SECTION Ⅰ
Ⅰ. 冠詞
- 名詞的泛指、特指和類指常見用法
泛指： a/an + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) （此時不定冠詞通池财海可譯為“一個” ）
特指：the + 名詞
類指：1. a/an + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)（此時不定冠詞不可譯為“一個” ）
ex. 壓力的增加總是引起體積(volume)的減小。
`An` increase of /in pressure always causes `a` decrease of /in volume. [a volume decrease]
2. 零冠詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)
ex. 鎢(Tungsten)就是用在電燈泡(bulb)里的那種金屬
Tungsten is the very metal used in bulbs. [ a bulb]
3. 零冠詞+物質(zhì)名詞（屬于不可數(shù)名詞）
- 冠詞的特殊用法
(1) 省略冠詞的場合
① `圖示標(biāo)題`中
圖2－1 典型數(shù)字計算機(jī)的方框圖
`Fig. 2-1` Block diagram of typical digital computers.
② `術(shù)語`和`抽象名詞`的定義中
速度是涉及大小和方向的矢量供常。
`Velocity` is `a` vector quantity involving both `magnitude` and `direction`.
③ 使用非常`寬泛的泛指`時
`Experiment` indicates that Ohm’s law holds only for metallic conductors.
=It is shown by experiment that…
④ 解釋等式曙聂、方程和表達(dá)式中的參數(shù)時
S = vt.
where S = distance
V = velocity
t = time
(2) 表示單位的名詞前必須使用定冠詞
電阻的單位是歐姆。
The unit of resistance is `the` ohm.
(3). 某些冠詞的特殊位置
☆ all\both\half ＋ the + n.
☆ how (多么)\so (如此)\as … (as)\too (大) + adj. + a/an + n.
ex. 這個實驗室里的設(shè)備都是國產(chǎn)的苦囱。
`All the` devices in this laboratory are home-made.
ex. 這是一臺如此靈敏的儀器以至于它能測出壓力的微弱變化嗅绸。
This is `so sensitive an instrument` that it can measure the slight change in/of pressure.
ex. 中國有數(shù)倍于法國那么大的面積。
China has several times `as large an area` as France.
(4). 在表達(dá) “……一下撕彤；作一……”時, 抽象名詞或不可數(shù)名詞前用不定冠詞a
- We shall start with `a study` of forces.
- The Laplace transforms for various time functions are readily obtainable through `a direct application` of Eq.(2.5).
- The design of the linear feed back control systems requires `a knowledge` of some aspects of information theory.
ex. 對該電路作一定量分析是相當(dāng)困難的鱼鸠。
`A` quantitative `analysis` of this circuit is rather difficult.
ex. 現(xiàn)在人們越來越認(rèn)識到這一方法是很有價值的。
There is `a` growing `awareness` that this technique is of great value.
ex. 本文簡要而定性的討論了一些基本概念羹铅。
`A` brief qualitative `discussion` of some basic concepts is presented in this paper.
Independent Work
1蚀狰、對系統(tǒng)的控制是一門跨學(xué)科的科目。
`The` control of systems is `an` interdisciplinary subject.
2职员、速度等于距離與時間之比麻蹋。
`Speed` is equal to `the` ratio of `distance` to `time`.
3、圖5－1 Q點對晶體管工作的影響焊切。
Figure 5-1 Effect of Q-point on operation of transistor
4扮授、論文對其性能做了初步的分析。
`An` initial analysis of its performance has been made in this paper.
5专肪、理解二進(jìn)制數(shù)字系統(tǒng)（binary number systems)的基礎(chǔ)是要熟悉（一下）2的各次冪(power)刹勃。
Basic to understanding the binary number systems is `a` familiarity with the powers of 2.
II. 連詞( and / or / but)
And 的用法
通常模式: A(,) and B
A, B(,) and C
A, B, C(,) and D
強(qiáng)調(diào)模式: A and B and C and D
常見使用錯誤:
A, B
A、B嚎尤、C
A荔仁，B，C
Ⅱ 數(shù)詞NUMERALS
1). 分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)表達(dá)法
(1) 常規(guī)方法
7/9 seven ninths
1/2 a (one) half
零點幾伏 a few/several tenths of a volt
ex. 這個元件上的電流為零點零幾安
The current through this component is `a few hundredths of an ampere`.
(2) 特殊表達(dá)方式
百萬分之三 3 parts per (in a) million
in 10^6 讀作 in ten to the sixth power
或 in the sixth power of ten
千分之七 seven parts per (in a ) thousand
in 10^3
ex. 這兩個參數(shù)之差為百萬分之十九
These two parameters differ by `19 parts in a million`.
2). 數(shù)詞做前置修飾語 Numerals as pre-modifier
{倍數(shù)} \ {分?jǐn)?shù)} + {the + 名詞} \ {that of … } \ {what 從句}
ex.
1.1 This voltage is `80 times` `the` signal applied to the amplifier.
1.2 The voltage across this resistor is `two fifths` `the` total voltage. 該電阻器上的電壓為總電壓的五分之二芽死。
2. Its speed is `three tenths` `that of` light.
3. This current is `two fifths` `what` it was.
3). 表達(dá)倍數(shù)增長特殊句型的翻譯技巧
n times + 比較級 = n times as + 原級 + as
ex.這根導(dǎo)線比那根長四倍乏梁。
This wire is five times longer than that one.
ex.該數(shù)值約比理想值大3.5倍。
This value is nearly 4.5 times greater than the ideal one.
ex. 這個系數(shù)比那個小九倍收奔。
This coefficient is 10 time less than that one.
This coefficient is a factor of 10 less than that one.
Independent work
1掌呜、十年前我校的學(xué)生數(shù)僅為現(xiàn)在的三分之一。
The number of students in our university ten years ago was only `one-third what` it is now.
2坪哄、這臺計算機(jī)所存儲的信息是那臺的三倍质蕉。
This computer stores `three times` as much information as `that` one.
… three times more information than …
3势篡、必須確定解出這個難題需要多長的時間。
It is necessary to determine how long (a time) it takes to solve this difficult problem.
Ⅲ 介詞PREPOSITIONS
介詞的常見用法及意義
1. by
> `By Ohm’s law,` we can get the following expression.
> In this case v and i differ in phase `by 90°` .
> `By an examination` of the performance of this device, we can see its features.
2. for
> `For x>1`, this equation does not hold.
> It is necessary to `solve the equation for x`.
3. With
- with + some abstract nouns (care\ skill\ difficulty\ precision\ accuracy\ ease)
> These experiments should be done `with care`. 這些實驗應(yīng)仔細(xì)地做模暗。
> `With a telescope`, one can see objects far away.
> This parameter shall be measured `with Ep grounded`.
4. In
> Capacitance is measured in farads and frequency `in hertz`.
> A diode conducts only `in one direction`.
> The wave will be back `in a fraction of a second`.
> `In our discussion of differential equations`, we shall restrict our attention to equations of the first degree.
5. On (upon)
> `Upon rearranging Eq.(1.5)`, we have the following equation.
ex.
1. This book is ______ to electronic engineers.(極有幫助) -> of great help
2. ____, Chapter 3 is the most important.（在前四章中）-> Of the 4 chapters
3. This problem can be solved ____.（很容易）-> with (much) ease
4. In this case, current leads voltage ____. (前導(dǎo)90° ) -> by 90°
5. ____, there is no solution to the equation.(若x>0) -> Fox x>0
6. Now it is necessary for us to solve this equation ____.(求出那個未知數(shù)) -> for the unknown.
7. ____, it is found that v is equal to the velocity of light . (把這些值代入后) -> Upon substituting these values
8. These waves travel only ____.(只朝一個方向) -> in one direction
9. ______, physicists define electric field intensity.(在研究電學(xué)時) -> In the/their study of electronics
Independent work
1禁悠、在這些（式子）中，只有式（12－5）會引起問題兑宇。
`Of these equations`, only Eq. 12.5 will cause problems.
2碍侦、在我們討論這一課題時，我們將注意力限于其基本原理上隶糕。
`In our discussion of this subject`, we shall restrict our attention to its basic principles.
3瓷产、一旦加上合適的控制信號后，該觸發(fā)器（flip-flop）就將改變儲存的信息枚驻。
`Upon the application of proper control signal`, the flip-flop will change the stored information.
4濒旦、這緩沖器（buffer）能提供4mA的輸出驅(qū)動電流。
This buffer can supply an output drive current `of 4 mA`.
5再登、我們借助于電場（electric field）這一概念描述電荷之間的相互作用尔邓。
We describe interaction among charges `with the help of the concept of electric field`.
6、現(xiàn)在必須從式（4－10）求出t來锉矢。
Now it is necessary to solve equation (4-10) `for t`.
E/C translation of the prepositional phrases.
1. This type of computer has many advantages `over` that type.
2. This parameter varies [changes] `with` temperature.
3. This is a sufficient and necessary condition `for` solving [the solution of] the equation.
4. We will find out its average velocity `over` this distance.
5. This paper introduces a new method `for` measuring this parameter.
6. This circuit is similar `in operation` to that of Fig. 1-10.
7. This is due `in part` to the earth’s rotation.
Ⅴ 副詞 adverb
副詞做后置修飾語as a post-modifier
> above, below, here, there, around, nearby…
`那里的`壓力達(dá)到了如此大的數(shù)值以至于會產(chǎn)生災(zāi)難梯嗽。
The pressure `there` has reached so great a value that a disaster will take place.
> now, then, today, tomorrow…
`現(xiàn)在的`問題是要確定電流的大小(magnitude) 。
The problem `now` is to determine the magnitude of the current.
`相距40cm的`兩本書靜放在一張桌子上沽损。
Two books `forty centimeters apart` lie stationary on a table.
這些數(shù)據(jù)將輸送到`三英里外的`計算中心灯节。
These data will be sent to the computing center `three miles away`.
Ⅵ. 形容詞adjective
- 形容詞做后置修飾語
> obtainable, achievable, possible…
`現(xiàn)有的`化學(xué)書均提到了這一反應(yīng)。
The chemistry books `available` all mention this reaction.
一個原子中的質(zhì)子數(shù)等于`存在的`電子數(shù)绵估。
The number of protons in an atom is equal to that of electrons `present`.
現(xiàn)在計算機(jī)并不是什么`神秘的`東西了显晶。
Now computers are not something `mysterious`.
有許多問題有待解決，既有技術(shù)問題壹士，也有財政問題。
There are many problems, both `technological` and `financial`, that remain to be solved.
每個物體偿警，`不論大小`躏救，都具有引力。
Every object, `large or small`, possesses gravitation.
圖5畫出了兩條`10厘米長`的平行線螟蒸。
Figure 5 shows two parallel lines `10 cm long`.
- 形容詞短語的功能
(1) 做后置修飾語 post-modifier
大于任何數(shù)的一個量被稱為無窮大(infinity) 盒使。
A quantity `greater than any number` is called infinity.
所有這些方程都可以用類似于上面所述的方法來解。
All these equations can be solved in the way (by the method) `similar to` that described above.
(2) 做狀語 adverbial
由于這設(shè)備`體積小七嫌、重量輕`少办，在部隊很受歡迎。
`Small in size and light in weight`, this device is warmly received in the army (armed forces).
> 常做狀語的形容詞短語（perpendicular to \ normal to \ vertical to \ parallel to \ similar to \ proportional to）
該力`垂直`于地球表面起作用诵原。
This force acts `perpendicular/ vertical/ normal` to the surface of the earth.
E/C (adj. and adv.)
1. The answer (key) to this problem `looks` (appears) `correct`.
2. The force acts `perpendicular to` the surface of the table.
3. `Accurate in operation` and `high in speed`, computers have found wide applications.
4. Upon rearranging the equation `above`, we have [get, obtain] the following expression.
5. The charge is moving `parallel to` the electric field. 形容詞短語做狀語
Ⅵ. 代詞所有格 possessive pron.
水和二氧化碳（carbon dioxide）屬于能吸收紅外線（infrared)的物質(zhì)英妓。它們在大氣中的存在產(chǎn)生了隔離效應(yīng)挽放。
Water and carbon dioxide are among [belong to;are] substances that (can) absorb the infrared. `Their presence` in the atmosphere has [produces; gives] an insulating effect.
由于反饋在電子線路中起著重要作用，所以對它的研究很重要蔓纠。
Because feed back plays an important role in electric circuit, `its study` is of great importance.
Ⅶ. 名詞noun
1. 表達(dá)大小的名詞短語充當(dāng)后置修飾語
ex. 這輛警車裝備了一臺磚頭大小的袖珍接收機(jī)辑畦。
The police car is equipped with a portable receiver `the size of a brick`.
2. 不帶冠詞的單個名詞充當(dāng)狀語
ex. 小型電子設(shè)備通常由電池供電(power)。
Small electronic equipment is often `battery powered`.
ex. 在這種情況下腿倚，必須對該設(shè)備進(jìn)行水冷卻纯出。
In this case, it is necessary to `water cool` this device.
3. 名詞和介詞的搭配
ex. 雷達(dá)對普通視覺的優(yōu)越性在于可以通過雷達(dá)看到的距離更大。
`The superiority of radar to ordinary vision` lies in the greater distances at which seeing is possible with radar.
ex. 這個力與該物體離地心的距離的平方成反比敷燎。
This force decreases [falls] inversely with [is inversely proportional to] the square of `the distance of the body from the earth’s center`.
4. 句尾的名詞短語充當(dāng)前面整句的同位語
ex. 要做到這一點暂筝，就需要把一切情況都考慮進(jìn)去；這一步驟是十分復(fù)雜的硬贯。
Doing this needs to take everything into consideration [account], `a very complex process` .
ex. 汽車在加速時會前傾焕襟，這是一種熟悉的現(xiàn)象。
The car noses up when it accelerates, `a familiar effect`.
5. 較長的主語同位語通常放在主句之前
ex. 西安電子科技大學(xué)是全國重點大學(xué)之一澄成，它創(chuàng)建于1931年胧洒。
`One of the national key universities`, Xidian University was founded in 1931.
ex. 測量過程是物理學(xué)中最基本的操作，它在本章將簡要地加以討論墨状。
`The most fundamental operation in physics`, the process of measurement will be discussed briefly in this chapter.
E/C (noun)
1. This police car is equipped with a receiver `the size of` a matchbox. 表達(dá)大小的名詞短語充當(dāng)后置修飾語
2. This device is `water resistant`. 不帶冠詞的單個名詞充當(dāng)狀語
3. The current in a circuit is proportional to the applied voltage, `something [a fact]` that was verified experimentally by Ohm.
4. This law applies to bodies `the speed of a rocket`.
5. We must `frequency` modulate it. 我們必須對其進(jìn)行頻率調(diào)制
Independent work
1. 下面舉幾個例子以便于說明如何使用這個表達(dá)式卫漫。
Here are a few examples to show how this expression is used.
2. 這電路主要由五個元件構(gòu)成的。
This circuit consists mainly of five components.
3. 這壓力只是由液體的重量產(chǎn)生的肾砂。(due to )
This pressure is `due` only `to` the weight of the liquid.
4. 這濾波器的響應(yīng)特性（response characteristic）等效于維恩電橋列赎。
The response characteristic of this filter is `equivalent to` that of the Wien bridge. 形容詞短語做后置修飾語 post-modifier
5. 這個電路的工作情況類似于圖1－10的電路。
This circuit is `similar` in operation `to` the circuit of Fig.1-10. 形容詞短語做后置修飾語 post-modifier
6. 試求該球10秒后的速度镐确。
Find the velocity of the ball 10s later.
Independent work
1包吝、人體是由`大大小小`無數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成的。(using an adjective phrase to express the underlined part)
The human body is made up of numerous structures `large and small`.
2源葫、這臺計算機(jī)的速度`由于它使用了繼電器(relay)`而受到了限制诗越。（using a prepositional phrase to express the underlined part）
This computer was limited in speed `by its use of relays`.
3、他們使用了`與卡車同寬`的一些厚木板(plant)息堂。（using a noun phrase to express the underlined part ）
They used plants `the width of the truck`.
4. 如果這關(guān)系式成立的話嚷狞，我們就會得到一個負(fù)的電流，`這種情況是不可能的`荣堰。
If this relation were to hold, we would get a negative current, `an impossible situation`.
5. `色譜法（chromatography）是一種非常有效的分離方法`床未，它已得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。
`A very effective separation method`, chromatography is widely used.
6. 一塊`15m長`的厚木板放在`相距8m`的兩個支座(support)上振坚。
A plant `15 meter long` is put on 2 supports `8 meters apart`.
A `15-meter-long` plant is put on 2 supports `8 meters apart`.
