一.總述：

這是托福閱讀這個系列的第一篇践樱，在這里我會總結(jié)做題技巧捧挺，包括高頻詞匯，長難句怎棱，文章結(jié)構(gòu)等等虱饿，但是更重要的是我將從我自己做題的角度記錄我自己做題的心理活動拥诡，記錄下來題目是怎么做錯的，然后怎樣用正確的思路把題目做對氮发，希望能和單純的從老師講課的角度做出一些差異化的內(nèi)容渴肉。

二.TPO21--The Origins of Agriculture

1.詞匯積累：

? ? (1)glacial? ? adj.冰的

? ? (2)oscillate? ? vt./vi.使振蕩，使振動/振蕩爽冕，振動

? ? (3)brusquely? adv.唐突地仇祭，直率地

? ? (4)contention? ? n.爭論

? ? (5)domesticate? ? vt./vi.馴養(yǎng)，教化

? ? (6)literate? ? adj.受過教育的/n.學(xué)者

? ? (7)nomadic? ? adj.游牧的颈畸，流浪的

? ? (8)integration? ? n.集成乌奇，綜合

2.錯題回顧：

(1)第6題:

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重點在于這句話：There were, however, fluctuations in the climatic conditions, with the consequences that wet conditions were followed by dry ones, so that the availability of plants and animals oscillated brusquely. （正確答案D）

我一開始做的時候錯選C，對原文的理解其實沒有問題眯娱，氣候的變化導(dǎo)致了干旱與超市狀況的交替礁苗，所以動植物的資源就會有很突然的變化。而C選項different types of plants and animals became available as the climate changed錯在它在強調(diào)different types of plants中的這個types是有所變化的徙缴，而原文中沒有提到types,況且問題問的是the abundance fluctuated sharply after the end of the glacial period because ,? C選項某種意義上還在重述問題试伙，沒有回答問題,而D選項則回答了問題，就是下雨的情況的變化是非常劇烈的于样。

由此一定要注意問題問的是什么疏叨，不要加入自己的主觀想法。

（2）第11題

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機經(jīng)詞匯 contention? ? ? n. 爭論穿剖，論點蚤蔓，競爭，爭論?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 記法: con~:together糊余，ten~:stretch out （to different direction with others）

contention

(3)第12題

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重點在這句話：The fact that some societies domesticated animals and plants, discovered the use of metal tools, became literate, and developed a state should not make us forget that others developed pastoralism or horticulture (vegetable gardening) but remained illiterate and at low levels of productivity; a few entered the modern period as hunting and gathering societies.

這一段一開始就寫The fact that, 感覺上就是要轉(zhuǎn)折了秀又，這也是對上文中M這個人理論不對的地方推翻的依據(jù)，錯選D的原因在于最后時間不夠就沒有徹底的把這段讀明白到底是怎么回事啄刹，仔細分析上面那句話想表達的也就是有些社會在同樣的條件下發(fā)展了農(nóng)業(yè)而有些地方?jīng)]有涮坐，這也就是M這個人沒有講明的地方

(4)第14題

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A. One obstacle to the transition from a nomadic lifestyle to the sedentary lifestyle required by agriculture was that hunter-gatherers had not developed storage techniques

A對應(yīng)的原文Changing from hunting and gathering to agriculture had no immediate advantages. To start with, it forced the population to abandon the nomad's life and become sedentary, to develop methods of storage and, often, systems of irrigation. While hunter-gatherers always had the option of moving elsewhere when the resources were exhausted, this became more difficult with farming. 這里說發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)沒有即刻的優(yōu)勢，比如發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)強迫人們發(fā)展存儲方法誓军。而選項中說這是一個從游牧轉(zhuǎn)向農(nóng)業(yè)的一個障礙袱讹，表述與原文不符。

B. It seems unlikely that agriculture emerged in response to a food shortage brought on by a worldwide population crisis that developed once the whole world was occupied.

B對應(yīng)原文We know, however, that contemporary hunter-gatherer societies control their population in a variety of ways. The idea of a world population crisis is therefore unlikely, although population pressure might have arisen in some areas.正確

C. The origins of agriculture maybe linked to climate change at the end of the last ice age, but this does not explain why earlier climatic instability had not led to agriculture.

C對應(yīng)原文Climatic changes at the end of the glacial period 13,000 years ago have been proposed to account for the emergence of farming. The temperature increased dramatically in a short period of time (years rather than centuries), allowing for a growth of the hunting-gathering population due to the abundance of resources. There were, however, fluctuations in the climatic conditions, with the consequences that wet conditions were followed by dry ones, so that the availability of plants and animals oscillated brusquely.正確

D. The only available means of understanding the social organization and technical abilities of ancient hunter-gatherer societies is the study of contemporary hunter-gatherers.

原文中對于研究方法沒有具體說明，而且The Only這種非常絕對的詞一旦看到必須在原文中找到確定的說法捷雕，原文中沒有這種說法椒丧，錯誤

E.? One recent theory suggests that the invention of agriculture was made possible by the integration of various mental capacities in the human mind.

對應(yīng)原文 It is archaeologist Steven Mithen's thesis, brilliantly developed in his book The Prehistory of the Mind (1996), that approximately 40,000 years ago the human mind developed cognitive fluidity, that is, the integration of the specializations of the mind: technical, natural history (geared to understanding the behavior and distribution of natural resources), social intelligence, and the linguistic capacity. Cognitive fluidity explains the appearance of art, religion, and sophisticated speech. Once humans possessed such a mind, they were able to find an imaginative solution to a situation of severe economic crisis such as the farming dilemma described earlier. Mithen proposes the existence of four mental elements to account for the emergence of farming.表述正確

F.? Little is known about why only some societies that adopted agriculture rapidly progressed to using metal tools, becoming literate, and developing a state.

對應(yīng)原文 It is anthropologically important to inquire into the conditions that made some societies adopt agriculture while others remained hunter-gatherers or horticulturalists. However, it should be kept in mind that many societies that knew of agriculture more or less consciously avoided it. Whether Mithen's explanation is satisfactory is open to contention, and some authors have recently emphasized the importance of other factors.原文中說我們對于目前M這個人的理論為什么不能解釋有些人發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)有些人不發(fā)展知之甚少，而選項中的工具的使用救巷，受教育壶熏，建立領(lǐng)地等等我們是有很多的研究的（M這個人研究的就是這個東西）