Brain injuries are startlingly common among those who have committed crimes
罪犯中,腦部受傷的人數(shù)奇高
Kim Gorgens, a neuropsychologist at the University of Denver, reckons that between 50% and 80% of prisoners and those on parole in America have brain injuries.
丹佛大學(xué)神經(jīng)心理學(xué)家金姆·戈?duì)柛构浪悖诿绹?guó),囚犯以及被假釋的罪犯當(dāng)中,腦部受傷的人群比例在 50% 至 80% 之間。
Adrian Raine, a psychologist and criminologist at the University of Pennsylvania, is pretty convinced that there is a causal link. He points to research that follows people over time, as well as natural experiments in which otherwise law-abiding individuals suffer a brain injury and then display antisocial behaviour.
賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家兼犯罪學(xué)家阿德里安·雷恩非常確信,兩者之間存在因果關(guān)系宰译。他提出了以下證明:在一些對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象長(zhǎng)期追蹤的研究及自然實(shí)驗(yàn)中缀拭,一些原本守法的個(gè)體在頭部受傷后,會(huì)做出反社會(huì)行為勾效。
People tend to associate traumatic brain injuries with sports such as American football, boxing and rugby. In fact they are more usually caused by falls, road-traffic accidents and fights. The front of the brain, where the frontal and temporal lobes are located, is often damaged. Higher emotions, such as compassion, seem to be concentrated there, as does conscious decision-making.
人們往往會(huì)把腦部的創(chuàng)傷與諸如美式足球卒密、拳擊和英式橄欖球等運(yùn)動(dòng)聯(lián)系在一起睛约。而事實(shí)上,腦部更常因跌倒、道路交通事故以及斗毆而受傷。腦部受傷時(shí)藐翎,其前部常會(huì)受損末贾,大腦的額葉和顳葉便位于這一區(qū)域圈暗。像同情心這類更高級(jí)的情緒似乎集中在這里昼扛,此外蛹含,這一區(qū)域還掌管著(大腦的)理性決策行為。
Identifying those who need support could prevent people from drifting into crime. Mr Becroft, now New Zealand's children's commissioner, argues that children should be screened for brain injuries and other neuro-disabilities when they start secondary school to ensure that those who need help get it.
對(duì)那些需要幫助的人進(jìn)行識(shí)別,可以防止他們滑入犯罪的泥潭沸伏。新西蘭現(xiàn)任兒童事務(wù)部部長(zhǎng)班克羅夫特先生主張,應(yīng)該在孩子們上初中前蜕青,篩查他們的腦部是否受損或者患有其他神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病,以確保需要幫助的孩子獲得援助鹊漠。
Campaigners are also keen to prevent more brain injuries from happening in the first place. That might mean teaching parents about the risks, or encouraging people to wear helmets.
此外姿锭,活動(dòng)家們還十分熱切地想要從源頭上避免更多的人腦部受傷。而這可能意味著要教授家長(zhǎng)們相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)览效,或者鼓勵(lì)人們戴頭盔。
A report in 2016 by the Centre for Mental Health estimated that in Britain the cost of traumatic brain injury in a 15-year-old who goes on to offend is around £345,000.*** The cost to those affected — and society more widely — is incalculable.
2016 年(英國(guó))心理健康中心發(fā)布的一項(xiàng)報(bào)告估計(jì),在英國(guó)奶栖,治療一位 15 歲的“未來(lái)罪犯”所患有的腦部創(chuàng)傷,需要花費(fèi)約 34 萬(wàn) 5 千英鎊设江。然而對(duì)那些(將)受到影響的人們笨篷,以及更廣范的社會(huì)而言冕臭,這筆“費(fèi)用”不可估量。
加入會(huì)員可查看
主編:夏天
品控:Pita
審核:大仔
重點(diǎn)詞匯
startlingly
/?stɑ?r.t??l??.li/
adv. 令人震驚地
相關(guān)詞匯:startle(v. 嚇(某人)一跳)
英文釋義:to suddenly frighten sb.
例句:The students were startled by the teacher's return.
相關(guān)詞匯:startling (adj. 令人震驚的)
搭配短語(yǔ):a startling discovery
commit
/k??m?t/
v. 犯(罪行)
搭配短語(yǔ):to commit crimes
搭配短語(yǔ):to commit suicide
reckon
/?rek.?n/
v. 估計(jì)榴芳,估算窟感;認(rèn)為躏嚎,以為
近義詞:estimate( 估計(jì)虚茶,估算)暮蹂;think(認(rèn)為,以為)
例句:I reckon it is a nice movie.
on parole
處在假釋中
相關(guān)詞匯:parole(n. 假釋)
文化補(bǔ)充:“假釋”是一個(gè)專業(yè)的法律概念辈讶,指的是一種對(duì)罪犯的減刑措施命浴。簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō),它是指如果囚犯在監(jiān)獄里表現(xiàn)良好,就可以提前出獄生闲,不過(guò)附帶的條件是媳溺,罪犯要保證出去之后會(huì)繼續(xù)好好表現(xiàn)。
criminologist
/?kr?m.??nɑ?.l?.d??st/
n. 犯罪學(xué)家
相關(guān)詞匯:criminal(n. 罪犯)
詞根詞綴:-ologist(……學(xué)家)
causal
/?kɑ?.z?l/
adj. 存在因果關(guān)系的
相關(guān)詞匯:cause(n. 原因碍讯,起因)
搭配短語(yǔ):a causal link between A and B(A 和 B 之間的因果關(guān)系)
point to
用某件事作為證明
英文釋義:to use something as proof
例句:The lawyer is unable to point to anything that proves its case.
over time
經(jīng)過(guò)一段較久的時(shí)間
相關(guān)拓展:over 在表示時(shí)間和距離時(shí)悬蔽,都強(qiáng)調(diào)一種比較大的跨度。比如捉兴,今年五一我從上海飛去了海南度假蝎困,I stayed over there,這種跨省的距離就可以用 over倍啥。
otherwise
/??e.?.wa?z/
adv. 原本應(yīng)該……的禾乘;否則,不然
搭配短語(yǔ):an otherwise totally black cat with a single white whisker
law-abiding
/?lɑ?.??ba?.d??/
adj. 守法的
相關(guān)詞匯:abide(v. 遵守)
近義詞:obey(v. 遵守)
搭配短語(yǔ):to abide by the law(遵守法律)
antisocial
/??n.t?i?so?.??l/
adj. 反社會(huì)的
拓展發(fā)音:/??n.t?a??so?.??l/
詞根詞綴:anti-(反對(duì)……的)
派生詞:anti-war(adj. 反戰(zhàn)的)
派生詞:anti-discrimination(adj. 反歧視的)
tend
/tend/
v. 往往會(huì)逗栽;易于做某事
搭配短語(yǔ):tend to do sth.
例句:People tend to need less sleep as they get older.
associate
/??so?.?i.e?t/
v. 聯(lián)想盖袭,聯(lián)系
搭配短語(yǔ):associate A with B
近義表達(dá):to make a connection between A and B
例句:Many people tend to associate wealth with freedom.
traumatic
/trɑ??m?t?.?k/
adj. 造成創(chuàng)傷的
相關(guān)詞匯:trauma(n. 創(chuàng)傷)
搭配短語(yǔ):physical / emotional trauma
compassion
/k?m?p??.?n/
n. 憐憫;同情
相關(guān)詞匯:passion(n. 激情彼宠、熱情)
詞根詞綴:com-(共同)
近義詞:sympathy
詞義辨析:compassion, sympathy
兩個(gè)詞的區(qū)別在于 compassion 的感受往往更深沉鳄虱。
drift
/dr?ft/
v.(人)不知不覺(jué)(做了某事);(物體)隨著水流緩慢漂移凭峡;人漫無(wú)目地流浪拙已、漂泊
例句:They drift into their current jobs.(v. 流浪、漂泊)
搭配短語(yǔ):to drift into sleep(v. 不知不覺(jué)(做了某事))
screen
/skri?n/
v. 篩查(疾泊菁健)倍踪;篩選,過(guò)濾
相關(guān)詞匯:screen(n. 屏幕)
例句:They can screen out unwanted calls directly.(v. 篩選索昂,過(guò)濾)
搭配短語(yǔ):screen sb for sth.(v. 篩查(疾步ǔ怠))
keen
/ki?n/
adj. 渴望的,熱切的
近義詞:eager(adj. 熱切的椒惨,渴望的)
搭配短語(yǔ):a keen desire to learn
搭配短語(yǔ):be keen to do sth.(熱切地想要做某事)
offend
/??fend/
v. 違法缤至,犯罪;冒犯
英文釋義:to commit crimes
incalculable
/?n?k?l.kj?.l?.b?l/
adj. 不可估量的
相關(guān)詞匯:calculate(v. 計(jì)算)
搭配短語(yǔ):treasures of incalculable value