文章的第一步要有圖槽驶，也就是說首先把圖做的漂漂亮亮的责嚷，不管是SEM，TEM掂铐，Uv-vis罕拂，F(xiàn)TIR揍异，還是效果圖。圖片放到你的文章里就是你的思路爆班，圖片放好了衷掷，你的思路就出來了，這是就關(guān)鍵的過程柿菩，放圖的過程中你要考你怎么寫戚嗅，你的文章新的地方在哪？枢舶；圖做好了也放好了懦胞，就是寫文章了，寫文章也很快了凉泄，因?yàn)樗悸酚辛四愕奈恼乱矘?gòu)思好了医瘫。

文章主題部分，下面我引用了一些總結(jié)的寫作經(jīng)驗(yàn)旧困，我覺得很有用醇份。大家認(rèn)真看看，在此先祝福大家論文高中吼具，碩果累累不減當(dāng)年勇時(shí)：

1. 前言部分

1.1 如何指出當(dāng)前研究的不足以及有目的地引導(dǎo)出自己的研究的重要性

通常在敘述了前人成果之后僚纷，用However來引導(dǎo)不足，比如

However, little information...

little attention has been devoted to…

little work...

little data / little research

or few studies / investigations / few attempts have been don on…

or none of these studies

has (have) been less

done on ... / focused on / attempted to

conducted / investigated / studied

(with respect to)

OR To the author's knowledge... There is little information available in literature about...

Until recently, there is some lack of knowledge about...

Previous research (studies, records) has (have)

failed to consider

ignored

misinterpreted

neglected to

overestimated, underestimated

misleaded

thus, these previous results are

inconclusive / misleading…

unsatisfactory / questionable /controversial..

Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...

一定要注意絕對(duì)不能全面否定前人的成果拗盒，即使在你看來前人的結(jié)論完全不對(duì)怖竭。這是前人工作最起碼的尊重，英文叫做給別人的工作credits.

所以文章不要出現(xiàn)非常negative的評(píng)價(jià)陡蝇，比如Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commonsense, etc.

可以婉轉(zhuǎn)地提出：

Their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation.

Their results could be better convinced if they ...

Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertainties.

1.2.之后引導(dǎo)出一種新方法痊臭，或者一種新方向。

如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一樣登夫，可以通過下面的方式強(qiáng)調(diào)自己工作的作用：

However, data is still scarce

rare

less accurate

there is still dearth of

We need to / aim to / have to

provide more documents / data / records / studies

increase the dataset

Further studies are still necessary... / essential...

為了強(qiáng)調(diào)自己研究的重要性广匙，一般還要在However之前介紹自己研究問題的反方面，另一方面等等, 比如：

1)時(shí)間問題

如果你研究的問題時(shí)間上比較新恼策，你就可以大量提及對(duì)時(shí)間較老的問題的研究及重要性鸦致，然后說(However)，對(duì)時(shí)間尺度比較新的問題研究不足

2)物性及研究手段問題

如果你要應(yīng)用一種新手段或者研究方向涣楷，你可以提出當(dāng)前比較流行的方法以及物質(zhì)性質(zhì)分唾，然后說對(duì)你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少狮斗。

3)研究區(qū)域問題

首先總結(jié)相鄰區(qū)域或者其它區(qū)域的研究绽乔，然后強(qiáng)調(diào)這一區(qū)域研究不足

4)不確定性

雖然前人對(duì)這一問題研究很多，但是目前有兩種或者更多種的觀點(diǎn)碳褒，這種uncertanties, ambiguities折砸，值得進(jìn)一步澄清

5)提出自己的假設(shè)來驗(yàn)證

如果自己的研究完全是新的看疗，沒有前人的工作進(jìn)行對(duì)比，在這種情況下鞍爱，你可以自信地說鹃觉，根據(jù)提出的過程，存在這種可能的結(jié)果睹逃，本文就是要證實(shí)這種結(jié)果盗扇。

We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the ...

It is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach).

1.3. 如何提出自己的觀點(diǎn)

We aim to…

This paper reports on…

provides results..

extends the method…

focus on..

The purpose of this paper is to..

Furthermore, Moreover, In addition,, we will also discuss...

1.4. 圈定自己的研究范圍

前言的另外一個(gè)作用就是告訴讀者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究?jī)?nèi)容。如果處理不好沉填，reviewer會(huì)提出嚴(yán)厲的建議疗隶，比如你沒有考慮某種可能性，某種研究手段等等翼闹。為了減少這種爭(zhēng)論斑鼻，在前言的結(jié)尾你就要明確提出本文研究的范圍：

1)時(shí)間尺度問題

如果你的問題涉及比較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)序，你可以明確地提出本文只關(guān)心這一時(shí)間范圍的問題猎荠。

We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)...

或者有兩種時(shí)間尺度的問題 (long-term and short term)坚弱，你可以說兩者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一種

2) 研究區(qū)域的問題

和時(shí)間問題一樣关摇，明確提出你只關(guān)心這一地區(qū)

1.5. 最后的原場(chǎng)

在前言的最后荒叶，還可以總結(jié)性地提出，這一研究對(duì)其它研究的幫助输虱。

或者說些楣，further studies on ... will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)

總之，其目的就是讓讀者把思路集中到你要討論的問題上來宪睹。減少爭(zhēng)論(arguments).

2. 怎樣提出觀點(diǎn)

在提出自己的觀點(diǎn)時(shí)愁茁，采取什么樣的策略很重要。不合適的句子通常會(huì)遭到reviewer的置疑亭病。

1)如果觀點(diǎn)不是這篇文章最新提出的鹅很，通常要用

We confirm that...

2)對(duì)于自己很自信的觀點(diǎn),可用

We believe that...

3)在更通常的情況下，由數(shù)據(jù)推斷出一定的結(jié)論命贴，

用道宅， Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that...

4) 在及其特別的情況才可以用We put forward (discover, observe..) .. "for the first time".

來強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的創(chuàng)新。

5) 如果自己對(duì)所提出的觀點(diǎn)不完全肯定胸蛛，可用

We tentatively put forward (interpret this to..)

Or The results may be due to (caused by)/ attributed to / resulted from..

Or It seems that .. can account for (interpret) this..

要注意這些結(jié)構(gòu)要合理搭配。如果通篇是類型1)和5)樱报，那這篇文章的意義就大打折扣葬项。如果全是2)，肯定會(huì)遭到置疑迹蛤。所以要仔細(xì)分析自己成果的創(chuàng)新性以及可信度民珍。

3. 連接詞與邏輯

寫英文論文最常見的一個(gè)毛病就是文章的邏輯不清楚襟士。解決的方法有：

1)句子上下要有連貫，不能讓句子之間獨(dú)立

常見的連接詞語有,

also, in addition, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further,

However, although, unlike, in contrast, Unfortunately,

Similarly, alternatively, parallel results, Compared with other results,

In order to, despite, For example

consequently, thus, therefore...

用好這些連接詞嚷量，能夠使觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)得有層次陋桂，更加明確。

比如蝶溶，如果敘述有時(shí)間順序的事件或者文獻(xiàn)嗜历，

最早的文獻(xiàn)可用AA advocated it for the first time.

接下來，可用Then BB further demonstrated that..

再接下來抖所，可用Afterwards, CC..

如果還有梨州，可用More recent studies by DD..

如果敘述兩種觀點(diǎn)，要把它們截然分開

AA put forward that........ In contrast, BB believe

or Unlike AA, BB suggest…

or On the contrary (表明前面的觀點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤田轧，如果只是表明兩種對(duì)立的觀點(diǎn)暴匠，用in contrast)， BB..

如果兩種觀點(diǎn)相近,可用

AA suggest ….. Similarly ( alternatively), BB..

Or Also, BB…

or BB also does …

表示因果或者前后關(guān)系傻粘，可用 Consequently, therefore, as a result,

表明遞進(jìn)關(guān)系每窖，可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition,

當(dāng)寫完一段英文，最好首先檢查一下是否較好地應(yīng)用了這些連接詞弦悉。

2) 段落的整體邏輯

經(jīng)常我們要敘述一個(gè)問題的幾個(gè)方面窒典。這種情況下，一定要注意邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)警绩。

首先第一段要明確告訴讀者你要討論幾個(gè)部份

...Therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed.

The first question involves...

The second problem relates to …

The third aspect deals with...

上面的例子可以清晰地把觀點(diǎn)逐層敘述崇败。

Or, 可以直接用First, Second, Third..... Finally,..

當(dāng)然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用來補(bǔ)充說明。

4. 正文部份的整體結(jié)構(gòu)

小標(biāo)題是比較好的方法把要討論的問題分為幾個(gè)片段肩祥。

一般第一個(gè)片段指出文章最為重要的數(shù)據(jù)與結(jié)論后室。補(bǔ)充說明的部份可以放在最后一個(gè)片段。

一定要明白文章的讀者會(huì)分為多個(gè)檔次混狠。文章除了本專業(yè)的專業(yè)人士讀懂以外岸霹，一定要想辦法能讓更多的外專業(yè)人讀懂。所以可以把討論部份分為兩部份将饺，一部份提出觀點(diǎn)贡避，另一部份詳細(xì)介紹過程以及論述的依據(jù)。這樣專業(yè)外的人士可以了解文章的主要觀點(diǎn)予弧，比較專業(yè)的討論他可以把它當(dāng)成黑箱子刮吧，而這一部份本專業(yè)人士可以進(jìn)一步研究。

5. 關(guān)于abbreviation

如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 兩種方法加以解決

1) 在文章最好加上個(gè)Appendix掖蛤，把所有Abbreviation列表

2) 在不同的頁面上杀捻，不時(shí)地給出Abbreviation的含義，用來提醒讀者蚓庭。

總之致讥，寫文章的目的是要讓讀者讀懂仅仆，讀得清晰，并且采取各種措施方便于讀者垢袱。

5. Discussion 部分

5. 1時(shí)態(tài)

(a) 指出結(jié)果在哪些圖表中列出墓拜，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：Figure 2 shows the variation in the temperature of the samples over time.

(b) 敘述或總結(jié)研究結(jié)果的內(nèi)容為關(guān)于過去的事實(shí)请契，所以通常采用過去時(shí)咳榜。如：After flights of less than two hours, 11% of the army pilots and 33% of the civilian pilots reported back pain.

(c) 對(duì)研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行說明或由其得出一般性推論時(shí)，多用現(xiàn)在時(shí)姚糊。如：The higher incidence of back pain in civilian pilots may be due to their greater accumulated flying time.

(d) 不同結(jié)果之間或?qū)嶒?yàn)數(shù)據(jù)與理論模型之間進(jìn)行比較時(shí)贿衍，多采一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（這種比較關(guān)系多為不受時(shí)間影響的邏輯上的事實(shí)）。如：These results agree well with the findings of Smith, et al.

6. 討論部份包括什么內(nèi)容?

6.1 主要內(nèi)容

1) 主要數(shù)據(jù)特征的總結(jié)

2) 主要結(jié)論以及與前人觀點(diǎn)的對(duì)比

3) 本文的不足

第三點(diǎn)救恨，在一般作者看來不可取贸辈。事實(shí)上給出文章的不足恰恰是保護(hù)自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隱藏文章的漏洞肠槽，覺得別人看不出來擎淤，是非常不明智的。

所謂不足秸仙，包括以下內(nèi)容:

a) 研究的問題有點(diǎn)片面

討論時(shí)一定要說嘴拢，

It should be noted that this study has examined only…

We concentrate (focus) on only...

We have to point out that we do not…

Some limitations of this study are...

b) 結(jié)論有些不足

The results do not imply…

The results can not be used to determine…

be taken as evidence of…

Unfortunately, we can not determine this from this data…

Our results are lack of ...

但是，在指出這些不足之后寂纪，隨后一定要再一次加強(qiáng)本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段來解決這些不足席吴，為別人或者自己的下一步研究打下浮筆。

Notwithstanding its limitation, this study does suggest…

However, these problems could be solved if we consider…

Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate…

用中文來說捞蛋，這一部份是左右逢源孝冒。把審稿人想到的問題提前給一個(gè)交代，同時(shí)表明你已經(jīng)在思考這些問題拟杉，但是由于文章長(zhǎng)度庄涡，試驗(yàn)進(jìn)度或者試驗(yàn)手段的制約，暫時(shí)不能回答這些問題搬设。但是穴店，這些通過你的一些建議，這些問題在將來的研究中游可能實(shí)現(xiàn)拿穴。

P.S.

堅(jiān)信觀點(diǎn)的真實(shí)性：prove, demonstrate

不確定性： show泣洞，indicate，found

表示推測(cè): imply默色，suggest

6．2 關(guān)于結(jié)論中的時(shí)態(tài):

(1) 回顧研究目的時(shí)斜棚，通常使用過去時(shí)。如：In this study, the effects of two different learning methods were investigated.

(2) 如果所概述結(jié)果的有效性只是針對(duì)本次特定的研究该窗，需用過去時(shí)弟蚀；如果具有普遍的意義，則用現(xiàn)在時(shí)酗失。如： In the first series of trials, the experimental values were all lower than the theoretical predictions. The experimental and theoretical values for the yields agree well.

(3) 闡述由結(jié)果得出的推論時(shí)义钉，通常使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：The data reported here suggest (These findings support the hypothesis, Our data provide evidence) that the reaction rate may be determined by the amount of oxygen available.

Some points of style

(摘自一個(gè)老外的Writing a Paper, 第一點(diǎn)和最后一點(diǎn)是我們經(jīng)常用錯(cuò)的)

l Do not use nouns as adjectives （不要把名詞當(dāng)作形容詞用）

Not: ATP formation; reaction product

But: Formation of ATP; product of the reaction

l The word “this” must always be followed by a noun, so that its reference is explicit.

（This 后面必須跟一個(gè)名詞）

Not: This is a fast reaction; This leads us to conclude..,

But: This reaction is fast; This observation leads us to conclude…

l Describe experimental results in the past tense. （試驗(yàn)結(jié)果用過去時(shí)）

Not: Addition of water gives product.

But: Addition of water gave product.

l Use the active voice whenever possible. （盡可能使用主動(dòng)語態(tài)）

Not: It was observed that the solution turned red.

But: The solution turned red.

OR We observed that the solution turned red.

l Complete all comparisons. （使用完整的比較形式 A is higher than B）

Not: The yield was higher using bromine.

But: The yield was higher using bromine than chlorine.

近期整理了 一些論文的寫作句式规肴， 相信認(rèn)真看完的人多少會(huì)有些收獲捶闸！

Beginning

In this paper, we focus on the need for

This paper proceeds as follow.

l The structure of the paper is as follows.

l In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts

l To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

l This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.

l Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.

l In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.

Review

l This review is followed by an introduction.

l A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.

l In the next section a brief view of the .... is given.

l In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...

l Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.

l Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.

Body

l Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.

l Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.

l Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx

l Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.

l Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy timewindow

l Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...

l Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.

l Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.

l Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.

l Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.

l Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules

l The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.

l Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.

l Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.

l Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.

l Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.

l Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.

l Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.

l Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..

l Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.

l Section 6 illustrate the model with an example.

l Various ways of fuzzification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.

l In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model

of human DM system

l In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.

l In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is orderdense.

l In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study

currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.

l In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...

This Section

l In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is

designed are described.

l We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which

are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.

Justification

l We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and can

l Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented.

l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimate.

l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement.

l A function definition expresses the membership function of a fuzzy set in a functional form, typically a bellshaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic.

l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis.

l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy "if the" rule.

Chapter 4. Examples

Example/ Data

l The data used in the following example was taken from an experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using a xx technique.

l The data consists of over xx measurements.

l An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are compared with a xx

l Examples of complex processes to which this technique may be applied are xx, xx, etc.

l The following example is constructed only for the purpose of illustrating the computational procedure discussed.

l This example clearly demonstrates that the profile of an individual xx, or a very small group of xx, with no enough data to be studied statistically, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic methods.

l There is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but deserve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed references for those wishing this level of detail.

l Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the paper.

Comparisons

l As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process planning point of view will be discussed.

l The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more suitable

l As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously],

Relation

l We can not invert F' directly because it defines a many-to-one mapping.

l The relationships appear very complicate

l Lifting tasks involve complex and imprecise relationship between the task variables and the human operator's characteristics.

l These methods are based on the relationship between ... and ...

l The fundamental concept of a fuzzy rating language is that we can establish a relationship among terms such as high, medium, and low, and then modify these relationships.

l This article will thus mention the latter as well as the former.

l The former two bear a close relation to a fuzzy Cartesian product.

Importance

l The emphasis is on an implementation of a general approach to rule based decision making.

Consideration / Attention

l Careful evaluation is necessary to ensure

l Such a formulation does not change further considerations.

l Considerable attention has been paid to

l Attention should be paid to an important finding of this investigation.

l Caution should be exercised in this process to avoid ...

l Primary consideration is given to ... components, though others can be accommodated

l After ... has been defined by ..., a carefully analysis is carried out/performed to determine

l A number of factors such as ...need to be taken into consideration before making the appropriate decision.

l It should be noted that

l It is important to point out that ...

l These considerations have heightened interest in the possibility of providing ...

l We should stress the fundamental importance of the xx

Chapter 5. Results.

Advantages / Disadvantage

l One of the major advantages of this new measure of xx is that it can be applied to the experimental study of

l One advantage of using a .. is the ease of preparing it.

l The xx system is versatile

l It has a very fast decision making process

l All the algorithms involve mostly logical operations.

l It can be easily and without additional cost implemented in a microprocessor based environment.

l It can reduce the waste of designing from scratch.

l The advantages of using a xx to represent xx are the following:

l However, xx is not without its shortcomings.

l In most cases, the xxx shows an improvement over the existing xxx.

l Compared to the existing xx, the impacts of the xx are generally reduced by 5% to 9%.

l The "best case" results shows a savings of 6% to 9%.

l Most of the existing works based on xx approach can only recognize a xx .

l Most of the above methods are computational expansive and limited to xx.

l Some other advantages of xx are the following:

l The problem is the limitation of this method to a limited domain of parts.

l It proved limited in application because it demanded precision in system modeling that was impossible in practice.

l There are advantages to be gained in the structuring of costs and benefits, the use of xx,

l The disadvantages of this method are also disadvantages of conventional xx approaches.

l This combines the best features of both techniques

l Hopefully, this tool can be as the reference framework of for developing a xx platform, and helping the administration, marketing, and knowledge management activities in virtual communities.

Results

l An improvement on the result shown above can be made by based on the data provided

l Discussion of these theories is beyond the scope of this review

l Based on the information contained in this

l The result can be categorized into nine classes

l The results are illustrated by an example

l The experimental results for each xx time are reported in Table 2.

l From the results obtained so far, it seem that

l Because of the inaccuracy of the ..., a conclusion cannot be drawn as

l Although much effort has been made to., this reality is far from completion.

l The results indicate that the total benefits are higher than the total costs.

l Their results may then serve as guidelines for lower level models, less fuzzy and more detailed.

Chapter 6. Conclusion

l From the discussion, one may conclude that ...

l Form the above discussion, the conclusion can be reached that

l The conclusions drawn are also valid

l In conclusion to this, it becomes obvious that the problem of xx lies not only in...

l We have attempted to introduce some concepts associated with a theory of

xx based on fuzzy sets.

l Considerable more work, hopefully, will be done in this area

l A fuzzy set procedure is proposed to solve xx selection problems interwoven with imprecise data

l Employing the compositional rule of inference, the assessment of the xx compatibility in achieving prescribed xx projectiles in any level of the hierarchy is made possible.

l This paper has presented a theoretical and experimental study of the xx process and xx concept.

l The experimental research results will hopefully serve as useful feedback information for improvements for xx work.

l The scope of this contribution was to introduce a xx method.

l In general, fuzzy sets theory provides an alternative foundation for xx analysis in a fuzzy environment.

Future Research

l Thus, first extension of the approach could be,

l Present some cues for a further approach from Fuzzy Sets Theory application to

l Some improvements to the scheduling aspect of the model may be brought through additional levels in the hierarchy for more detailed representation of the scheduling activity.

Tables and Figures

l Figure 7-1 sketches these relationships.

l The graphical representation of these functions is shown in Figure 1.

l The xx may be depicted as in Figure 1.

l Figure x shows the schematic diagram of the

l Figure 1 though 2 provide a ... that

l the architecture of this expert system for .... is illustrated in Figure 2.

l Figure 2 gives the outline of an ... system

l Table shows the

l as shown in Table 1 and 2

l This concept is illustrated in Figure 2

l At the top of Table xx are shown two blocks of data.

l Each table or matrix has constructs xx through xx as row headings,

xx through xx as column headings.

l A table of .. is developed and significant recommendations are made.

CONJUGATION

To Indicate Addition

l additionally, again, also, and then, as can be easily understood, besides, equally important, especially, finally, for the same reason, first, further, furthermore, in addition, last, likewise, moreover, next, second, third, too, evidently, obviously, roughly speaking, broadly speaking

To Indicate Cause and Effect

l accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in short, otherwise, then, therefore, thus, truly

To indicate Comparison

l in a like manner, likewise, similarly , alternatively

To Indicate Concession

l after all, although this may be true, at the same time, even though, even so , I admit, naturally, of course

To Indicate Contrast

l and yet, at the same time, but, for all that, however, yet, in fact, in contrast, in the real life, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, normally, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, traditionally, rather, unfortunately,

To Indicate Time Relationships

l after a short time, afterwards, as indicated earlier, as long as, as soon as, at last, at length, at the moment, at that time, at the same time, before, earlier, currently, immediately, in the meantime, in recent years, lately, later, meanwhile, often, of late, presently, recently, soon, shortly, since, thereupon, temporarily, therefore, until, when, while

To Indicate Special Features or Examples

l for example, for instance, incidentally, indeed, in fact, in other words, in particular, in practice, specifically, that is, to illustrate, in this respect, theoretically, as mentioned before / above

To Indicate Summary

l in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to conclude

, in general, to summarize, to sum up, as a result, ultimately,

VERB PHASE

l build a .. model

l build up the key link

l began a new era in ...

l can be regarded as / achieved / used to/for / found / obtained through

l can result in

l carries out ... tasks

l production information in order to simultaneously

l contains all information necessary to describe

l do not make use of production information

l deals with

l end with failure

l fetch the information from the model directly

l has great potential / yet to be resolved / spurred the development of /

been recognized as

l BE aimed at / built up / carried out by / essentially concerned with / considered to be the key technology / associated with each feature of a compo

site component / cable of / currently implemented for / demonstrated by an example / finally reached / made equal to / equivalent to / more suitable to / oriented to / interpreted as / pointed out / potentially of great benefit in the complex task of / shown in / used to effectively guide the search

l makes use of

l make up

l meets the needs of real life production,/ the current demands placed upon it

l must be justified

l point out

l play an important role

l relates to

l rely on

l satisfy the needs

l determine the total requirements for the ...

l uses ... as a key to search for...

l without relying on

l will be available/ performed/ overlooked

NOUN PHASE

l a basic technical function of

l a critical need

l a key / principle feature of

l a substantial impact on

l an intensive review was conducted

l an increasing need for expanding the application of ....

l an important component / function / aspect / issue

l each rule is numbered in sequence

l each of these involves

l for this calculation, it is necessary to define

l in the physical environment / integration of

l in the reality of situations where …

l many aspects of

l most past efforts have been spent on ...

l common sense to a well studied and documented technical field.

l sources of additional information on ... are listed

l systematic and rationally structured format

l the basis on which a range of ...operations can be established is shown

l THE basic philosophy / principles of / key element / general hypothesis / candidate list of / concept of ... has attracted wide interest / function is concerned with / heart / impact / nature / role / task of / kernel functions

l the number of parts needed to

l the above statement means that

l the output data is passed to

l the proposed method / underlying principle

l the recommendations made in this report, if implemented, should

l this information resides in

l this process is composed of ... different ... operation

l along with the use of

l concerning general aspects of

l due to

l for later use in generating...,

l in turn,

l IT IS believed / noted / assumed / suggested / shown / quite evident / appears / implies that / intended for / of no important to

l it can be claimed/concluded that

l it demonstrates the decisions required of

l it also provides information to ..

l it becomes essential to

l let ... be the probability that

l once... is written, it is compiled into...

l suppose it is observed that

l this is because

l this results in a

l upon completion of the ... analysis,

l when the knowledge is of mathematics or quantum physics, it will also be

recorded in books and papers

l selection of rules for using the tools, for generating operation plans,

is another matter of preference, since practice varies greatly.

l for the sake of convenience

l correct decision to be reach

l keeping the number of rules to a minimum.

l a good process plan will result exhibiting several characteristics