Neimegw Fagkguh—Yi Duanw Zui Guh D Chagchegl Jianfl Bor Zan
Hoh che zou chu Juyogguan, jiggoz l yi duanw qiqut d shan lu yihou, bianw zai women mianqian chaglk kai l yi pian guagkob d yuanyel, yi pian yog wagyuanjigj dou kan bu dao biangil d yuanyel, zhe jiu s guh zh soweikc saiwai.
Cog Juyogguan dao Huhehaote dayuey yi qianh do li d luchegz, hoh che dou zai zhege guagkob d gaoyuan shag benchif. Women dou xiag cog tiedaol liag pag kan dao yixie saiwai fegguag, huag sha bai cao zh lei, ran'erw zhe yi dai giw wu huag sha, iiw wu bai cao, zhiyou feiwos d tianyel, zaizhogc z gezhoggeyag d zhuagjiac: xiao maic, qiaoc maic, gutzi, gaoliagcg, shan yaoc, tianp caic degdeg. Rugom bu s you xie difag wei l xumuf d xuyao erw liuz xia l yixie caoyuan, jianzhib yao huaiyix hoh che ba women dai dao l Hebeil pigyuan.
Goz l Jinig, jiu yinyind wagjianp l yi tiao cog dogbeil xiagl xinanl shenzhan d shanmaip, zhe jiu s gudair d Yinh Shan, xianzai d Daqigc Shan. Daqigc shan s yi tiao big bu hen gao danw hen kuankob d shanmaip, zhe tiao shanmaip xiagr yi daol qiagbil ba Jinig yiw xil d Neimegw fencheg liag bian. Zhir der zhus'ii d s shan d nanl beil, ziwran tiaojianw jioghubutog. Shan d beil bian, s baolus zai hanleg d beil feg zh zhog d qifuf bu da d bo zhuagb gaoyuan. Zhe yi dai zai gudair jiu s yi g "shao cao mum, do da sha" (<Han Shu Xiog-nu Zhuanr>) d difag. Shan d nanl bian, ze s zai Yinh Shan pigzhagl zh xia d yi g xiachag d pigyuan. Xianzai d Daqigc shan, shumum bu do, danw zai Han Dair, zheli que s yi g "cao mum maocf shegb, do qinf shouf" (<Han Shu Xiog-nu Zhuanr>) d difag, gudair d xiognuren cegjig ba zhege difag dagzo zijir d yuanc youly. Yizhidao Megguren lai dao Yinh Shan d shihouh, zheli d ziwran tiaojianw haimeiyou shenme gaibiand. Guanyu zhe yi dian, cog Huhehaote h Baoytou zhe liag g Meg-gu yuyank d difag keyiw der dao shomigh. Huhehaote, Megguyuk iisixx s qigc se d chegl; Baoytou d iisixx s you luf d difag. Zhe liag g Megguyuk d dimig, hen qigchum dd gaosuk l women, zhib dao shisan shigiy hozher geg wanh d shihouh, zheli hai s yi g you senlin, you caoyuan, you luf qun chumosc d difag.
Huhehaote h Baoytou zhe liag g chegshil, zheg s jianzhud zai Daqigc Shan nanlums d woyel zh zhog. Qiutian d Yinh Shan, xiagr yi zom qigtogj d pigfeg anfagd zai tawmen d beibian, cog Yinh Shan gaochul tod xialai d shenliose d shanpot, anxianm dd tagp zai Huag Hes anl shag, mus z yagguag. Zhe s dome pigjigb d yi g yuanyel! Danw zhege pigjigb d yuanyel zai minzu guanxiy jinzhagq d lishihl shiqih, que jigchagw s yi g feglag zui da d difag. Yuxj s guh yuanz d shidair, renlei d hosdog yuxj shoud ziwran tiaojianw d xianzhij. Tebie s naxie hai meiyou digju xialai d qimaf d youmuf minzu, geg yao yilaib ziwran d encits, tamen yao ziwran gogjiyy tamen fegfum d shuicao. Yinh Shan nanlums d woyel, zheg s Neimegw xil bul shuicao zui feimeib d difag. Zheg yin ruci, renhew youmuf minzu zhiyao jinruz Neimegw xil bul, jiu bixup zhanjud zhege woyel. Yinh Shan yiw nanl d woyel bujinw s youmuf minzu d yuanc youly, y s tamen jinruz Zhogyuan diqul d tiaobanm. Zhiyao zhanligl zhege woyel, tamen jiu keyiw qiagdus Huag Hes, jinruz Fensh Hes ho Huag Hes hegut. Rugom tamen shiqu l zhege woyel, jiu shiqu l shegcun d yijud, shihl zaij "Xiog-nu shid Yinh Shan zh hou, goz zh weiw chagkp bu kuk y", jiu s zhege yuanyin. Zai ligw yifagmian, Han Zu rugom yao paichuq cog xibeil fagmian xiq lai d youmuf minzu d weixiep, y bixup shouj zhur Yinh Shan d yukou, fouze zhexie qimaf d minzu jiu hui yueq goz Eerdosi shamoss, jinruz Han Zu juzhuqul d xinzag didai.
Zaoh zai Zhanj Go shih, Daqigc Shan nanlums, yansb Huag Hes beil anl d yipian yuanyel, zhe s Zhaol Go h Hup Ren zhegdoq d jiaodian. Zai zhegdozhanj zhog, Zhaol Wuj Ligx Wag jibaiz l Hup Ren, zhanligl zhege pigyuan, bigqiew zai beibian d gojigxiany shag zhud qi yi tiao chagchegl, duzhur l Hup Ren jinruz zhege pigyuan d daolu. Jud <Shihl Gi Xiog-nu Zhuanr> so zaij, Zhaol Go d chagchegl dogl qi yu Dair (jinh Hebeil Xuanhuad jigt nei), zhogjian jiggoz Shanxil beil bul, xibeil zhed ruz Yinh Shan, zhit Gao Quel (jinh Wu-la shan yuw Lagf Shan zh jian d quekou) wei zhiz. Xianzai you yi duanw guh chagchegl yizhitd, gixuy miany genh yu Daqigc Shan, Wu-la Shan, Lagf Shan kaod nanbian d shandigp shag, dogxil chag daz erh baih liushihg yur li, anq qiw buweir lai sho, zhe duanw guh chagchegl zheg s Zhaol chagchegl yizhitd.
Women zhe cih fagwenk Baoytou, cegjig deglinr Baoytou Shi xibeil d Daqigc Shan, youlanp zheli d yi duanw chagchegl. Zhe duanw chagchegl gaochul daz wuh mi zoyoul, tu zhud, hagq zhud d cegcih hai hen qigchum. Dogxil zogguanp, dou kan bu dao zhogh jim, zai dogbian d chegl zhitd shag, yindran keyiw kan dao you yi g gudair feid leit, gaosuk renmen nali zai dagshih s yi g xianyao difag.
W zai youlanp Zhaol chagchegl shih, zo l yi shoup shikc, chegsogp Zhaol Wuj Ligx Wag, bigqiew sog l ta yi g yigxiogd cheghaok. Zhaol Wuj Ligx Wag s wukuiyu yigxiogd cheghaok d. Dajia dou zhidaol, Qinl Shiry Huagj yiw quango d renliq wutliq jinjinw lianjie yuan you d Qinl Yanf Zhaol d chagchegl big jiad yiw zegbuyf, jiu yinqi l minyuanxh feiiteg. Bu zhi shenme shihouh qi, zai Qinl Shiry Huagj mianqian jiu zhanz z yi g Megr Jiagw nio, kogsuk zhe tiao jushiwenmig d wan li chagchegl. Shenzhit zai jiefagd yihou, hai you ren ba wan li chagchegl zowei "paodanj" gogjij Qinl Shiry Huagj. Erw Zhaol Wuj Ligx Wag yiw xiaoxiao d Zhaol Go, zai dagshih d wuzhitb h gishuz tiaojianw xia, jigw neg wancheg zheyag yi g juda d gofagj gogchegz erw meiyou aid makr, bunegbu ligj ren jigtank. Dagran, w sho Zhaol Wuj Ligx Wag s yi g yigxiog, bu jinjinw s yinwei ta zhud l yi tiao chagchegl, geg zhogyao d s yinwei ta ganq yu fabuy "hup fu qif sheq" d migligj. Yao zhidaol, ta zai dagshih fabuy zhege migligj, shizhitb shag jiu s yuw zui wangul d chuantogy xiguanx h baoshouj sixiag xuanzhanj.
Zhiyao duk yi duk <Zhanj Go Cec Zhaol Cec> jiu zhidaol dag Zhaol Wuj Ligx Wag fabuy l hup fu qif sheq d migligj yihou, ta lijiwl zaoyuz dao lai ziw Zhaol Go guizu guanliaor fagmian d pubianz fankag. Zhaol Wuj Ligx Wag jibaiz l naxie wangul fenzi d fankag, zhogyu shirz tamen top xia l na tao yog yiw biaozhix tamen shenfenr d zuchuanr d kuanda d yifu, bigqiew ba goz l shih d benzhogb d zhanj che regd dao lishihl d lajitl duit li qu. Ganq yu zheyag zod d ren, nandaol bu s yi g yigxiog ma? Keyiw kendig sho s yi g yigxiog, yi g dada d yigxiog. Zai Daqigc Shan xia xianzai rag women likai Zhaol chagchegl tan yi tan Yinh Shan yi dai d Han Dair chegbaol.
Genjud kaoguh baogaok, zai Yinh Shan nanl beil lums faxian l hen do guh chegl yizhitd, zhishao you ershihg jih chul. Zhexie guh chegl dabufen s Xil Han shiqih d, y you Beil Weilc shiqih ho geg wanh d. Guh chegl yizhitd zui dadoshuh fenbuy zai Yinh Shan nanlums togz xiagl shan beil d yukou, y you fenbuy zai Yinh Shan beilums d, hai you fenbuy zai Huag Hes dukou h Eerdosi dogbeil diqul d. Cog guh chegl fenbuy d diweir kanlai, jihuw togz xiagl Yinh Shan yiw beil d meiw yi g zhogyao yukou, dou zhud you chegbaol. Tebie s jinri Huhehaote Shil beil d Wugogf Bal, Baoytou Shil beil Daqigc Shan yuw Wu-la Shan zh jian d quekou, chegbaol d yizhitd geg do. Dagaiw zhe liag g yukou s gudair youmuf minzu, tebie s Han Dair Xiognuren jinruz Zhogyuan d zhuyao togzlu. Kan qilai, Han wagchao zai Yinh Shan yi dai d zhanlue bushulg, zhishao you san daol fagxiany, dih yi daol fagxiany s Yinh Shan beilums d yukou h geg yuanz d difag, dih erh daol fagxiany s Yinh Shan nanlums d yukou, dih san daol fagxiany s Huag Hes dukou h Eerdosi dogbeil yi dai. Zai Yinh Shan yiw beil zhud chegl zhagl d shix, <Shihl Gi Xiog-nu Zhuanr> you ruci d gizaij: Taib Chuh si nian "Han shirz Guag Lux Xuz Ziw Wei chu Wuh Yuan Sait shuh baih li, yuanz zher qianh yur li, zhud chegl zhagl lie tigmt, zhit Lum Qupf". <Zheg Iix> yinz <Ko Di Zhix> yun: "Wuh Yuan Junl Xiagm Yagh Xianlc (<Han Shu Di Lix Zhix>) zo Gucy Yagh Xianlc), beil chu Shit Menm Zhagl, der Guag Lux Chegl, youh xil beil der Zhiq Jiu Xianlc (<Han Shu Di Lix Zhix> zhus zo Zhiq Jiu Chegl), youh xil beil der Tou Manb Chegl, youh xil beil der Laom Chegl Hes (<Han Shu Di Lix Zhix> zhus zo Huw Hes Chegl), youh xil beil der Sum Lur Chegl." Youw ci kanlai, dag Han Wuj Dij shih Han wagchao zai Yinh Shan yiw beil zhud l hen do chegbaol, jihuw s bubuweiyig, ba taw d shiqliq yuanyuanz dd tuiq dao Yinh Shan yiw beil d difag. Yizhib dao Yuanh Dij shih youyu Xiog-nu Huhanye Chanyu kuan sait ruz chao, cai cog Yinh Shan yiw beil d chegbaol chetui zhujun, danw regran baoliuz z togz feghhoh d shaobigj. <Han Shu Xiog-nu Zhuanr> gi Hour Yig jiank Yuanh Dij d hua, qizhog you yun: "qian yiw bad wai chegl, shegw tigmt suil, jinh caij zuz yiw houh wagp, togz feghhoh erw yih." Zheli soweikc "wai chegl", jiu s Yinh Shan yiwai d chegbaol. Zai Daqigc Shan yuw Wu-la Shan zh jian d yutkou zhog you yi tiao Kundulun Hes, youw beil erw nanl liuruz Huag Hes. Kundulun Hes jiu s gudair d Shit Menm Shui, Shit Menm Shui dagaiw s gudair youmuf minzu jinruz Yinh Shan yiw nanl d woyel zui fagbianw d yi tiao daolu. Zai zhege togzdaol d waimian, yihjig faxian l yixie Han Dair d guh chegl, you yi g guh chegl keneg jiu s Han Dair d Guag Lux Chegl.
Women zhe cih fagwenk Neimegw xil bul, cegjig youlanp l Huhehaote Shil fujinz Tabutulahan d Han chegl yizhitd h Baoytou Shil fujinz Mac Chis Xiaglc d Han chegl yizhitd. Tabutulahan zai Huhehaote Shil dogbeil sanshiwuh li, Daqigc Shan d nanlums. Guh chegl zo chagfagxigb, fen nei wai liag chegl, wai chegl zhouweil yuey san gogli. Zai nei chegl d dimian shag daochul keyiw kan dao Han Dair d shegy weny taot pian. Zai chegl d fujinz you wuhg da tuduit, Tabutulahan jiu s wuhg da tuduit d iisixx. Zhe wuhg da tuduit, keneg s wuhg da fegqtu mut, rugom ba zhe wuhg da fegq tu mut dakai, hen you keneg faxian zhege guh chegl d lishihl dag'anm.
Mac Chis Xiaglc zai Baoytou Shil xil sanshihg li. Zheli d guh Han chegl y s fen nei wai liag chegl, nei chegl y sanbuy z hen do Han Dair zhuant wat, wai chegl hen shao. Guh chegl zhouweil you hen do guh mut, dadoshuh meiyou fegqtu. Zai zheli d muzagx zhog, faxian l hen do guhwut, qizhog you Han Dair d qianbij Han shim d togj qim, taot qim, qisy qim degdeg, y you jinj zhitb h yinj zhitb d loukog shiyz pian, shiyz pian shag d huaweny zo huf baof lotof deg dogwut xigxiagw. Hai faxian l "Chanw Yu tian jiagd",? "si yird □fu" yijiw "Chanw Yu he qin" "qianh qiuh wan suih" "chag lex weiw yagl" deg wenziy d wadag canpian. W bu xiag xiagxib jieshaoy zhe liag g guh chegl d faxian, zhiw xiag zhidchu yi g shishib, jiwl Yinh Shan nanl beil h Huag Hes dukou yi dai d Han Dair guh chegl, bu s youyu jiggis d yuanyin, erw s youyu junshix d yuanyin jianzhud qilai d. Yangem dd sho, zhexie guh chegl buneg chegw wei zhenzheg d chegshil, zhiw s yi zhogc zhuzha junduir h tunjic junyog liagshikp wuqim d yigleit. Juzhur zai zhexie chegbaol zhog d zhuyao s junduir, y you xiaoshagren h shougogyezhe; danw zhexie xiaoshagren h shougogyezhe s yikaod junduir sheghos d, zhiyao junduir chetui, zhexie chegbaol y jiu feiqid l.
W hai xiag zhidchu, Yinh Shan yi dai zai minzu guanxiy jinzhagq d shiqih s yi g zhanchagt, erw zai minzu guanxiy huanhe shiqih ze s yi g zhogyao d wenhuad jiaoliu d iizhanz; shenzhit zai zhanzhegq d shiqih, y buneg wanquan zuzhiz wenhuad d jiaoliu. Guanyu zhe yi dian, women keyiw cog zhe yi dai faxian d wenwut der dao shomigh. Liru zai dagshih d Han yuw Xiog-nu d bianjigxiany shag daochul dou faxian l Han Dair d qianbij h gog'iipin, zhexie gog'iipin yuw zai neidi faxian d tog yi shiqih d gog'iipin s yiyag d, zhe jianw shix shomigh Han yuw Xiog-nu zh jian d hepig waglai, big meiyou wanquan bei wan li chagchegl h junshix baoleit so zhez duan.
Zai Daqigc Shan jiaoz xia, zhiyou yi g gugiz s yogyuanz buhui feiqid d, na jiu s bei chegw wei qigc zhogl d Zhaohz Junr Mut. Yinwei zai Neimegw renmin d xin zhog, Wag Zhaohz Junr yihjig bu s yi g renwut, erw s yi g xiagzhegz, yi g minzu youhao d xiagzhegz: Zhaohz Junr Mut y bu s yi g fenmut, erw s yi zom minzu youhao d lishihl giniantat. Qigc zhogl zai Huhehaote Shil nanl ershihg li zoyoul. Jud sho Qigs chuh mut qian shagw you shit huf liag lie, shit shif yi g, hai you lioy liuliwat canpian, haoxiagr zai mut qian yuanlai you yi g xiagd dianm. Xianzai, que zhiyou yi g shit huf fuf zai jielt tai xiamian peibanr zhe weir yuanz jiarq d guniag, qita d dogxil meiyou l.
Jud Neimegw d togzhix sho, chuq qigc zhogl wai, zai Daqigc Shan nanlums hai you shihg jih g Zhaohz Junr Mut. Women jiu kan dao l liag g Zhaohz Junr Mut, qizhog yi g zai Baoytou Shil d Huag Hes nanl anl. Qishib hai bu s yi g fentmut, erw s yi g gudair d baoleit. Zai zhege baoleit fujinz, hai you yi g guh chegl yizhitd. Wag Zhaohz Junr jiujigw maizagx zai nakli, zhe jianw shix big bu zhogyao, zhogyao d s weishenme hui chuxian zheyag do d Zhaohz Junr Mut. Xianhran, zhexie Zhaohz Junr Mut d chuxian, fanyighz Neimegw renmin dui Wag Zhaohz Junr zhege renwut you haogan, tamen dou xiwagp Wag Zhaohz Junr maizagx zai zijir d jiaxiaglc.
Ran'erw xianzai hai you ren fandui Zhaohz Junr chu sait, renkwei Zhaohz Junr chu sait s minzu gojia d qurud. W butog'ii zheyag d kanfas. Yinwei zai fegjianl shidair yao jianlip minzu zh jian d youhao guanxiy, buneg xiagr women jintian yiyag, toggoz gew zu renmin zh jian d gogtog d jiejiz li'iit, jiggijichu h iishixigtai, zhuyao d s yikaod togzhis jiejiz zh jian d hejiej, erw togzhis jiejiz zh jian d hejiej youh zhuyao d s juedig yu shuagfag liliagz d duibi, yijiw youw ci chansheg d fegjianl guanxiy d gaishank. Heqin jiu s gaishank fegjianl guanxiy d yi zhogc fagshim. Dagran, heqin y s zai butog d lishihl tiaojianw xia chuxian d, youxie heqin s beipoz d, danw youxie y bu s beipoz d, Zhaohz Junr chu sait jiu meiyou renhew beipoz d qigkuag cunzai. Rugom bu fen qighogzaobai, zhiyao s heqin jiu yilioj jiad yiw fandui, name zai fegjianl shidair hai you shenme geg hao d fagfas keyiw quder minzu zh jian d hejiej ne? Zaiw kanlai, heqin zhegcec bi zhanzhegq zhegcec zogyao hao der do.
內(nèi)蒙訪古——一段最古的長城 翦伯贊
火車走出居庸關(guān)酥馍,經(jīng)過了一段崎嶇的山路以后,便在我們面前敞開了一片廣闊的原野,一片用望遠鏡都看不到邊際的原野阻逮,這就是古之所謂塞外。
從居庸關(guān)到呼和浩特大約一千多里的路程艇拍,火車都在這個廣闊的高原上奔馳脆诉。我們都想從鐵道兩旁看到一些塞外風(fēng)光扫尖、黃沙白草之類,然而這一帶既無黃沙禀综,亦無白草简烘,只有肥沃的田野,栽種著各種各樣的莊稼:小麥定枷、蕎麥孤澎、谷子、高粱欠窒、山藥覆旭、甜菜等等。如果不是有些地方為了畜牧的需要而留下了一些草原,簡直要懷疑火車把我們帶到了河北平原型将。
過了集寧寂祥,就隱隱望見了一條從東北向西南伸展的山脈,這就是古代的陰山七兜,現(xiàn)在的大青山丸凭。大青山是一條并不很高但很寬闊的山脈,這條山脈像一道墻壁把集寧以西的內(nèi)蒙分成兩邊惊搏。值得注意的是山的南北贮乳,自然條件迥乎不同忧换。山的北邊恬惯,是暴露在寒冷的北風(fēng)之中的起伏不大的波狀高原。這一帶在古代就是一個“少草木亚茬,多大沙”(《漢書·匈奴傳》)的地方酪耳。山的南邊,則是在陰山屏障之下的一個狹長的平原刹缝。 現(xiàn)在的大青山碗暗,樹木不多,但在漢代梢夯,這里卻是一個“草木茂盛言疗,多禽獸”(《漢書·匈奴傳》)的地方,古代的匈奴人曾經(jīng)把這個地方當(dāng)作自己的苑囿颂砸。一直到蒙古人來到陰山的時候噪奄,這里的自然條件還沒有什么改變。關(guān)于這一點人乓,從呼和浩特和包頭這兩個蒙古語言的地方可以得到說明勤篮。呼和浩特,蒙古語意思是青色的城;包頭的意思是有鹿的地方色罚。這兩個蒙古語的地名碰缔,很清楚地告訴了我們,直到十三世紀(jì)或者更晚的時候戳护,這里還是一個有森林金抡、有草原、有鹿群出沒的地方腌且。
呼和浩特和包頭這兩個城市竟终,正是建筑在大青山南麓的沃野之中。秋天的陰山切蟋,像一座青銅的屏風(fēng)安放在它們的北邊统捶,從陰山高處拖下來的深綠色的山坡,安閑地躺在黃河岸上,沐著陽光喘鸟。這是多么平靜的一個原野!但這個平靜的原野在民族關(guān)系緊張的歷史時期匆绣,卻經(jīng)常是一個風(fēng)浪最大的地方。 愈是古遠的時代什黑,人類的活動愈受自然條件的限制崎淳。特別是那些還沒有定居下來的騎馬的游牧民族,更要依賴自然的恩賜愕把,他們要自然供給他們豐富的水草拣凹。陰山南麓的沃野,正是內(nèi)蒙西部水草最肥美的地方恨豁。正因如此嚣镜,任何游牧民族只要進入內(nèi)蒙西部,就必須占據(jù)這個沃野橘蜜。 陰山以南的沃野不僅是游牧民族的苑囿菊匿,也是他們進入中原地區(qū)的跳板。只要占領(lǐng)了這個沃野计福,他們就可以強渡黃河跌捆,進入汾河或黃河河谷。如果他們失去了這個沃野象颖,就失去了生存的依據(jù)佩厚,史載“匈奴失陰山之后,過之未嘗不哭也”说订,就是這個原因抄瓦。在另一方面,漢族如果要排除從西北方面襲來的游牧民族的威脅克蚂,也必須守住陰山的峪口闺鲸,否則這些騎馬的民族就會越過鄂爾多斯沙漠,進入漢族居住區(qū)的心臟地帶埃叭。
早在戰(zhàn)國時摸恍,大青山南麓,沿黃河北岸的一片原野赤屋,這是趙國和胡人爭奪的焦點立镶。在爭奪戰(zhàn)中,趙武靈王擊敗了胡人类早,占領(lǐng)了這個平原媚媒,并且在北邊的國境線上筑起了一條長城,堵住了胡人進入這個平原的道路涩僻。據(jù)《史記·匈奴傳》所載缭召,趙國的長城東起于代(今河北宣化境內(nèi))栈顷,中間經(jīng)過山西北部,西北折入陰山嵌巷,至高闕(今烏拉山與狼山之間的缺口)為止√逊铮現(xiàn)在有一段古長城遺址,繼續(xù)綿亙于大青山搪哪、鳥拉山靡努、狼山靠南邊的山頂上,東西長達二百六十余里晓折,按其部位來說惑朦,這段古長城正是趙長城遺址。
我們這次訪問包頭漓概,曾經(jīng)登臨包頭市西北的大青山漾月,游覽這里的一段長城。這段長城高處達五米左右垛耳,土筑栅屏,夯筑的層次還很清楚飘千。東西縱觀堂鲜,都看不到終極,在東邊的城址上护奈,隱然可以看到有一個古代廢壘缔莲,告訴人們那里在當(dāng)時是一個險要地方。
我在游覽趙長城時霉旗,作了一首詩痴奏,稱頌趙武靈王,并且送了他一個英雄的稱號厌秒。趙武靈王是無愧于英雄的稱號的读拆。大家都知道,秦始皇以全國的人力物力僅僅連接原有的秦燕趙的長城并加以增補鸵闪,就引起了民怨沸騰檐晕。不知什么時候起,在秦始皇面前就站著一個孟姜女蚌讼,控訴這條舉世聞名的萬里長城辟灰。甚至在解放以后,還有人把萬里長城作為“炮彈”攻擊秦始皇篡石。而趙武靈王以小小的趙國芥喇,在當(dāng)時的物質(zhì)和技術(shù)條件下,竟能完成這樣一個巨大的國防工程而沒有挨罵凰萨,不能不令人驚嘆继控。 當(dāng)然械馆,我說趙武靈王是一個英雄,不僅僅是因為他筑了一條長城武通,更重要的是因為他敢于發(fā)布“胡服騎射”的命令狱杰。要知道,他在當(dāng)時發(fā)布這個命令厅须,實質(zhì)上就是與最頑固的傳統(tǒng)習(xí)慣和保守思想宣戰(zhàn)仿畸。
只要讀一讀《戰(zhàn)國策·趙策》就知道當(dāng)趙武靈王發(fā)布了胡服騎射的命令以后,他立即遭遇到來自趙國貴族官僚方面的普遍反抗朗和。趙武靈王擊敗了那些頑固分子的反抗错沽,終于使他們脫下了那套用以標(biāo)志他們身份的祖?zhèn)鞯膶挻蟮囊路⑶野堰^了時的笨重的戰(zhàn)車扔到歷史的垃圾堆里去眶拉。敢于這樣做的人千埃,難道不是一個英雄嗎?可以肯定說是一個英雄,一個大大的英雄忆植。 在大青山下 現(xiàn)在讓我們離開趙長城談一談陰山一帶的漢代城堡放可。
根據(jù)考古報告,在陰山南北麓發(fā)現(xiàn)了很多古城遺址朝刊,至少有二十幾處耀里。這些古城大部分是西漢時期的,也有北魏時期或更晚的拾氓。古城遺址最大多數(shù)分布在陰山南麓通向山北的峪口冯挎,也有分布在陰山北麓的,還有分布在黃河渡口和鄂爾多斯東北地區(qū)的咙鞍。從古城分布的地位看來房官,幾乎通向陰山以北的每一個重要峪口,都筑有城堡续滋。特別是今日呼和浩特市北的蜈蚣壩翰守,包頭市北大青山與烏拉山之間的缺口,城堡的遺址更多疲酌。大概這兩個峪口是古代游牧民族蜡峰,特別是漢代匈奴人進入中原的主要通路⌒觳看起來事示,漢王朝在陰山一帶的戰(zhàn)略部署,至少有三道防線僻肖,第一道防線是陰山北麓的峪口和更遠的地方肖爵,第二道防線是陰山南麓的峪口,第三道防線是黃河渡口和鄂爾多斯東北一帶臀脏。 在陰山以北筑城障的事劝堪,《史記·匈奴傳》有如此的記載:太初四年“漢使光祿徐自為出五原塞數(shù)百里冀自,遠者千余里,筑城障列亭秒啦,至廬朐”熬粗。《正義》引《括地志》云:“五原郡相陽縣(《漢書·地理志》)作稒陽縣)余境,北出石門障驻呐,得光祿城,又西北得支就縣(《漢書·地理志》注作支就城)芳来,又西北得頭曼城含末,又西北得牢城河(《漢書·地理志》注作虖河城),又西北得宿虜城即舌∮逗校”由此看來,當(dāng)漢武帝時漢王朝在陰山以北筑了很多城堡顽聂,幾乎是步步為營肥惭,把它的勢力遠遠地推到陰山以北的地方。一直到元帝時由于匈奴呼韓邪單于款塞入朝紊搪,才從陰山以北的城堡撤退駐軍蜜葱,但仍然保留著通烽火的哨兵∴旅鳎《漢書·匈奴傳》記侯應(yīng)諫元帝的話笼沥,其中有云:“前以罷外城蚪燕,省亭隧娶牌,今裁足以候望,通烽火而已馆纳∈迹”這里所謂“外城”,就是陰山以外的城堡鲁驶。 在大青山與烏拉山之間的峪口中有一條昆都侖河鉴裹,由北而南流入黃河。昆都侖河就是古代的石門水钥弯,石門水大概是古代游牧民族進入陰山以南的沃野最方便的一條道路径荔。在這個通道的外面,已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些漢代的古城脆霎,有一個古城可能就是漢代的光祿城总处。
我們這次訪問內(nèi)蒙西部,曾經(jīng)游覽了呼和浩特市附近塔布土拉罕的漢城遺址和包頭市附近麻池鄉(xiāng)的漢城遺址睛蛛。 塔布土拉罕在呼和浩特市東北三十五里鹦马,大青山的南麓胧谈。古城作長方形,分內(nèi)外兩城荸频,外城周圍約三公里菱肖。在內(nèi)城的地面上到處可以看到漢代的繩紋陶片。在城的附近有五個大土堆旭从,塔布土拉罕就是五個大土堆的意思稳强。這五個大土堆,可能是五個大封土墓和悦,如果把這五個大封土墓打開键袱,很有可能發(fā)現(xiàn)這個古城的歷史檔案。
麻池鄉(xiāng)在包頭市西三十里摹闽。這里的古漢城也是分內(nèi)外兩城蹄咖,內(nèi)城也散布著很多漢代磚瓦,外城很少付鹿。古城周圍有很多古墓澜汤,大多數(shù)沒有封土。在這里的墓葬中舵匾,發(fā)現(xiàn)了很多古物俊抵,其中有漢代的錢幣和漢式的銅器、陶器坐梯、漆器等等徽诲,也有金質(zhì)和銀質(zhì)的鏤空飾片,飾片上的花紋作虎豹駱駝等動物形象吵血。還發(fā)現(xiàn)了“單于天降”谎替、 “四夷□服”以及“單于和親”“千秋萬歲”“長樂未央”等文字的瓦當(dāng)殘片。 我不想詳細介紹這兩個古城的發(fā)現(xiàn)蹋辅,只想指出一個事實钱贯,即陰山南北和黃河渡口一帶的漢代古城,不是由于經(jīng)濟的原因侦另,而是由于軍事的原因建筑起來的秩命。嚴(yán)格地說,這些古城不能稱為真正的城市褒傅,只是一種駐扎軍隊和屯積軍用糧食武器的營壘弃锐。居住在這些城堡中的主要是軍隊,也有小商人和手工業(yè)者;但這些小商人和手工業(yè)者是依靠軍隊生活的殿托,只要軍隊撤退霹菊,這些城堡也就廢棄了。
我還想指出碌尔,陰山一帶在民族關(guān)系緊張的時期是一個戰(zhàn)場浇辜,而在民族關(guān)系緩和時期則是一個重要的文化交流的驛站;甚至在戰(zhàn)爭的時期券敌,也不能完全阻止文化的交流。關(guān)于這一點柳洋,我們可以從這一帶發(fā)現(xiàn)的文物得到說明待诅。例如在當(dāng)時的漢與匈奴的邊境線上到處都發(fā)現(xiàn)了漢代的錢幣和工藝品,這些工藝品與在內(nèi)地發(fā)現(xiàn)的同一時期的工藝品是一樣的熊镣,這件事說明漢與匈奴之間的和平往來卑雁,并沒有完全被萬里長城和軍事堡壘所遮斷。
在大青山腳下绪囱,只有一個古跡是永遠不會廢棄的测蹲,那就是被稱為青冢的昭君墓。因為在內(nèi)蒙人民的心中鬼吵,王昭君已經(jīng)不是一個人物扣甲,而是一個象征,一個民族友好的象征:昭君墓也不是一個墳?zāi)钩菀危且蛔褡逵押玫臍v史紀(jì)念塔琉挖。 青冢在呼和浩特市南二十里左右。據(jù)說清初墓前尚有石虎兩列涣脚、石獅一個示辈,還有綠琉璃瓦殘片,好像在墓前原來有一個享殿∏彩矗現(xiàn)在矾麻,卻只有一個石虎伏在階臺下面陪伴這位遠嫁的姑娘,其他的東西沒有了芭梯。
據(jù)內(nèi)蒙的同志說险耀,除青冢外,在大青山南麓還有十幾個昭君墓粥帚。我們就看到了兩個昭君墓胰耗,其中一個在包頭市的黃河南岸。其實還不是一個墳?zāi)姑⑽校且粋€古代的堡壘。在這個堡壘附近卖漫,還有一個古城遺址费尽。 王昭君究竟埋葬在哪里,這件事并不重要羊始,重要的是為什么會出現(xiàn)這樣多的昭君墓旱幼。顯然,這些昭君墓的出現(xiàn)突委,反映內(nèi)蒙人民對王昭君這個人物有好感柏卤,他們都希望王昭君埋葬在自己的家鄉(xiāng)冬三。
然而現(xiàn)在還有人反對昭君出塞,認為昭君出塞是民族國家的屈辱缘缚。我不同意這樣的看法勾笆。因為在封建時代要建立民族之間的友好關(guān)系,不能像我們今天一樣桥滨,通過各族人民之間的共同的階級利益窝爪、經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)和意識形態(tài),主要的是依靠統(tǒng)治階級之間的和解齐媒,而統(tǒng)治階級之間的和解又主要的是決定于雙方力量的對比蒲每,以及由此產(chǎn)生的封建關(guān)系的改善。和親就是改善封建關(guān)系的一種方式喻括。當(dāng)然邀杏,和親也是在不同的歷史條件下出現(xiàn)的,有些和親是被迫的唬血,但有些也不是被迫的淮阐,昭君出塞就沒有任何被迫的情況存在。如果不分青紅皂白刁品,只要是和親就一律加以反對泣特,那么在封建時代還有什么更好的方法可以取得民族之間的和解呢?在我看來,和親政策比戰(zhàn)爭政策總要好得多挑随。