文丨梁洋Ernest
導(dǎo)讀
英語(yǔ)修辭無(wú)處不在潮剪。
一首節(jié)奏感很強(qiáng)的英文詩(shī)，它十有八九使用了頭韻(alliteration) 或尾韻(rhyme) 壹堰；
一篇英文演講乙各，它很可能為了突出氣勢(shì)，八成運(yùn)用了排比(parallelism)醋奠；
而一本英文童話榛臼，它或許少不了明喻 (simile)、暗喻 (metaphor) 和擬人 (personification) 的點(diǎn)綴窜司。
哪怕你不讀英美文學(xué)作品沛善，肯定也要看新聞，而新聞?dòng)⒄Z(yǔ)中就包含一些我們看似熟悉但卻陌生的修辭塞祈，比如轉(zhuǎn)喻 (metonymy) 和提喻 (synecdoche) 金刁。
為更好解釋這兩個(gè)概念议薪，先舉一例：
Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan has requested the full removal of a Saudi-led blockade of Qatar after approving the deployment of Turkish troops there, saying Riyadh needed to put brotherhood ahead of animosity.(2017/06/10 Al Jazeera)
［譯］土耳其總統(tǒng)埃爾多安同意駐軍卡塔爾后尤蛮，要求以沙特為主的國(guó)家完全解除針對(duì)卡塔爾的封鎖，并表示沙特要把兄弟關(guān)系置于國(guó)家恩怨之上斯议。
請(qǐng)注意产捞，筆者在這里并未按 Riyadh（利雅得，沙特首都）字面義翻譯哼御，而是譯為“沙特（阿拉伯）”這個(gè)國(guó)家坯临。當(dāng)然焊唬，我們從上下文中是可以確定該詞意思，但新聞讀得多了看靠，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)求晶，這種寫法其實(shí)是一種修辭——轉(zhuǎn)喻 (metonymy)。
一衷笋、轉(zhuǎn)喻
關(guān)于轉(zhuǎn)喻芳杏，維基百科的解釋是：
Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept.
The location of a capital is often used as a metonym for a government or other official institutions—for example: Brussels for the institutions of the European Union, The Hague for the International Court of Justice, Nairobi for the government of Kenya, Washington, D.C., for the federal government of the United States, or Beacon Hill for the government of the U.S. state of Massachusetts. A place can represent an entire industry: for instance Wall Street is often used metonymically to describe the entire U.S. financial and corporate banking sector. Common nouns and phrases can also be metonyms: red tape can stand for bureaucracy, whether or not that bureaucracy actually uses red tape to bind documents. In Commonwealth realms, The Crown is a metonym for the state in all its aspects.
Synecdoche and metaleps is are considered specific types of metonymy. (Wikipedia)
上述英文主要包含以下三點(diǎn)：
① 定義：轉(zhuǎn)喻 (metonymy) 修辭是用一名稱來(lái)指代與之密切相關(guān)的事物或概念；
② 表現(xiàn)形式：
- 首都 (府) 所在位置 → 政府或其他機(jī)構(gòu)
- 某個(gè)地點(diǎn) → 整個(gè)行業(yè)
- 普通名詞或詞組 → 相關(guān)事物或概念
③ 分類：提喻 (synecdoche)辟宗、進(jìn)一步轉(zhuǎn)喻法 (metalepsis)
文中舉了常見(jiàn)的8個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)喻例子爵赵，不妨記下：
- Brussels(布魯塞爾) = the institutions of the European Union(歐盟各主要機(jī)構(gòu))
- The Hague(海牙)= the International Court of Justice(國(guó)際法庭)
- Nairobi(內(nèi)羅比) =the government of Kenya(肯尼亞政府)
- Washington, D.C.= the federal government of the United States
- Beacon Hill(波士頓燈塔山)= the government of the U.S. state of Massachusetts
- Wall Street= the entire U.S. financial and corporate banking sector
- red tape(捆扎公文的紅色帶子) = bureaucracy
- The Crown= the state in all its respects (英聯(lián)邦國(guó)家整體)
小結(jié)：轉(zhuǎn)喻用一名稱來(lái)指代相關(guān)事物，通常表現(xiàn)為：首都→政府泊脐，地點(diǎn)→相關(guān)行業(yè)等空幻。
二、提喻
上文中提到容客，轉(zhuǎn)喻包含提喻秕铛，但兩者仍存在一定區(qū)別。請(qǐng)看：
A synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a term for a part of something refers to the whole of something or vice versa. A synecdoche is a class of metonymy, often by means of either mentioning a part for the whole or conversely the whole for one of its parts. Examples from common English expressions include "bread and butter" (for "livelihood"), "suits" (for "businessmen"), and "boots" (for "soldiers") (pars pro toto), or conversely "America" (for "the United States of America") (totum pro parte).
The use of government buildings to refer to their occupant(s) is on the border between synecdoche and metonymy. "The Pentagon" for the United States Department of Defense can be considered synecdoche, as the building can be considered part of the department. "No. 10" for the British Prime Minister can be counted as metonymy, since the building is not part of the person, but using "No. 10" to mean "the Office of the Prime Minister" is synecdoche. (Wikipedia)
這兩段主要說(shuō)明了：
① 定義：提喻 (synecdoche) 修辭是以局部代表整體缩挑，或以整體代表部分但两。
② 表現(xiàn)形式：政府建筑→政府建筑的居住者
五角大樓 (The Pentagon) = 美國(guó)國(guó)防部 (the United States Department of Defense)
唐寧街十號(hào)(No. 10) = 英國(guó)首相辦公室 (the Office of the Prime Minister)
注：以“唐寧街十號(hào)”指代“英國(guó)首相”，則為轉(zhuǎn)喻 (metonymy) 供置，而非提喻 (synecdoche)谨湘，因?yàn)樵摻ㄖ⒉皇鞘紫嗟囊徊糠帧?/p>
小結(jié)：轉(zhuǎn)喻與提喻的區(qū)別是：轉(zhuǎn)喻強(qiáng)調(diào)相關(guān)性，而提喻側(cè)重整體與部分的關(guān)系芥丧。
三紧阔、練習(xí)
請(qǐng)判斷下列新聞中的粗體字是轉(zhuǎn)喻詞，還是提喻詞续担。
(1) Russians went to the polls Sunday in a parliamentary vote that the Kremlin hopes will maintain its stranglehold on national politics without provoking protests like those that erupted five years ago over widespread fraud. (2016/9/18 The Washington Post)
［譯］9月18日擅耽，俄羅斯人前往投票點(diǎn)對(duì)議會(huì)進(jìn)行投票。俄羅斯政府希望該投票不會(huì)引起類似五年前那些因大范圍舞弊而爆發(fā)的抗議物遇，而是維持其對(duì)國(guó)家政治的完全控制乖仇。
【轉(zhuǎn)喻詞】Kremlin
→ Putin administration或Russian government
(2) The United States has suspended talks with Russia over the war in Syria and accused Moscow of not living up to its commitments under a ceasefire agreement.(2016/10/4 Al Jazeera)
［譯］美國(guó)暫停同俄羅斯就敘利亞戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)進(jìn)行談判，指責(zé)俄方未能恪守涂嫱冢火協(xié)議下的承諾这敬。
【提喻詞】Moscow → Russia
(3) Downing Street has "wholeheartedly" rejected comments in a memorandum leaked to the press describing cabinet "divisions" over Brexit... And Deloitte said there had been no "access" to Number 10 for the report.(2016/11/15 BBC)
［譯］媒體披露的一份備忘錄描述了內(nèi)閣對(duì)脫歐的種種“分歧”航夺，英國(guó)政府“打心眼里”拒絕評(píng)論該備忘錄……德勤(Deloitte) 稱其無(wú)“權(quán)”從政府那里得到這份報(bào)告蕉朵。
【轉(zhuǎn)喻詞】Downing Street / Number 10
→ British government
(4) Prince Philip, 95-year-old husband of Britain's Queen Elizabeth II, is to step down from public life, Buckingham Palace has announced. (2017/5/4 CNN)
［譯］英國(guó)王室宣布，英國(guó)女王伊麗莎白二世的丈夫阳掐、現(xiàn)年95歲的菲利普親王即將退休始衅，告別公眾活動(dòng)冷蚂。
【提喻詞】Buckingham Palace
→ British royal family
(5) Hillary Clinton came out swinging Wednesday, ripping Russia for her November loss to President Trump and accusing the White House of colluding with Moscow in weaponizing technology to bring her campaign down.(2017/05/31 Fox News)
［譯］希拉里·克林頓 (Hillary Clinton) 對(duì)俄羅斯展開反擊，抨擊其導(dǎo)致她去年11月大選輸給特朗普汛闸，并指責(zé)特朗普政府勾結(jié)俄方蝙茶，靠技術(shù)武器搞垮了她的競(jìng)選活動(dòng)。
【提喻詞】
Moscow → Russia
【轉(zhuǎn)喻詞】
White House → the Trump Administration
(6) Beijing is in prime position to capitalize on major policy fissures that have emerged between Europe and the Trump administration on climate, trade and defense. (2017/05/31 CNN)
［譯］歐盟就氣候诸老、貿(mào)易和防務(wù)政策與美國(guó)特朗普政府產(chǎn)生分歧隆夯，而這正是中國(guó)利用該分歧聯(lián)手歐盟的最佳時(shí)機(jī)。
【提喻詞】
Beijing → China
【提喻詞】
Europe (整體) → European Union (部分)
(7) The European Union has rejected Donald Trump’s offer to renegotiate the Paris climate agreement and pledged instead to bypass Washington to work with US business leaders and state governors to implement the historic accord’s commitments.(2017/6/2 The Guardian)
［譯］特朗普表示要重議巴黎氣候協(xié)定别伏，歐盟對(duì)此予以回絕蹄衷，并承諾要繞過(guò)美國(guó)政府，轉(zhuǎn)而與該國(guó)商業(yè)領(lǐng)袖和各州州長(zhǎng)合作厘肮，共同履行該歷史性協(xié)定義務(wù)愧口。
【轉(zhuǎn)喻詞】
Washington
→ Trump administration / U.S. government
附：常見(jiàn)轉(zhuǎn)喻(或借喻)和提喻詞一覽
注：以上兩張圖片摘自《美英報(bào)刊導(dǎo)讀》(第二版) （周學(xué)藝編著）。
謝謝閱讀类茂。
