L4-U2-P1-1 Listening :?Extinction Events 1
Extinction Events 1
The Earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago.
The first life appeared about a billion years later.
The first plants didn't appear until around 2 billion years ago.
Until about 580 million years ago, life forms were small and?microscopic.
Since that time, life has?evolved into?many different types, or?species.
However, scientists estimate that more than 99% of them are now?extinct.
When did the first plants first appear on Earth? -The first plants didn't appear until?around 2 billion years ago.
Since that time, life?has?evolved into many different?types, or species.
There have been several extinction events in the history of the Earth.
In an extinction event many life forms, or species of life, die out.
The causes of mass extinction events are?unsolved mysteries.
These events are not predictable and can happen at any time.
Scientists think that some of them were started by?asteroid impacts?or?volcanic eruptions.
Events like these can change the global conditions that life depends on.
What is an asteroid impact? - It's when an asteroid collides with something.
There have?been?several extinction?events?in the?history?of the Earth.
One major extinction event happened about 66 million years ago.
That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the Earth.
As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of all species on the planet died out.
When the asteroid hit the earth, it started a chain of events.
A chain of events is a series of events linked together, like a chain.
What may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs? - An asteroid hit the Earth and started a chain of events.
A?chain?of events is a?series?of events?linked?together, like a chain.
This particular chain of events happened over a period of months and years.
When the asteroid hit the Earth, it caused a huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere.
This cloud of the dust blocked the sun and darkened the Earth for many months.
Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quickly died.
With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed.
This led to the deaths of many more species.
What may have darkened the Earth for many months? -This cloud of the dust blocked the sun and darkened the Earth for many months.
(1) When the asteroid hit the Earth, it caused a huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere.
(2) This cloud of the dust blocked the sun and darkened the Earth for many months.
(3) Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quickly died.
(4) With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed.
This particular?chain of events happened?over a?period of months and years.
Mass extinction events have played an important part in the evolution of life.
In fact, some extinction events have helped to accelerate evolution.
For example, some mammals lived through the age of the dinosaurs, but they couldn't compete.
When the dinosaurs?were removed, the mammals were?able to?compete more successfully.
Once they could compete, mammals evolved to a higher state.
Without extinction events, perhaps we wouldn't be here today.
What may have blocked the volution of mammals? -Mammals couldn't compete successfully with the dinosaurs, so their evolution was blocked.
When the dinosaurs?were removed, the mammals were?able?to?compete?more successfully.
There have been several extinction events in the history of the Earth.
These events are not predictable and can happen at any time.
With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed.
That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the Earth.
Once they could compete, mammals evolved to a higher state.
L4-U2-P1-2 Listening :?Extinction Events 2
Extinction Events 2
Scientists estimate that there have been at least 5 mass extinctions in the last 540 million years.
They also believe that we have entered a new extinction event.
Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before.
Instead of asteroids or volcanic eruptions, the current event is the result of human activities.
Human activities, for example, have led to global warming.
What is causing the current mass extinction event? -This new extinction event is caused by humans.
Global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases in our atmosphere.
These gases?trap heat?from the sun, so the Earth is getting warmer.
As a result, sea levels are rising and weather patterns are changing.
In addition, we humans are destroying the?habitats?of many plants and animals.
Cutting down forests and polluting rivers destroys the habitats of many forms of life.
What traps heat from the sun? - Carbon gases in the? atmosphere trap heat from the sun.
Cutting down?forests?and polluting?rivers?destroys the?habitats?of many?forms?of life.
There is no longer any doubt that this is happening.
Species of life are disappearing at an increasing rate.
Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns are changing.
Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to save our future.
If we don't act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.
There is no longer any?doubt?that this is happening.
If we don't act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.
Species of life are disappearing at an increasing rate.
Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to save our future.
Global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases in our atmosphere.
L4-U2-P1-3?Vocabulary?:?Body Systems
Body Systems
The body's?circulatory system?includes the heart and?blood vessels.
The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through a network of?arteries and veins.
The?digestive system?breaks down?and?absorbs food?into the body.
It supplies the energy that the body needs for?growth and repair.
After digestion,excess food?is turned into waste and?eliminated from the body.
The?nervous system?includes the brain,?spinal cord?and?nerves.
This is your body's control system.
It controls your muscles and organs, including your circulatory and digestive system.
The?respiratory system?includes the nose and lungs.
It brings air and?oxygen?into the body and removes?carbon dioxide.
The lungs are where oxygen enters the?bloodstream, and carbon dioxide is removed.
Theimmune system?protects the body against?infections?and?diseases.
Sneezing?and?fever?are examples of how the immune system works.
If an infection?invades?the body, the immune system attacks it.
Which system circulates blood throughout the body? -The heart pumps blood and the?blood vessels transport the blood?throughout the body.
Which system?digests food and?supplies energy to the body? -?the?digestive system
Which system?brings air and?oxygen?into the body? -the?respiratory system
What is?your body's control system? -? the?nervous system
Which body system protects the body against?infections? - the?immune system
The heart?pumps?blood to all?parts?of the?body?through a?network?of
The?digestive system is?where?the food is broken down and absorbed?into the body.
It?brings?air and?oxygen?into the body and?removes?carbon dioxide.
The?respiratory system?includes the nose and lungs.
It?brings?air and oxygen into the body and?removes?carbon dioxide.
Sneezing?and?fever?are examples of how the immune system works.
The body's?circulatory system?includes the heart and?blood vessels.
The?digestive system?breaks down?and?absorbs food?into the body.
L4-U2-P1-3?Vocabulary?: Great Discoveries
Great Discoveries
The?controlled use of fire?allowed people to cook food and?survive?in colder climates.
Fire provided light so that people could work and?socialize?for longer hours.
With the?invention of agriculture, people could grow food and?settle into communities.
By growing food, people could spend less time hunting, and more time for other things such as art.
The?domestication?of animals allowed people to raise and use animals for food and work.
By raising?herds of animals?such as sheep, humans had a regular supply of meat and clothing.
The strength of animals such as horses and oxen was used for work and?transportation.
The development of tools and machines has resulted in more efficient?manufacturing?and?construction.
With better tools and machines, work can be done with fewer people and at much lower costs.
The development of science and engineering has improved many things, including communications.
With an understanding of electricity, telephones and radios allow people to communicate over long distances.
What??allowed people to cook food???- The?controlled use of fire?allowed people to cook food.
What has improved the quality and efficiency in manufacturing?and?construction? -The development of tools and machines has resulted in more efficient?manufacturing?and?construction.
What allowed people to take advantage of the?strength of?animals??- The?domestication?of animals allowed people to raise and use animals for food and work.
What helped people to spend less time?hunting for food? -With the?invention of agriculture, people became less?dependent on?hunting for food.
What has changed the way we?communicate? - Science and engineering have?changed the way we?communicate with each other.
Fire provided light?so that?people?could?work and?socialize?for?longer hours.
The?strength?of animals?such as?horses and oxen?was used?for work and.
With?better?tools and machines, work?can?be?done?with?fewer?people and at much?lower?costs.
With the?development of agriculture, people had more time for other activities.
Science and engineering have?changed the way we?communicate with each other.
The?controlled use of fire?allowed people to cook food and?survive?in colder climates.
Science and engineering?breakthroughs are rapidly?changing the way we live our lives.
L4-U2-P1-5?Dialogue?:?Smartphone Addiction
Dialogue 1: Smartphone Addiction
M: I took a vacation last night.
W: What are you talking about? Where did you take your vacation?
M: I didn't go anywhere. I just spent an evening without my smartphone.
W: How was it?
M: It was great. I got a real magazine and read it with no?interruption. It was very peaceful.
W: Yes, I haven't done that in a long time.
If someone is interrupted, they have to ...stop what they are doing.
What hasn't she done in a long time? -She hasn't spent time without her smartphone.
M: You know what? I'm beginning to hate smartphones.
W: Really? But you can't live without one, right?
M: Yes, that's the problem. These things are changing the way people live.
What is?changing the way people live? -Smartphones are changing the way people live.
What can't people live without? -People can't live without smartphones.
I took a vacation last night.
What are you talking about?
It was very peaceful.
I just spent an evening without my smartphone.
She hasn't spent time without her smartphone.
W: Yes, I just saw a?documentary?about that. A husband was complaining to his wife that she was spending too much time on her smartphone.
M: What happened? Did they?get a divorce?
W: You guessed it. In the end, they got a divorce.
What happened to the couple?? - In the end, they got a divorce.
What was the wife spending too much time doing? -playing on her smartphone
M: It's a bit?ironic, don't you think? Smartphones were supposed to bring people together, but they are pulling people apart.
W: Yes, you are right.
M: Hey, just a minute. I've got a message on my smartphone, and it can't wait.
What do they think?ironic about smartphones? -?Instead of?bringing people together, they are pulling them apart.
Yes, I just saw a?documentary?about that.
She was spending too much time on her smartphone.
Smartphones were supposed to bring people together, but they are pulling people apart.
I got a real magazine and read it with no?interruption.
Dialogue 2: Rude Boss
(B: Boss? E: Employee)
B: Hey, wake up and get back to work. What's wrong with you?
E: I'm on my break sir, and I have a bad headache.
B: Well, we're not paying you to sleep. If you're going to sleep, sleep someplace else.
E: Yes, sir. Sorry, it won't happen again.
B: You had better not.
How does the manager treat the employee? -?in a threatening manner
E: Just a minute. Don't talk to me like that.
B: What did you say?
E: You hurt me. You don't have to treat people like that.
B: Well, if you don't like it, I suggest you leave.
E: OK, I will. I've had enough of you. I'll get a job somewhere else.
How does the employee feel? - angry
What's wrong with you?
Well, we're not paying you to sleep.
The employee treats the manager respectfully.
I'm on my break sir, and I have a bad headache.
You don't have to treat people like that.
