本期原文選自The Economist 2016-8-13的Leaders板塊Cheating death宽堆，譯文來(lái)自商論：https://gbr.economist.com/articles/view/57ad9dc3ffe2d65d78e0fa82/zh_CN/zh_CN，
釋義來(lái)自牛津高階詞典茸习、劍橋在線詞典畜隶、朗文在線詞典、韋氏詞典号胚、有道詞典等網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源籽慢。
Cheating death
躲過(guò)死神
Science is getting to grips with ways to slow ageing. Rejoice, as long as the side-effects can be managed
科學(xué)界正逐漸掌握延緩衰老的方法。這值得慶祝猫胁，只要副作用可控
IMAGINE a world in which getting fitted with a new heart, liver or set of kidneys, all grown from your own body cells, was as commonplace as knee and hip replacements are now. Or one in which you celebrated your 94th birthday by running a marathon with your school friends. Imagine, in other words, a world in which ageing had been abolished.
試想有這樣一個(gè)世界：在那里人們能夠換上由自身細(xì)胞培育而成的新的心臟箱亿、肝臟或一對(duì)腎臟，就像現(xiàn)在的髖關(guān)節(jié)和膝關(guān)節(jié)置換手術(shù)一樣稀松平常弃秆〗焱铮或者再想象一下，你和一班同窗好友跑一場(chǎng)馬拉松來(lái)慶祝你的94歲生日菠赚。換句話說(shuō)脑豹，試想一個(gè)衰老已被消除的世界。
這里的hip是指髖關(guān)節(jié)
That world is not yet on offer. But a semblance of it might be one day. Senescence, the general dwindling of prowess experienced by all as time** takes its toll**, is coming under scrutiny from doctors and biologists (see pages 16-18). Suspending it is not yet on the cards. But slowing it probably is. Average lifespans have risen a lot over the past century, but that was thanks to better
food, housing, public health and some medicines. The new increase would be brought about by specific anti-senescence drugs, some of which may already exist.
目前那樣的世界還可望而不可及衡查，但某天與它類似的情形有可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)瘩欺。人體機(jī)能總會(huì)在時(shí)間流逝中衰退，衰老人人難逃拌牲，醫(yī)生和生物學(xué)家正在仔細(xì)研究這種情況俱饿。停止衰老尚無(wú)可能，但延緩衰老大概還是有希望的塌忽。人類的平均壽命在過(guò)去一百年已經(jīng)大幅延長(zhǎng)稍途，但這得益于飲食、住房砚婆、公共醫(yī)療的改善以及一些藥物的作用械拍。若要進(jìn)一步延長(zhǎng)壽命也許就要靠專門的抗衰老藥物突勇，有些可能已經(jīng)研發(fā)出來(lái)了。
文中的on offer是引申義
under scrutiny的意思是在審查中坷虑、在研究中甲馋，類似的under用法很多，例如under test（在試驗(yàn)中）, under investigation（在調(diào)查研究中）迄损。
anti-senescence drug抗衰老藥物
This, optimists claim, will extend life for many people to today’s ceiling of 120 or so. But it may be just the beginning. In the next phase not just average lifespans but maximum lifespans will rise. If a body part wears out, it will be repaired or replaced altogether. DNA will be optimised for long life. Add in anti-ageing drugs, and centenarians will become two a penny.
一些樂(lè)觀的人說(shuō)定躏，這會(huì)使很多人的壽命延長(zhǎng)到如今的壽命上限，即120歲左右芹敌。但這大概還只是個(gè)開始痊远。到下一階段，不止平均壽命氏捞，最長(zhǎng)壽命也會(huì)延長(zhǎng)碧聪。如果身體的某一部分耗損了，可以將其修復(fù)或整個(gè)置換液茎。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)壽逞姿，DNA將被優(yōu)化。再加上抗衰老藥物的作用捆等，滿大街都將會(huì)是百歲老人滞造。
wear out有兩個(gè)含義，一個(gè)是疲憊栋烤、筋疲力盡谒养，另一個(gè)意思磨損、用盡明郭、用壞买窟，具體根據(jù)語(yǔ)境判斷。
我們最常見的add用法是add sth to sth达址。在不強(qiáng)調(diào)加入到什么當(dāng)中時(shí)，就可以采用add in趁耗。
two/ten a penny或者a dime a dozen意思相近沉唠，口語(yǔ)因太多而不值錢，不稀罕苛败，便宜满葛，廉價(jià)，多得很罢屈，易得到嘀韧。
Man and superman
人和超人
To this end, many hopeful repairmen are now setting up shop. Some of them want to upgrade worn-out tissues using stem cells (precursors to other sorts of cell). Such bio-renovation is the basis of an unproven, almost vampiric, treatment in vogue in some circles: transfusion into the old of the blood of the young (see Schumpeter). The business of growing organs from scratch is also proceeding. At the moment, these “organoids” are small, imperfect and used mainly for drug testing. But that will surely change. Longevity is known to run in families, which suggests that particular varieties of genes prolong life. Some are investigating this, with the thought that modern gene-editing techniques might one day be used to make crucial, life-extending tweaks to the DNA of those who need them.
為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目的，很多滿懷希望的“修理工”現(xiàn)正開店設(shè)廠缠捌。有些人想用干細(xì)胞（其他各種細(xì)胞的母體）升級(jí)損壞的組織锄贷。這種生物修復(fù)構(gòu)成了在某些圈子里很流行的一種療法的基礎(chǔ)译蒂。此療法尚未經(jīng)證實(shí)，而且聽來(lái)像吸血鬼一樣：將年輕人的血液輸入老年人體內(nèi)谊却。除此之外柔昼，從零開始“種”出器官的生意也正在推進(jìn)。目前炎辨，這些“類器官”都比較小捕透、存在瑕疵且主要用于藥物試驗(yàn)。但是這一情況肯定會(huì)改變碴萧。我們知道長(zhǎng)壽是家族遺傳乙嘀，這意味著有某些特殊的基因能夠延長(zhǎng)壽命。有些人正在對(duì)此進(jìn)行研究破喻，希望有朝一日可以用現(xiàn)代基因編輯技術(shù)對(duì)DNA做出關(guān)鍵性微調(diào)虎谢，幫助有需要的人延長(zhǎng)壽命。
precursor的一般含義是先驅(qū)低缩、先鋒嘉冒，而在生物化學(xué)領(lǐng)域的意思是前體（細(xì)胞）。
vampire是名詞咆繁，本意是吸血鬼讳推，vapiric是形容詞。
in這個(gè)詞還有一些類似用法玩般，表示一種狀態(tài)银觅，例如in progress。
organoid的意思是類器官（的）坏为，-oid是詞后綴究驴，意思是像…的；與…相關(guān)的匀伏；如…的東西洒忧。
tweak的本意是擰、扭够颠，另外還有微調(diào)的意思熙侍。
From an individual’s viewpoint, this all sounds very desirable. For society as a whole, though, it will have profound effects. Most of them will be good, but not all.
就個(gè)人而言，這聽來(lái)十分令人神往履磨。但對(duì)于整個(gè)社會(huì)而言蛉抓，這將會(huì)產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。大多數(shù)影響都會(huì)是好的剃诅，但也并非全部巷送。
One concern is that long life will exacerbate existing social and economic problems. The most immediate challenge will be access to anti-senescence treatment. If longer life is expensive, who gets it first? Already, income is one of the best predictors of lifespan. Widening the gap with treatments inaccessible to the poor might deepen divisions that are already straining democracies.
顧慮之一是長(zhǎng)壽會(huì)讓已有的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題進(jìn)一步惡化。最迫切的問(wèn)題就是如何讓所有人都享有抗衰老治療的機(jī)會(huì)矛辕。如果要長(zhǎng)壽得花大價(jià)錢笑跛，誰(shuí)會(huì)先享受付魔？收入已經(jīng)是壽命的最佳預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)之一。以窮人無(wú)法獲得的療法擴(kuò)大壽命差距堡牡，這可能會(huì)加深已讓民主國(guó)家備感壓力的貧富分化抒抬。
anti-senescence treatment抗衰老治療，可以和前面的anti-senescence drug抗衰老藥物一起記憶晤柄。
strain的名詞含義是應(yīng)力擦剑、拉力、張力芥颈，這里是動(dòng)詞惠勒，取上圖第4個(gè)含義。
Will older workers be discriminated against, as now, or will numbers give them the whip hand over the young? Will bosses cling on, stymying the careers of their underlings, or will they grow bored, quit and do something else entirely? And would all those old people cease to consider themselves elderly, retaining youthfully vigorous mental attitudes as well as physical ones—or instead make society more conservative (because old people tend to be)?
年老的員工會(huì)不會(huì)像現(xiàn)在這樣被歧視爬坑，亦或人數(shù)增多會(huì)讓他們比年輕人更占上風(fēng)纠屋？老板們會(huì)不會(huì)占著位子，妨礙下屬的晉升盾计，還是他們會(huì)開始厭煩售担，于是辭職，繼而開始做完全不同的事情署辉？這些老年人是否有可能會(huì)不再認(rèn)為自己是老人族铆，始終保持同身體狀態(tài)一樣年輕而有活力的精神狀態(tài)，還是會(huì)讓這個(gè)社會(huì)更加保守（因?yàn)槔夏耆送ǔ?huì)這樣）哭尝？
A reason for hoping that the elderly would turn out less hidebound is that life itself would be more a series of new beginnings than one single story. Mid-life crises might be not so much about recapturing lost youth as wondering how to make the most of the next half-century.
我們希望老年人能變得不那么墨守成規(guī)哥攘，原因之一便是生命本身將更可能是一系列新的開始，而不再是從頭到尾一個(gè)故事材鹦。中年危機(jī)可能更多是關(guān)于思索怎樣好好利用下一個(gè)五十年的時(shí)間逝淹，而非設(shè)法找回逝去的青春。
Retirement would become a more distant option for most, since pension pots would have to be enormous to support their extended lifespans. To this end, the portfolio career would become the rule and education would have to change accordingly. People might go back to school in their 50s to learn how to do something completely different. The physical labourer would surely need a rest. The accountant might become a doctor. The lawyer, a charity worker. Perhaps some will take long breaks between careers and party wildly, in the knowledge that medicine can offer them running repairs.
退休對(duì)于大多數(shù)人而言將成為一個(gè)更加遙遠(yuǎn)的選擇桶唐，因?yàn)橥诵萁鸨仨毞浅ＸS厚才能支撐他們已經(jīng)延長(zhǎng)的壽命栅葡。為此，多種多樣的職業(yè)生涯將變得司空見慣尤泽，教育也應(yīng)做相應(yīng)的調(diào)整欣簇。人們可能會(huì)在五十多歲時(shí)重返校園，學(xué)習(xí)如何去做一些全然不同的事安吁。體力勞動(dòng)者肯定需要歇一歇醉蚁。會(huì)計(jì)師可能成為醫(yī)生燃辖，而律師可能會(huì)去做慈善義工鬼店。有些人或許會(huì)在兩份工作之間休長(zhǎng)假，聚會(huì)狂歡黔龟，因?yàn)樗麄冎泪t(yī)學(xué)可以幫他們修復(fù)身體的損耗妇智。
根據(jù)Financial times的解釋滥玷，pension pot就是一個(gè)人依照退休金計(jì)劃所繳納的退休金總額。
Boredom, and the need for variety, would alter family life, too. How many will tie the knot in their 20s in the expectation of being with the same person 80 years later? The one-partner life, already on the decline, could become rare, replaced by a series of relationships, each as long as what many today would consider a decent marital stretch. As for reproduction, men’s testes would presumably work indefinitely and, though women’s ovaries are believed to be loaded with a finite number of eggs, technology would surely be able to create new ones. Those who wished to could thus continue to procreate for decades. That, and serial marriage, will make it difficult to keep track of who is related to whom. Families will start to look more like labyrinthine networks. In the world where marriages do not last, women everywhere will be freer to divorce and aged patriarchs will finally lose their hold.
無(wú)聊以及對(duì)變化的需求也會(huì)改變家庭生活巍棱。有多少人愿意在二十多歲永結(jié)同心惑畴，期盼著八十年后身邊廝守的仍是同一個(gè)人？從一而終的人已經(jīng)在減少航徙，以后可能會(huì)更罕見如贷，取而代之的將是一段段新戀情，每段關(guān)系延續(xù)的時(shí)間都和今天很多人認(rèn)為的一段像樣的婚姻那樣長(zhǎng)到踏。說(shuō)到繁衍杠袱，男性的睪丸可能會(huì)工作不休；雖然人們認(rèn)為女性的卵巢只存有一定數(shù)目的卵子窝稿，但科技必將創(chuàng)造出新卵子楣富。因此只要他們想，可以連續(xù)幾十年生育子女伴榔。這一點(diǎn)纹蝴，再加上一段又一段的婚姻，會(huì)把血緣關(guān)系弄得很復(fù)雜踪少，使家庭看起來(lái)更像錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的迷宮塘安。在婚姻不長(zhǎng)久的世界，各地的女性會(huì)更自由地離婚秉馏，年邁的族長(zhǎng)最終將失去掌控耙旦。
tie the knot的意思是結(jié)婚、主持婚禮萝究。
名詞是labyrinth 迷宮
pa開頭的詞表示男性免都，ma開頭的詞表示女性，所以matriarch的意思是（女性）家長(zhǎng)帆竹、族長(zhǎng)……
Such speculation is fun, and mostly optimistic. The promise of a longer life, well lived, would round a person out. But this vision of the future depends on one thing—that a long existence is also a healthy one. Humanity must avoid the trap fallen into by Tithonus, a mythical Trojan who was granted eternal life by the gods, but forgot to ask also for eternal youth. Eventually, he withered into a cicada.
這樣的推測(cè)很有趣绕娘，并且大部分是樂(lè)觀的。更長(zhǎng)壽栽连、活得更好的希望讓一個(gè)人更圓滿险领。但對(duì)未來(lái)的這一憧憬取決于一個(gè)因素——長(zhǎng)命的同時(shí)也得很健康。人類要避免像提托諾斯（Tithonus）那樣落入陷阱秒紧。希臘神話中绢陌，這個(gè)特洛伊人請(qǐng)求諸神賜予他不死之身，但忘了祈求永葆青春熔恢。最終脐湾，他日漸枯萎，化為一只蟬叙淌。
Forward to Methuselah
期待彭祖之壽
The trap of Tithonus is sprung because bodies have evolved to be throwaway vessels for the carriage of genes from one generation to the next. Biologists have a phrase for it: the disposable soma. It explains not only general senescence, but also why dementia, cancer, cardiovascular problems, arthritis and many other things are guarded against in youth, but crammed into old age once reproduction is done with. These, too, must be treated if a long and healthy life is to become routine. Moreover, even a healthy brain may age badly. An organ evolved to accommodate 70 or 80 years of memories may be unable to cope when asked to store 150 years’ worth.
提托諾斯的陷阱已挖好秤掌，因?yàn)樯眢w已經(jīng)進(jìn)化成為用完即棄的容器愁铺，用來(lái)盛放代代相傳的基因。生物學(xué)家對(duì)此有個(gè)說(shuō)法：可拋式軀體闻鉴。這不僅解釋了一般的衰老問(wèn)題茵乱，也解釋了為什么年輕時(shí)人們能免受癡呆、癌癥孟岛、心血管疾病瓶竭、關(guān)節(jié)炎和很多其他問(wèn)題的困擾，而到了晚年繁殖完成之后這些問(wèn)題就蜂擁而至渠羞。要使長(zhǎng)壽而又健康的生活成為常態(tài)在验，這些疾病都必須加以治療。而且堵未，即便是健康的大腦也可能嚴(yán)重老化腋舌。一個(gè)進(jìn)化成能存儲(chǔ)七八十年記憶的器官一旦要儲(chǔ)存150年的經(jīng)歷，可能會(huì)無(wú)法應(yīng)付渗蟹。
Yet biological understanding is advancing a pace. Greater longevity is within reach—even if actual immortality may not be as close (or as interesting) as some fantasists would like to believe. Be sure to draw up a very long bucket list.
不過(guò)块饺，生物學(xué)研究正在突飛猛進(jìn)。盡管真正的長(zhǎng)生不老可能并不像一些幻想家所認(rèn)為的那么近在咫尺（或那么有趣）雌芽，但長(zhǎng)壽還是可以企及的授艰。一定要記得寫一份長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的遺愿清單。
bucket list的意思是遺愿清單世落，也是一部電影的名字淮腾。
注：本文僅供學(xué)習(xí)交流之用，不代表作者觀點(diǎn)屉佳。英文修習(xí)者可以通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)文中詞匯谷朝，然后將商論的中文回譯成英文，再對(duì)照英文原文進(jìn)行比較武花，找出差距圆凰，以此提高自己的英文水平。還可以反復(fù)聽配套音頻体箕，鞏固記憶专钉。
