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Two modern-day business titans?—?Ray Dalio and Charlie Munger?—?have a lot in common. They run massive billion dollar businesses. They’ve constantly adapted and evolved to achieve their own definitions of success. But what I admire most about Ray and Charlie?

兩個(gè)現(xiàn)代的商業(yè)巨頭--雷·戴利奧和查理·芒格--有很多相似之處。他們經(jīng)營著數(shù)十億美元的生意应结。他們不斷地適應(yīng)和發(fā)展，以達(dá)到自己定義的成功磕瓷。但我最欣賞雷和查理的什么呢?

They thoughtfully share the keys to their success in the form of helping others to think objectively, make decisions, and acquire knowledge.

他們用心地分享成功秘訣唆途，以幫助他人客觀思考，做決定，獲得知識(shí)棉姐。

Even more impressive, you’ll notice that their methods of thinking yield different perspectives that arrive at the same conclusions. If these well-respected businessmen operate on similar principles and can derive their success from these principles, it’s worth paying attention. Here are two major areas of operating that Charlie and Ray both agree on, yet provide different perspectives on.

更令人印象深刻的是，你會(huì)注意到他們的思維方式不同啦逆，視角不同伞矩，但是得出了同樣的結(jié)論。如果這些德高望重的商人遵循類似的原則蹦浦，并能從這些原則中獲得成功扭吁，那就值得注意了。查理和雷都同意以下兩個(gè)主要的做法，但是提供不同的視角侥袜。

Open mindedness

思想開明

From his book “Principles”, Ray Dalio states that one of his ways to live and work is with radical open mindedness. Radical open-mindedness means genuinely trying to understand other perspectives other than your own, and trying to be sure that your thinking is logical and correct. Ray states that being radically open minded doesn’t mean you automatically agree with an opinion contrary to yours?—?rather, it means understanding the steps that someone else took to arrive at their conclusion. As he says, in an argument or debate, one person is always wrong?—?don’t you want to make sure that this isn’t you?

雷·戴利奧在其《原則》一書中指出蝌诡，他生活和工作的方式之一就是激進(jìn)地開放思想。激進(jìn)的開放思想意味著真正地嘗試去理解別人的觀點(diǎn)枫吧，而不是你自己的觀點(diǎn)浦旱，并試圖確保你的思維是合理的和正確的。雷認(rèn)為九杂，思維完全開放并不意味著你會(huì)自動(dòng)同意與你相反的觀點(diǎn)——相反颁湖，它意味著理解別人為得出結(jié)論而采取的步驟。就像他說的例隆，在辯論中甥捺，一個(gè)人總是錯(cuò)的——難道你確保這不是你嗎?

Charlie Munger also has his own model of radical open-mindedness. A key piece of this: knowing when you’re wrong or when you do not have sound logic, and finding others who might be able to assist you in uncovering the answer. In terms of open mindedness, Charlie discusses starting with discovering your own Circle Of Competence. This Circle of Competence refers to where you know you have expertise in something and can have an opinion?—?outside of this circle is where you need to be open minded and understand other perspectives from those whom you might disagree with, but who might be operating in their own Circle of Competence. He says that you need to be willing to say?—?“I don’t know.” For example, if you weren’t a physicist, you wouldn’t tell one that his theory on quantum mechanics was wrong?—?you’d be operating outside of your Circle of Competence and encroaching on someone else’s. Munger views this as dangerous thinking, and the absolute antithesis of open-mindedness.

查理?芒格也有屬于自己的激進(jìn)開放思想模式。其中一個(gè)關(guān)鍵部分是:知道你什么時(shí)候錯(cuò)了或者什么時(shí)候你沒有合理的邏輯镀层，找到其他可能幫助你解開答案的人镰禾。從思想開放的角度來看，查理從發(fā)現(xiàn)你自己的能力范圍開始討論唱逢。能力范圍指的是,你知道你有專長(zhǎng),可以對(duì)其有一定的看法——在你能力范圍以外吴侦，你需要開放思想和理解那些你可能會(huì)不同意的其他人的觀點(diǎn),但確是在他們能力范圍之內(nèi)。他說你需要愿意說“我不知道”坞古。例如备韧，如果你不是一個(gè)物理學(xué)家，你就不會(huì)告訴他人的量子力學(xué)理論是錯(cuò)誤的——你可以在你的能力范圍之外操作痪枫，并侵入別人的領(lǐng)域织堂。芒格認(rèn)為這是一種危險(xiǎn)的思維方式，與開放思想的絕對(duì)對(duì)立听怕。

Understanding Reality and Truth

理解現(xiàn)實(shí)和真理

Both Dalio and Munger emphasize the absolute importance of understanding reality and acting accordingly. One of my favorite ideas from Dalio is that you should look at reality how it truly is, not how you think it “should” be. Most of us (myself included) distort reality through our own subjective lenses. We see what we want to see, with objectivity and truth clouded out by emotion or closed-mindedness. Once you can get past this mental hump of trying to mold your reality to how YOU see fit, you’ll be able to make better decisions and think more clearly with accurate information.

戴利奧和芒格都強(qiáng)調(diào)認(rèn)識(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)和采取相應(yīng)行動(dòng)的絕對(duì)重要性捧挺。我最喜歡戴利奧其中的一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，你應(yīng)該看看現(xiàn)實(shí)是怎樣的尿瞭，而不是你認(rèn)為它應(yīng)該是什么闽烙。我們大多數(shù)人(包括我在內(nèi))都通過自己的主觀意念來扭曲現(xiàn)實(shí)。我們看到我們想看到的東西声搁，客觀和真理被情感或封閉的思想所蒙蔽黑竞。一旦你能克服這一心理上的困難，試著塑造成你認(rèn)為合適的現(xiàn)實(shí)疏旨，你就能做出更好的決定很魂，更清晰地思考準(zhǔn)確的信息。

He also has interesting ideas on reality through the lens of evolution. If you can recognize that reality optimizes for the whole of nature, and not just for you within your own subjective bubble, you’ll have more success learning from nature and how it actually operates. Dalio views this ability to understand truth and think objectively as “the essential foundation for any good outcome.”

他還通過進(jìn)化的視角對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)提出了有趣的想法檐涝。如果你能認(rèn)識(shí)到現(xiàn)實(shí)是對(duì)自然界的優(yōu)化遏匆，而不僅僅是在你自己的主觀幻想中法挨，你就會(huì)從自然中及其運(yùn)作中獲得更多的成功。戴利奧認(rèn)為這種理解真理幅聘，客觀思考的能力是“任何好的結(jié)果的必要基礎(chǔ)”凡纳。

Munger also places the utmost importance on recognizing reality for making effective decisions and problem solving, but provides different methods on understanding this idea. One of the best stories / ideas from Munger revolves around the Chauffeur Test. Essentially, there are two types of knowledge: in-depth knowledge where one truly understands the subject (the expert), and surface level knowledge where one can talk on a subject but lack a deep understanding (the chauffeur). Munger discusses the importance of not only having deep knowledge, but of also understanding when you’re receiving your information from a chauffeur vs. an expert on a topic. Recognizing the difference can help you filter out useless noise when making a decision or solving a problem.

芒格認(rèn)為認(rèn)清事實(shí)對(duì)于做出有效的決策和解決問題是很重要的，且提供了不同的方法來理解這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)帝蒿。芒格最好的觀點(diǎn)之一是關(guān)于司機(jī)的測(cè)試荐糜。從本質(zhì)上講，有兩種類型的知識(shí):一種是深入的知識(shí)葛超，是真正理解主題(專家)暴氏，另一種是表面知識(shí)，可以談?wù)撃骋恢黝}绣张，但缺乏深入的理解(司機(jī))答渔。芒格不僅討論了擁有深厚知識(shí)的重要性，而且理解從一個(gè)司機(jī)和某個(gè)話題的專家那里獲得的信息胖替。認(rèn)識(shí)到這些差異可以幫助你在做決定或解決問題時(shí)過濾掉無用的信息研儒。

In addition to training himself to recognize fake vs. real knowledge, Munger picked up all of the “big ideas from all the big disciplines and [made] them a standard part of my mental routines.” He calls this approach the multidisciplinary approach. Learning the major ideas from multiple disciplines such as investing, economics, and history, can help you recognize objective answers that other experts might miss. In Charlie’s words, “You’ll see the correct answer when he’s missed it.”

除了訓(xùn)練自己識(shí)別真假知識(shí)外豫缨，芒格還從所有的大學(xué)科中汲取了所有的“大思想”独令，并將它們作為思維習(xí)慣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組成部分。他將這種方法稱為多學(xué)科方法好芭。從投資燃箭、經(jīng)濟(jì)、歷史等多個(gè)學(xué)科中學(xué)習(xí)一些重要思想舍败，可以幫助你認(rèn)識(shí)到其他專家可能會(huì)遺漏的客觀答案招狸。用查理的話說，就是“當(dāng)他錯(cuò)過了答案的時(shí)候邻薯，你會(huì)看到正確答案裙戏。”

Conclusion

總結(jié)

Of course, Munger and Dalio both have many other excellent mental models that they use to make effective decisions and solve difficult problems. I’d recommend starting here to learn about Munger’s most used models, and read Dalio’s new book, Principles, to dive into his thought processes.

當(dāng)然厕诡，芒格和戴利還有許多其他用來做出有效的決定和解決難題的優(yōu)秀心智模型累榜。我建議從學(xué)習(xí)芒格最常用的模型開始，并閱讀雷·戴利奧的新書《原則》灵嫌，深入他的思維過程壹罚。

However, their shared emphasis on the ideas of open-mindedness and deciphering reality provide the foundation for the rest of their mental models, thought processes, and decision making frameworks to sit upon. Without the mastery of these two essential skills, they wouldn’t have the monumental success that they enjoy today.

然而，他們共同強(qiáng)調(diào)開放思想和解密現(xiàn)實(shí)寿羞，為他們的心智模型猖凛、思維過程和決策框架提供了基礎(chǔ)。如果不掌握這兩項(xiàng)基本技能绪穆，他們就不會(huì)取得今天所享受的巨大成功辨泳。

Link:How To Improve Your Thinking: Charlie Munger vs. Ray Dalio