線:這是一個不太常用的標點桶错,表示后面要做進一步的說明。
多數(shù)情況下是可以用冒號(一個長劃線的時候)或逗號(一部分內(nèi)容前后各有一個長劃線的時候)代替的院刁。
在Microsoft Word中,在鍵盤上按下“ctrl+alt+數(shù)字鍵盤上的減號鍵”可直接生成任岸。
關于em-dash前后是否需要加空格并沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)范,在大部分文體中享潜,更常見的是直接使用em-dash作為破折號颓帝,并且不在前后添加空格窝革。
然而吕座,在大部分新聞媒體中,會在em-dash前后添加空格吴趴。兩種方法都可為母語者所接受。另外厢拭,也可用en-dash前后加上空格來表示英文破折號撇叁,具體需要根據(jù)文本所遵循的風格指南來決定。
1) 它的用法最復雜陨闹、最靈活。為了避免混淆寨闹,一個句子不應包含超過兩個 em dash君账,如果實在需要,應使用圓括弧乡数。
2)用于詳述或解釋∷芙浚基本相當于一組逗號劫侧、圓括弧哨啃,或冒號的用途。
例句:
It was a revival of the most potentimage in modern democracy—the revolutionary idea.
The influence of three impressionists—Monet, Sisley, and Degas—is obvious inher work.
The chancellor—he had been awake half the night—came down in an angry mood.
She outlined the strategy—a strategy that would, she hoped, secure the peace.
My friends—that is, my former friends—ganged up on me.
3)用于分隔引導從句的代詞拳球。
例句:
Consensus—that was the will-o’-the wisphe doggedly pursued.
Broken promises, petty rivalries, and false rumors—such were the obstacles heencountered.
Darkness, thunder, a sudden scream—nothing alarmed the child.
Kingston, who first conceived the idea; Barber, who organized the fundraisingcampaign; and West, who conducted the investigation—those were the women mostresponsible for the movement's early success.
4)表示思考或?qū)υ捴芯渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)的突然中斷祝峻,有時也可用省略號代替扎筒。
例句:
"Will he—can he—obtain thenecessary signatures?" asked Mill.
"Well, I don't know," I began tentatively. "I thought Imight—"
"Might what?" she demanded.
但如果中斷來自于所引用材料的外部酬姆,em dash 應當出現(xiàn)在引號的外面。例如:
"Someday he's going to hit one ofthose long shots, and"—his voice turned huffy—"I won't be there tosee it."
5)替代逗號辞色,或與逗號一起使用。如果在需要使用 em dash 時层亿,需要用逗號來分隔從句和獨立分句時立美,逗號可以省略。
例句:
Because the data had not been fullyanalyzed—the reason for this will be discussed later—the publication of thereport was delayed.
但如果 em dash 出現(xiàn)在引用材料的末尾表示中斷建蹄,應當在說話人的身份之前用逗號。例句:
"I assure you, we shallnever—," Sylvia began, but Mark cut her short.
6)和其他標點連用针贬。一般來說拢蛋,em dash 可以跟在問號、感嘆號的后面谆棱,但不能跟在逗號、冒號蔫劣、分號的后面个从,也幾乎不能跟在句號的后面。
例句:
All at once Richardson—can he have beenout of his mind?—shook his fist in the ambassador's face.
Only if—heaven forbid!—you lose your passport should you call home.
7)用于代替引號嗦锐。有些法語作家常用 em dash 代替引號表示對話,每段話另起一段萎羔。
例句:
—Will he obtain the necessarysignatures?
—Of course he will!
8)用于索引碳默。
例句:
—body armor: cuirass, 135–36, 147, 152,
244, 258, 260, 311; greaves, 135, 179,
260; helmets, 101, 135, 147, 221, 243,
258
4.減號:表示減法或者負數(shù)缘眶。
1)在數(shù)學公式中表示減法時前后各需一個空格髓废。
Tumor growth inhibition rate was calculated as
(1 - tumor volume of treated group/tumor volume of control group) 100%.
2)表示負數(shù)時與后面的數(shù)字之間沒有空格。
The samples were stored at -20℃ till use.
本文用于記錄和學習
參考鏈接
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/100804186
http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-437026-733739.html
http://www.lxws.net/new.php?id=985