Date: 2018.1.13

獨(dú)立寫作

1. 一邊倒

題型分類：利弊類砰嘁、事實(shí)類

2. 一邊倒+讓步

(1) 什么叫讓步遂蛀？concede

(2) 為什么要寫讓步撬碟？

a. 有些話題分論點(diǎn)不太好想

例：School and teachers should be responsible for low test scores.

多要素討論：學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短图甜、學(xué)生智商伯顶、學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣的養(yǎng)成→學(xué)校不應(yīng)該擔(dān)責(zé)以上三個(gè)要素

可以按以上方法寫囚灼，但比較困難

b. 讓論證顯得盡量公正客觀

c. 但是托福評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中沒(méi)有強(qiáng)制讓步

(3) 怎么讓步？

Step 1 提出讓步觀點(diǎn)

短語(yǔ)：Admittedly,...; Granted,...;

句型：

There is no denying / doubt that...

Some people might argue that...

It is true / undoubted that...

I must confess that...

Step 2 適度展開(kāi)原因

, for + 句子

Step 3 削弱讓步內(nèi)容

A-我也有不足祭衩，但是我能解決A-

B+你也有優(yōu)點(diǎn)灶体，但是B+存在問(wèn)題

B+你也有優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是B+我通過(guò)...也能獲得

攻擊缺點(diǎn)模板句型 (B+)

However, we should view it differently.

Nonetheless, we should look at it from a different angle.

Nevertheless, we should examine it from another perspective.

替代方案模板句型 (B+)

However, we are presented with a better choice.

Nonetheless, there is a good alternative to xxx...

Nevertheless, we can also xxx by doing xxx...

Step 4 回歸中心論點(diǎn)

Therefore, I still hold the opinion that...

Hence,...

(4) 幾類建議寫讓步段的寫作題目

a. 絕對(duì)話題類 (best / only / must)

b. 附加條件話題

c. 特殊對(duì)比類話題

d. 三選一類話題

3. 中立

不偏不倚掐暮，都很好蝎抽；分情況討論

模板：

This cannot be treated as a yes-or-no question. I shall look at / examine it under different circumstances.

I cannot simply give my assent or dismissal to this question. My choice may vary in different situations.

Regarding this question, any voice that supports or opposes this view would be overgeneralized / oversimplified.

With regard to this question, any opinion that supports or opposes this view reveals a lack of discretion. In fact, either option has some merits that cannot be obtained from the other under certain given premises.?

開(kāi)頭結(jié)尾

Thesis: broad enough to cover; short enough to impress

Body: structured; reason & examples

Conclusion: conclude

開(kāi)頭

背景（引言 / 現(xiàn)象 / 數(shù)據(jù)） +中心論點(diǎn)

注意事項(xiàng)：

a. 不要用yes, I agree等簡(jiǎn)短評(píng)論開(kāi)頭

b. 確保和下段首句銜接自然

開(kāi)頭段基礎(chǔ)寫法

1. 背景句

1.1 It is 句型 表現(xiàn)象或觀點(diǎn)廣泛存在

It is...(said / argued / reported / widely believed / commonly accepted / universally acknowledged / often pointed out) that...

1.2 There be 句型 表現(xiàn)象或趨勢(shì)

(1) There is a general (widespread / public / lively) debate about sth / whether...

(2) Now there is a widespread concern over...

(3) There is a growing tendency to do / towards...

? ?? There has been a trend towards...

(4) There is no denying (the fact) that... /?

? ?? There is no doubt that...

1.3 with / as 句型 表隨著...的發(fā)展

(1) With the growth of population,...

(2) With the rapid development of modern transportation and communication, science and technology highly developed,...

(3) As the society becomes increasingly advanced and complicated,...

1.4 表示毋庸置疑的句型總結(jié)

(1) No one can deny / ignore the fact that...

? ?? Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that...

(2) It is beyond doubt that...

? ?? It is undeniable / indisputable that...

? ?? It goes without saying that...

2. 主題句

2.1 表認(rèn)為

(1) I suppose / insist / maintain / contend that...

(2) From my perspective,...

(3) From my personal angle alone,...

(4) I hold the belief that...

(5) I harbor the idea that...

(6) I take the attitude that...

(7) It is evident / obvious to me that...

2.2 表贊同/偏向

(1) I am in favor of the idea of V-ing / the idea that...

(2) I go along with the idea / opinion that...

(3) Between A and B, my preference is that...

(4) As for me, I prefer A to B...

(5) I prefer to do... rather than do...

2.3 表反對(duì)

(1) I am no in favor of the idea that...

(2) I object to the notification that...

(3) I am against the idea / notion / opinion that...

(4) I am opposed to the notion / idea that...

2.4 表觀點(diǎn)的詞

idea / opinion / belief / concept / notion / view / viewpoint / point of view

開(kāi)頭段進(jìn)階寫法

首段內(nèi)容建議：

a. 讓讀者了解話題 （e.g. 對(duì)題目進(jìn)行改述）

b. 提供有用且有趣的背景信息

c. 清晰的陳述或者“暗示” 自己的觀點(diǎn)

1. 改述

同義詞替換 ；同根詞替換路克；同義短語(yǔ)替換樟结；全新表達(dá)方法替換锥涕；

2. 趣味

打造有趣句子：

a. 開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山陳述觀點(diǎn)（中心句）

b. 為一個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)或問(wèn)題下定義

c. 陳述一件驚奇的事

d. 強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)需要解決的問(wèn)題

e. 講述一個(gè)解說(shuō)性的軼事

f. 描述一個(gè)相關(guān)的趨勢(shì)

g. 提出一個(gè)核心問(wèn)題

2.1 引用名人名言/詩(shī)詞歌賦/書(shū)籍電影

(1) Many people believe in an old saying: "Content is happiness".

(2) There is an old saying / a widespread proverb...

(3) As the old saying puts it / goes...

? ?? As the proverb goes / says...?

? ?? As sb. once said / put it...

? ?? As a great man once suggested / indicated / remarked...

引言+銜接+主題句

銜接部分：同意則省略或?qū)γ约?xì)化；不同意則在名言和觀點(diǎn)間找不同狭吼；

2.2 故事開(kāi)頭（原創(chuàng)层坠、名人軼事和寓言童話）

2.3 情景描述開(kāi)頭

2.4 設(shè)問(wèn)

2.5 下定義

結(jié)尾段

1. 總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)

常用句式：

(1) Taking sth. into account ( Taking into consideration / Judging from what is discussed above)

(2) We can come to / arrive at / reach the conclusion / draw the conclusion that...

替換詞：

To recap （扼要重述）/ In summary / To sum up / In conclusion

2. 提出建議（適合問(wèn)題類題目）

(1) Not only should..., but also...

(2) The problem will finally be solved if...

(3) The problem will never be solved if... do not...

(4) I suggest that...

(5) It is high time that...

3. 展望未來(lái)

Only in this way can + 正常語(yǔ)序的句子

Date: 2017.12.31

綜合寫作

1. 類型：

反駁型/加強(qiáng)型

2. 做題步驟

(1) 讀短文：熟悉背景，明確觀點(diǎn)刁笙，找到分論點(diǎn)

(2) 聽(tīng)講座：明確觀點(diǎn)破花，記錄分論點(diǎn)和支撐細(xì)節(jié)

(3) 看筆記：整理講座筆記的要點(diǎn)

(4) 寫作文：概括教授立場(chǎng)，列出分論點(diǎn)疲吸，細(xì)節(jié)座每，點(diǎn)明和閱讀的關(guān)系

3. 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

4分：語(yǔ)言有少數(shù)的明顯錯(cuò)誤，不影響理解

3分：聽(tīng)力中遺漏了一點(diǎn)摘悴，語(yǔ)言含混不清

記筆記時(shí)盡量豎著記峭梳，將紙對(duì)折，左邊閱讀內(nèi)容蹂喻，右邊聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容葱椭，聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容要多記。

4. 閱讀

(1) 找到討論對(duì)象口四，明確立場(chǎng)

A. 討論對(duì)象的特征

a. 多次提到

b. 位置上比較靠前

c. 后文往往會(huì)有解釋（同義詞孵运、上義詞、定義）

B. 立場(chǎng)的分類

a. 現(xiàn)象解釋

b. 問(wèn)題解決

c. 觀點(diǎn)證明

C. 提取重點(diǎn)

a. 理解而非翻譯

b. 注意詳略

D. 劃成分的步驟

a. 找主語(yǔ)（即獨(dú)立出現(xiàn)第一個(gè)核心名詞）

b. 找謂語(yǔ)（修飾成分括起來(lái)）

c. 梳理主干余下成分（賓語(yǔ)蔓彩、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)）

d. 遇到連詞治笨，讀連詞后的內(nèi)容分析其并列成分

e. 遇到狀語(yǔ)，插入語(yǔ)影響直觀理解的赤嚼，一并括起來(lái)

(2) 找到三個(gè)分論點(diǎn)

A. 分論點(diǎn)的特點(diǎn)

a. 往往出現(xiàn)在各段段首

b. 包括因果邏輯的地方尤其重視

c. 盡可能找到論證的邏輯重點(diǎn)C

B. 提前預(yù)測(cè)

a. 論據(jù)本身正確與否旷赖？

b. 論證關(guān)系是否成立？

c. 是否存在其他因素更卒？

5. 聽(tīng)力

(1) 整理要點(diǎn)

A. 明確支持還是反對(duì)

B. 找到三個(gè)分論點(diǎn)

C. 盡可能的記錄更多細(xì)節(jié)

(2) 注意事項(xiàng)

A. 注意結(jié)構(gòu)和表述順序

B. 特別關(guān)注分論點(diǎn)里展開(kāi)的例子

C. 善用縮寫和符號(hào)等孵，及時(shí)完善

(3) 筆記技巧

A. 列順序：1、2逞壁、3流济、

B. 作比較：

"=" the same, equal

"≠" does not equal, not the same

"&" and

">" be more than

"<" be less than

"→" leading to

C. 邏輯關(guān)系：

"∵" because

"∴" so, therefore, hence

"∧" but. however

"∨" although, even if

"↑" to increase

"↓" to decrease

"/" per

D. 時(shí)間：

年 y

月 m

周 w

天 d

小時(shí) h

分鐘 m

秒 s

E. 其他：

"%" percent

"e.g." for example

"+" positive, good

"-" negative, bad

"￥" price

"$" expensive

"√" right, true

"×" wrong, false

"A→B" 時(shí)間由A到B，位移上由A到B腌闯，原因到結(jié)果

(4) 九大要點(diǎn)詞

A. 結(jié)構(gòu)信號(hào)詞

分論點(diǎn)：firstly, secondly, thirdly, to take another point

B. 邏輯詞

a. 因果：because, since, as, due to, therefore, to sum up, as a result

b. 轉(zhuǎn)折：but, however, on the contrary, rather than, instead

C. 重復(fù)詞

a. 同義詞

b. 同根詞

c. 反義詞

D. 解釋詞

a. 下定義：that is to say...; is defined as...; ...that/which means/explains/indicates;

b. 解釋：let me explain...

E. 被強(qiáng)調(diào)的語(yǔ)意

a. 比較級(jí)：more, much more, as...as.

b. 最高級(jí)：the most, the best

c. 語(yǔ)氣詞：well, um, you know...

F. 并列詞

and, as well as, together with, not only... but also..., plus

G. 表傾向性绳瘟、否定和變化的詞

a. 傾向性：agree, disagree, support

b. 否定詞：no, not, never, neither, nor, fall to, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, little, few

c. 變化：前進(jìn)、后退姿骏、上升糖声、下降、離開(kāi)、到來(lái)...

H. 問(wèn)題和答案

I. 重要例子

And some interesting things were found... like about eating habits

for example / as an example / for instance 舉例

to give a specific example 舉具體的例子

A is an example of B? A是B的一個(gè)例子

the first reason for this is that 首要原因是

6. 寫作文

(1) 注意事項(xiàng)

A. 4段論：開(kāi)頭（1-2句）+3個(gè)中間段（3-4段）

B. 聽(tīng)力為主蘸泻，閱讀為輔（2:1）（聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容漲分比較快）

C. 語(yǔ)法正確的前提之下盡可能的多寫

D. 多做同義寫作琉苇，閱讀材料必須改寫

E. 不要發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)

F. 基本時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

(2) 做同義改寫

A. 主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)

B. 同根詞 （e.g. applicant v. apply for）

C. 非謂語(yǔ)&復(fù)合詞

(3) 功能詞

A. 指代人（材料）

L: the speaker / lecturer / professor / listening material / lecture

R: the writer / author / reading material / writing / passage

B. 轉(zhuǎn)述觀點(diǎn)信息

The professor makes the point that / points out / says / tells

C. 轉(zhuǎn)述解釋信息

The professor explains / exemplifies / illustrates / illustrates the idea that...

D. 表示反駁關(guān)系

The lecture contradicts / disapproves / refutes / opposes the idea that...

...is exactly the opposite of, make...seem incorrect / dubious / doubtful, prove that... is specious, put... in doubt

E. 表示話題處理

deal with.., analyze, examine, explore, is concerned with, is about, focus on, concentrate on, investigate

(4) 綜合寫作模板（先寫閱讀）

第一段：The article lists three reasons to explain why... while the lecturer refutes each of these suggestions

第二段：First, the reading claims that...

? ? ? ? ? ? ? However, the professor points out...

第三段：Second, the article suggests that...

? ? ? ? ? ? ? Again, he / she disagrees by stating that...?

第四段：Third, the article proposes that...

? ? ? ? ? ? ?? On the contrary, he / she argues that...

(5) 綜合寫作模板（先寫聽(tīng)力）

第一段：The speaker discusses why + 聽(tīng)力中心論點(diǎn)

第二段：First, 聽(tīng)力TS1 + 聽(tīng)力細(xì)節(jié)

? ? ? ? ? ? ? This completely challenges the saying in the reading that + 文章TS1

第三段：Second,?聽(tīng)力TS2 + 聽(tīng)力細(xì)節(jié)

? ? ? ? ? ? ?? Again, this directly rebuts the point in the reading that +?文章TS2

第四段：Third,?聽(tīng)力TS3 + 聽(tīng)力細(xì)節(jié)

? ? ? ? ? ? ?? On the contrary, the article suggests that +?文章TS3