這篇文章有幾個非常有意思的句子和表達壳影，我貼出來纠永，大家一起賞析一下：
佳句篇：
?
Sentence 1.
He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested.
解析：
Ruffle弄皺的意思
Ruffle one’s feathers惹怒（想想逆毛流擼貓）
The idea that ...用的是同位語從句踪蹬，不太多鲤拿，常用搭配是the evidence that沥阳，the concept that 等。That后從句解釋idea, concept或evidence等哪痰。
Which的指代問題遂赠。Which指代的不是上文任何一個出現(xiàn)的單詞或詞組，而是Dr. Cochran的這波操作晌杰。
Sentence 2.
Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm.
disproportionately不成比例地
主干and復合句+非謂語動詞scoring+as引導的從句（插入后置定語）
每個部分都不難跷睦，集合到一起就對理解產生障礙了。
Sentence 3.
But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade).
這個句子不難肋演，為什么拿出來是因為這個violently的用法抑诸。簡單來講，這一個單詞乍一看是作aristocratic的副詞爹殊，實則在翻譯（以及理解）當中蜕乡，我們必須單獨翻譯成一個實意的成分，而且作副詞處理梗夸。
Aristocratic貴族統(tǒng)治
Meritocratic德治
Sentence 4.
That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known.
主語從句层玲，注意that.
Sentence 5.
Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair.
典型長句，如何解析反症？
Most of the dozen or so?disease genes that are common in them?belong to one of two types:
Or so大約
斜體作的是disease genes
they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair.
either or后面是兩個in...
第一個in后面的which form part of the insulating outer sheaths解釋的是Sphingolipids
that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals解釋的是sheaths辛块。
也就是說，（非限制性）定語從句后面緊接另一個定語從句铅碍。
第二個in后面很簡單润绵，但！８眯铩授药！文章最后一段有解釋，對于文章結構至關重要呜魄。
Sentence 6&7.
Thus, the theory goes, the pressure?to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure?to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects.
It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous.
兩句話放一起悔叽。
主干已加黑。很有意思的句子爵嗅，工整娇澎、對仗，而又解釋非常清楚睹晒。
下一句趟庄，persist和ubiquitous用詞極其精準括细，整句話像外科手術般，精準簡練戚啥。作者還是怕讀者一下子沒讀懂奋单，用簡單而又高效的句子總結下。寫作手法很老練高超猫十，字字璣珠览濒，像極了寶馬M3。
Sentence 8.
Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy.
乍一看沒什么稀奇拖云，再一看贷笛，把一個comparison分別放在了主語和謂語的修飾成分中，可謂老辣宙项。
作何解乏苦？
That promote intelligence對genes做了一個限定，指的是genes的其中一種特征尤筐，然后用when說明了適用情況汇荐。
Create謂語的主語也是genes，但這時候是沒有限定的genes盆繁。Create disease做的是限定拢驾，其實對應的是promote intelligence。后面同樣用一個when來說明范圍改基。
簡單來講，genes的含義做了一個縮小和限定咖为，又在create的時候恢復了genes的雙重功能含義秕狰。
Promote intelligence和create diseases一個對應，盡管成分差別很大躁染。
兩個when的對比鸣哀。
可謂神句。
Sentence 9.
An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance.
Than (what) would be expected by chance.
省略了what吞彤。我衬。。你能理解嗎饰恕？
還有這個books挠羔，這個同語境關聯(lián)強烈。
好的表達：
1. ruffle one’s feather
2. Tremble at the thought
3. Affirm作不及物動詞（Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. ）
4. aristocratic v.s. meritocratic
5. Exact a price類似用法 exert influence
附原文及翻譯：
Natural genius? 天生我才埋嵌？
The high intelligence of Ashkenazi Jews may be a result of their persecuted past
德系猶太人的高智商或許是因為曾經遭受迫害的后果
THE idea that some ethnic groups may, on average, be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran, a noted scientific iconoclast, is prepared to say it anyway. He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. And more controversially still, he has suggested that homosexuality is caused by an infection.
某些少數(shù)民族的平均智商高于其他民族這一說法破加，是很多不敢公開的假設之一。不過著名的科學狂人Gregory Cochran 決意要做第一個吃螃蟹的人雹嗦。他很特別范舀，總是獨立工作而不屬于任何機構合是。某些曾被診斷并非病菌引起的疾病，其實病源來自傳染病锭环。這一觀點因他的推動受到了關注聪全。此觀點一經提出，就受到了許多科學家的反對辅辩。這還不算难礼，更具爭議的是，他認為同性戀也是由傳染病引起的汽久。
Even he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do. Together with Jason Hardy and Henry Harpending, of the University of Utah, he is publishing, in a forthcoming edition of the Journal of Biosocial Science, a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in question are Ashkenazi Jews. The process is natural selection.
然而就算是Cochran鹤竭，也為自己接下來要做的事捏了一把汗。他準備同Utah大學的Jason Hardy與Henry Harpending一同景醇，在最新一期的《生物社會科學雜志》發(fā)表一篇論文臀稚，文中不僅提出了某一少數(shù)民族比其他民族更聰明這一觀點，還解釋了這一結果產生的過程三痰。文中兩大主角就是德系猶太人和自然選擇吧寺。
History before science
不管是否科學，先來看看歷史
Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as Tay-Sachs and breast cancer. These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been put down to social effects, such as a strong tradition of valuing education. The latter was seen as a consequence of genetic isolation. Even now, Ashkenazim tend to marry among themselves. In the past they did so almost exclusively.
德系猶太人不僅在IQ測試上表現(xiàn)不俗散劫，正常人一般在100分左右稚机，而他們大多都能得個112-115分，而且雖然人數(shù)不多获搏，但他們在歐洲知識赖条、文化生活中的地位卻舉足輕重。想想弗洛伊德常熙、愛因斯坦纬乍、馬勒，我們就會點頭稱是了裸卫。但同時仿贬，他們中患有如泰-薩克斯病、乳腺癌這類嚴重的遺傳疾病的比率明顯高于其他種族墓贿。這些事實茧泪，最初被人們認為是毫無聯(lián)系的。前者被說成是社會原因引起的聋袋，如濃烈的價值觀教育的傳統(tǒng)队伟；后者則被說成是基因隔離的結果，不過即使是現(xiàn)在舱馅，德系猶太人還是愿意同本族人結婚缰泡，在過去，就更是如此了。
Dr Cochran, however, suspects that the intelligence and the diseases are intimately linked. His argument is that the unusual history of the Ashkenazim has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs.
但Cochran博士對以上兩點表示質疑棘钞，并認為德系猶太人的天賦異稟與痛病纏身聯(lián)系密切缠借。他認為正是異常的歷史環(huán)境強加給了德系猶太人獨有的進化壓力，才導致了這些看似奇怪的現(xiàn)象宜猜。
Ashkenazi history begins with the Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in the first century AD. When this was crushed, Jewish refugees fled in all directions. The descendants of those who fled to Europe became known as Ashkenazim.
德系猶太人的歷史源于公元1世紀泼返。猶太人在反對羅馬人的統(tǒng)治失敗后，猶太難民四散而逃姨拥，逃亡歐洲的猶太后裔就是如今的德系猶太人绅喉。
In the Middle Ages, European Jews were subjected to legal discrimination, one effect of which was to drive them into money-related professions such as banking and tax farming which were often disdained by, or forbidden to, Christians. This, along with the low level of intermarriage with their gentile neighbours (which modern genetic analysis confirms was the case), is Dr Cochran's starting point.
在中世紀，歐洲的猶太人在法律上地位很不平等叫乌，結果之一就是他們不得不從事與金錢相關的職業(yè)柴罐，如被人看不起或不準基督徒涉足的銀行或征稅工作，此外憨奸，他們只能與鄰居中社會地位較低的非猶太人通婚（這種狀況通過現(xiàn)代基因學分析得到了證實）革屠。上述就是Cochran 博士論文的起點。
He argues that the professions occupied by European Jews were all ones that put a premium on intelligence. Of course, it is hard to prove that this intelligence premium existed in the Middle Ages, but it is certainly true that it exists in the modern versions of those occupations. Several studies have shown that intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, is highly correlated with income in jobs such as banking.
他認為歐洲猶太人從事的職業(yè)都是些需要一定智商的職業(yè)排宰，雖不能證明這些職業(yè)在中世紀時就是這樣了似芝，但在當代它們確實如此。一些研究表明板甘，智力水平（按智力測試的標準來算）與工資水平（如那些從事銀行工作的人）聯(lián)系密切党瓮。
What can, however, be shown from the historical records is that European Jews at the top of their professions in the Middle Ages raised more children to adulthood than those at the bottom. Of course, that was true of successful gentiles as well. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade).
這些歷史記錄證明了，那些在歐洲工作地位較高的猶太家庭子女存活率要高于那些地位較低的猶太家庭盐类。情況對于那些其他種族的也是一樣的寞奸。但在中世紀，基督教社會中所謂的成功多是貴族通過戰(zhàn)爭與土地強爭豪取在跳，而非通過量才而用（如從事銀行或貿易工作）和平地獲得蝇闭。
Put these two things together—a correlation of intelligence and success, and a correlation of success and fecundity—and you have circumstances that favour the spread of genes that enhance intelligence. The questions are, do such genes exist, and what are they if they do? Dr Cochran thinks they do exist, and that they are exactly the genes that cause the inherited diseases which afflict Ashkenazi society.
把智力與成功的關聯(lián)以及成功與生殖力的關系合二為一，你就具備了有利于智商提高的基因傳播的條件硬毕。問題是這種智商基因確實存在嗎？假如它果真存在的話礼仗，那究竟是什么呢吐咳？科克倫博士認為它們的確存在，而且正是那種引起折磨德系猶太人遺傳疾病的基因元践。
That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. Constant mating with even distant relatives reduces genetic diversity, and some disease genes will thus, randomly, become more common. But the very randomness of this process means there should be no discernible pattern about which disease genes increase in frequency. In the case of Ashkenazim, Dr Cochran argues, this is not the case. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. The former genes cause neurological diseases, such as Tay- Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick. The latter cause cancer.
眾所周知韭脊，越是人口稀少并且生育范圍狹小的種族就越易患遺傳疾病〉ヅ裕總是于同族人通婚沪羔，就算不是近親，也會較少遺傳的多樣性，同時也會使某些致病基因沒有規(guī)律地在該種族內部泛濫起來蔫饰。而這種無規(guī)律性意味著人們不知道何類致病基因會被大量傳播琅豆。但對德系猶太人來說，Cochran 醫(yī)生指出篓吁，情況卻并非如此茫因。他們當中最常見的十幾種疾病基因基本上可以歸結于兩類：一類參與神經細胞中鞘脂類特殊脂肪）的儲存。鞘脂組成一部分絕緣外層鞘杖剪，允許神經細胞發(fā)射電子信號冻押。另一類參與DNA 的修復。前者基因會引發(fā)神經性疾病盛嘿，如泰薩二氏病洛巢、腦苷脂沉積病和神經鞘磷脂沉積病次兆；而后者會導致癌癥稿茉。
That does not look random. And what is even less random is that in several cases the genes for particular diseases come in different varieties, each the result of an independent original mutation. This really does suggest the mutated genes are being preserved by natural selection. But it does not answer the question of how evolution can favour genetic diseases. However, in certain circumstances, evolution can.
上述看起來并非毫無規(guī)律。而且更趨于規(guī)律的表現(xiàn)就是类垦，在一些病例中狈邑，特殊疾病的致病基因來自于不同的變體，而每個變體都是獨立的原基因變異的結果蚤认。這就印證了變異基因是自然選擇保留下來的結果米苹，可它卻不能回答自然選擇為什么會成了遺傳疾病的幫兇，但在一些特殊的條件下砰琢，進化能夠產生這樣的結果蘸嘶。
West Africans, and people of West African descent, are susceptible to a disease called sickle-cell anaemia that is virtually unknown elsewhere. The anaemia develops in those whose red blood cells contain a particular type of haemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen. But the disease occurs only in those who have two copies of the gene for the disease-causing haemoglobin (one copy from each parent). Those who have only one copy have no symptoms. They are, however, protected against malaria, one of the biggest killers in that part of the world. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous.
如西非人以及他們的后代易患一種叫做鐮狀細胞性貧血的疾病，這種病在西非之外幾乎都沒人聽說過陪汽。貧血癥發(fā)于那些紅血球中含有一種特殊的血紅蛋白训唱，其蛋白質中含有氧氣的人。但這種鐮狀細胞性貧血癥只會發(fā)生在同時有兩組這種致病的血紅蛋白（父母都有這種血紅蛋白）的人身上挚冤。而那些只有一組的人不但不會患這種貧血癥况增，也不會患瘧疾，該病被稱為非洲的頭號殺手训挡。因此澳骤，我們可以這樣說，抵御瘧疾的特性使得鐮狀細胞在得以人體中存活下來澜薄，同時這種細胞導致貧血癥的特性也會被人體排斥为肮，只有在為保持這兩種狀態(tài)而產生的壓力達到平衡時，才不會有任何一個特性占據(jù)上風肤京。
Dr Cochran argues that something similar happened to the Ashkenazim. Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy. His thesis is not as strong as the sickle-cell/malaria theory, because he has not proved that any of his disease genes do actually affect intelligence. But the area of operation of some of them suggests that they might.
Cochran博士認為颊艳，德系猶太人也面臨著同樣的情況，他們的某些基因如果以單組出現(xiàn)就可以提高智力，一旦以雙組出現(xiàn)就會引起疾病棋枕。顯然白修，該理論并不如他的鐮狀細胞/瘧疾理論那樣具有說服力，因為他尚未證明任何一種致病基因確實能夠影響智力戒悠，但是某些基因的活動區(qū)域顯示它們或許真能影響智力熬荆。
The sphingolipid-storage diseases, Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick, all involve extra growth and branching of the protuberances that connect nerve cells together. Too much of this (as caused in those with double copies) is clearly pathological. But it may be that those with single copies experience a more limited, but still enhanced, protuberance growth. That would yield better linkage between brain cells, and might thus lead to increased intelligence. Indeed, in the case of Gaucher's disease, the only one of the three in which people routinely live to adulthood, there is evidence that those with full symptoms are more intelligent than the average. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance.
鞘脂儲存類疾病，如泰薩二氏病绸狐、腦苷脂沉積病和神經鞘磷脂沉積病卤恳，都涉及到連接神經細胞的凸起的多余生長和分叉。顯然寒矿，這種生長和分叉太多的話就會引起疾病突琳。但是，也有可能符相，僅有單份致病基因的人會出現(xiàn)比較有限的拆融、但仍然加強了的凸起生長。這將有助于加強腦細胞之間的連接啊终，或許因此導致智力提高镜豹。實際上，在腦苷脂沉積病的例子中蓝牲，在三分之一能夠活到成年的患者中趟脂，確實有證據(jù)表明完全發(fā)病的人擁有高于平均值的智商。根據(jù)一家專門治療腦苷脂沉積病的以色列診所的醫(yī)療記錄例衍，患者中的工程師昔期、科學家、會計和律師的比例多于常人佛玄。
Why a failure of the DNA-repair system should boost intelligence is unclear—and is, perhaps, the weakest part of the thesis, although evidence is emerging that one of the genes in question is involved in regulating the early growth of the brain. But the thesis also has a strong point: it makes a clear and testable prediction. This is that people with a single copy of the gene for Tay-Sachs, or that for Gaucher's, or that for Niemann-Pick should be more intelligent than average. Dr Cochran and his colleagues predict they will be so by about five IQ points. If that turns out to be the case, it will strengthen the idea that, albeit unwillingly, Ashkenazi Jews have been part of an accidental experiment in eugenics. It has brought them some advantages. But, like the deliberate eugenics experiments of the 20th century, it has also exacted a terrible price.
為什么基因修復系統(tǒng)失靈會提高智力硼一，現(xiàn)在還不清楚原因何在。雖然梦抢，陸續(xù)有證據(jù)表明產生問題的基因之一參與了調節(jié)大腦的早期發(fā)育般贼，但是這仍是該論題最薄弱的環(huán)節(jié)。不過奥吩，該理論也有令人信服的地方：它對于擁有單份泰薩二氏病或腦苷脂沉積病或神經鞘磷脂沉積病基因的人會比普通人更聰明做出了明確而可檢驗的預測具伍。Cochran 博士和他的同事認為，這些人的智商因此會比平均水平高出5 個點圈驼。盡管有人不愿接受，假如確實如此的話望几，它將有力地證明绩脆，德系猶太人在不經意間經歷了優(yōu)生實驗，而這為他們帶來了智商上的優(yōu)勢。但是靴迫，如同發(fā)生在20 世紀的人為的優(yōu)生實驗一樣惕味，它同樣讓他們付出了可怕的代價。
