TED Talk? ? How we read each other's minds?? 我們?nèi)绾谓庾x他人的想法既忆？? ?Speaker:?Rebecca Saxe ? ?第四課

So that's good, but of course what we'd rather is have a way to interfere with function in this brain region, and see if we could change people's moral judgment.?這雖然很好，但是當然 我們期望有某種接口 能夠調(diào)用到大腦的區(qū)域 然后看看是否能改變?nèi)藗兊牡赖掠^判斷

And we do have such a tool. It's called Trans-Cranial Magnetic Stimulation, or TMS.?我們實現(xiàn)了這樣一種工具 成為“顱磁刺激” 或者 TMS

This is a tool that lets us pass a magnetic pulse through somebody's skull, into a small region of their brain, and temporarily disorganize the function of the neurons in that region.? ? 這個工具能讓我們傳遞一個脈沖磁感應(yīng) 以穿透頭骨抵達到他們的腦區(qū)域 臨時的擾亂這些區(qū)域的腦神經(jīng)元

So I'm going to show you a demo of this. First, I'm going to show you that this is a magnetic pulse. I'm going to show you what happens when you put a quarter on the machine. When you hear clicks, we're turning the machine on. So now I'm going to apply that same pulse to my brain, to the part of my brain that controls my hand. So there is no physical force, just a magnetic pulse.

下來給大家播放下這個東西的演示視頻 第一個演示的是一個磁感脈沖 給大家看下當你放入1/4機器時候有什么發(fā)生 當你聽到點擊時候我們就把機器打開 然后我接著把這個脈沖用到我的大腦 這部分腦區(qū)域控制我的手 這里沒有物理上的強迫定躏，僅僅是磁場的脈沖

Woman (Video): Ready, Rebecca? RS: Yes.

視頻女：準備好沒澜掩？好的

Okay, so it causes a small involuntary contraction in my hand by putting a magnetic pulse in my brain.?好的购披。把這個磁感應(yīng)脈沖放到我的大腦上 它稍微的引起了我的手下意識的反應(yīng)

And we can use that same pulse, now applied to the RTPJ, to ask if we can change people's moral judgments.?同時我們可以使用相同的脈沖 應(yīng)用到RTPJ 去嘗試下我們是否能改變?nèi)藗兊牡赖屡袛?

So these are the judgments I showed you before, people's normal moral judgments.?正如之前我給你們看到的人們做的道德判斷

And then we can apply TMS to the RTPJand ask how people's judgments change.??現(xiàn)在我把TMS應(yīng)用到RTPJ上 然后迫使改變?nèi)藗兊挠^念的判斷?

And the first thing is, people can still do this task overall. 結(jié)果第一個是，人們依然可以完全的做原來的判斷

?對照：? ?automatic 自發(fā)的? ? involuntary 無意識的? ?attentive留意的? ?spontenous自發(fā)的? ?delibrate故意的

So their judgments of the case when everything was fine remain the same. They say she deserves no blame. But in the case of a failed attempt to harm, where Grace thought that it was poison, although it was really sugar, people now say it was more okay, she deserves less blame for putting the powder in the coffee.

因此當一切是正常時候肩榕，對于這個案例 的判斷完全一致刚陡。他們認為她不應(yīng)該受到懲罰 但在企圖傷害的案例中 也就是葛瑞絲認為是毒藥，盡管他真正是糖的時候 大家馬上就說很好株汉，葛瑞絲 把這粉末放到了咖啡應(yīng)該受些許懲罰

And in the case of the accident, where she thought that it was sugar, but it was really poison and so she caused a death, people say that it was less okay, she deserves more blame. So what I've told you today is that people come, actually, especially well equipped to think about other people's thoughts.

而在那個事故的案例中筐乳，也就是葛瑞絲認為是糖 但實際卻是毒藥最后導(dǎo)致死亡時 更少的人同意，認為她應(yīng)該受到更多的懲罰 那么我今天要告訴大家的是 未來的人類乔妈，真正的擁有一個設(shè)備 去思考其他人的想法蝙云。

We have a special brain system that lets us think about what other people are thinking.? ?【跟讀】? 我們有這樣一個特殊的腦系統(tǒng)，可以使得我們?nèi)ニ伎计渌说南敕ā?/p>

This system takes a long time to develop, slowly throughout the course of childhood and into early adolescence. And even in adulthood, differences in this brain region can explain differences among adults in how we think about and judge other people.

?這個系統(tǒng)需要漫長的時間去實現(xiàn) 遍及整個幼年時期也包括早期的青春期 而且即使在成人階段路召，在不同的腦區(qū)域能夠解釋成人之間 如何去思考和判斷其他人想法的區(qū)別

But I want to give the last word back to the novelists, and to Philip Roth, who ended by saying, "The fact remains that getting people right is not what living is all about anyway. It's getting them wrong that is living. Getting them wrong and wrong and wrong, and then on careful reconsideration, getting them wrong again." Thank you.

我想在最后結(jié)束前引用前面提到的小說家勃刨，也就是菲利普·羅斯說過的話作為結(jié)束。

【選擇】-Why does Saxe quote Philip Roth's remarks again at the end of the speech?? ?-to tie the ending of the speech to the beginning.

【詞義】To interfere with sth. means...? ?to get in the way of it.

interfere? ? vi. 干涉股淡；妨礙身隐；打擾vt. 沖突；介入

【引用】 The fact remains that getting people right is not what living is all about anyway. It’s getting them wrong that is living, getting them wrong and wrong and wrong and then, on careful reconsideration, getting them wrong again. That’s how we know we’re alive: we’re wrong. Maybe the best thing would be to forget being right or wrong about people and just go along for the ride. But if you can do that — well, lucky you. —— Philip Roth 美國牧歌（ American Pastoral “美國三部曲”之一）1997年

生活就是誤解唯灵，不斷地誤解贾铝、誤解、再誤解，深思熟慮后還是誤解垢揩。就這樣我們懂得自己的存在：我們錯了大脉。可能最好是忘掉有關(guān)他人的對與錯水孩，一切順其自然镰矿。若能做到這一點——好吧，你就算幸運了俘种。

菲利普·羅斯（Philip Roth秤标，1933年3月19日—2018年5月22日），美國作家宙刘。出生于美國新澤西州紐瓦克市苍姜，1954年畢業(yè)于賓夕法尼亞州巴克內(nèi)爾大學(xué)。

【跟讀】She conducts the experiment to see if it's possible to change people's moral judgments.

Chris Anderson: So, I have a question. When you start talking about using magnetic pulses to change people's moral judgments, that sounds alarming.? 你們是從什么時候開始討論用 磁場脈沖去改變?nèi)藗兊挠^念的判斷呢悬包？ 這玩意聽起來嚇人

Please tell me that you're not taking phone calls from the Pentagon, say.?告訴我你沒有收到過五角大樓的電話吧衙猪？

RS: I'm not. I mean, they're calling, but I'm not taking the call. 麗貝卡.薩克斯：這到?jīng)]有 我的意思是他們打過了，但我沒有去接?

CA: They really are calling? So then seriously, you must lie awake at night sometimeswondering where this work leads. I mean, you're clearly an incredible human being,but someone could take this knowledge and in some future not-torture chamber, do acts that people here might be worried about.他們真的打了布近？ 那我嚴肅的問你 你一定有段時間睡不著 不知道這個研究導(dǎo)致什么結(jié)果我指的是雖然我們完全相信你 但將來可能會有些人 利用這些知識 進行審問 這才是我們現(xiàn)場所有人所擔心的

RS: Yeah, we worry about this. So, there's a couple of things to say about TMS. One is that you can't be TMSed without knowing it. So it's not a surreptitious technology.It's quite hard, actually, to get those very small changes. The changes I showed you are impressive to me because of what they tell us about the function of the brain, but they're small on the scale of the moral judgments that we actually make.

是的垫释，我們也擔心這個 所以有很多關(guān)于TMS的需要說明下 第一個是你不能對不知情的人使用TMS 因為它不是一項暗中使用的技術(shù) 即使是很小的一些改變也是很難的 剛才給你看的那些變化也讓我挺難忘的 因為它告訴了我們大腦的功能是什么 雖然我們用來做道德判但的腦區(qū)域很小 但我們就是用它來判斷的

And what we changed was not people's moral judgments when they're deciding what to do, when they're making action choices. We changed their ability to judge other people's actions. And so, I think of what I'm doing not so much as studying the defendant in a criminal trial, but studying the jury.而我們所能改變的不是人們 在做決定時候的道德觀念的判斷 也不是影響他們做選擇時候的決定 我們改變只是如何去思考別人時候的判斷 所以我認為我在做的不是 針對被告 而是針對陪審團

CA: Is your work going to lead to any recommendations in education, to perhaps bring up a generation of kids able to make fairer moral judgments?你的研究工作是否會帶到 教育領(lǐng)域， 比如讓下一代的孩子做出更加公平的道德判斷呢撑瞧？

RS: That's one of the idealistic hopes. The whole research program here of studyingthe distinctive parts of the human brain is brand new. Until recently, what we knew about the brain were the things that any other animal's brain could do too, so we could study it in animal models. We knew how brains see, and how they control the body and how they hear and sense. And the whole project of understanding how brains do the uniquely human things -- learn language and abstract concepts, and thinking about other people's thoughts -- that's brand new. And we don't know yet what the implications will be of understanding it.

這是一個比較理想的結(jié)果 目前整個研究階段 是針對比較腦力發(fā)達的人棵譬，這是一個嶄新的領(lǐng)域 到目前為止我們所了解的大腦 在其它動物身上一樣可以適用 所以我們可以研究動物的模型 我們要知道大腦看到的是什么，它是如何去控制身體的 還有他們所聽到的预伺、感覺到的 整個項目需要搞明白的是 人類的大腦為什么是如此特別订咸，能夠 學(xué)習語言、學(xué)習抽象的概念 還能夠去思考其他人的想法酬诀，這就是一個新的領(lǐng)域 還有目前我們所不知道脏嚷，如果研究出這些 將會有什么影響

CA: So I've got one last question. There is this thing called the hard problem of consciousness, that puzzles a lot of people. The notion that you can understand why a brain works, perhaps. But why does anyone have to feel anything? Why does it seem to require these beings who sense things for us to operate? You're a brilliant young neuroscientist. I mean, what chances do you think there are that at some time in your career, someone, you or someone else, is going to come up with some paradigm shift in understanding what seems an impossible problem?

好的，那我再問我最后一個問題瞒御。那個被稱為 意識的難題 也難倒了很多人 正如你提到的父叙，如果你能夠 搞懂大腦的工作原理 但為什么人要感知所有的事情？ 我們?yōu)槭裁匆タ刂迫祟愡@些 感知行為呢葵腹？ 你作為一個年輕有為的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)家 我的意思是高每，你認為在你的 研究生涯中的某刻 一些人屿岂，你或者其他的人 是否會帶來根本性的成果 能夠研究出這個看起來不肯能的難題

RS: I hope they do. And I think they probably won't.我希望他們能做到践宴。但我認為他們可能實現(xiàn)不了

CA: Why? 為什么？

RS: It's not called the hard problem of consciousness for nothing. 那說的那個叫做意識的難題根本不存在爷怀。

CA: That's a great answer. Rebecca Saxe, thank you very much. That was fantastic.? ?真是精彩的回答阻肩。 Rebecca Saxe謝謝你，非常的精彩。