一、Playbook語(yǔ)法
Ansible-playbook采用YAML語(yǔ)法編寫捻爷。
示例:
[root@LOCALHOST ~]# cat yaml/httpd.yaml
---
- hosts: control-node # 將要執(zhí)行任務(wù)的主機(jī)勒极,已經(jīng)在hosts文件中定義好了病梢,可是單個(gè)主機(jī)或主機(jī)組
remote_user: root # 在目標(biāo)主機(jī)上執(zhí)行任務(wù)時(shí)的用戶身份
vars:
- pkg: httpd
tasks:
- name: "install httpd package."
yum: name={{ pkg }} state=installed
- name: "copy httpd configure file to remote host."
copy: src=/root/conf/httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
notify: restart httpd # 當(dāng)這個(gè)任務(wù)執(zhí)行狀態(tài)發(fā)生改變時(shí)仰迁,觸發(fā)handlers執(zhí)行.
- name: "boot httpd service."
service: name=httpd state=started
handlers: # handlers與tasks是同一級(jí)別
- name: restart httpd
service: name=httpd state=restarted
連續(xù)的項(xiàng)目(即列表)用 -
減號(hào)來(lái)表示箕般,key/value(字典)用冒號(hào):
分隔耐薯。
playbook語(yǔ)法有如下特性:
- 以
---
(三個(gè)減號(hào))開始,必須頂行寫;- 次行開始寫Playbook的內(nèi)容曲初,但是一般要求寫明該playbook的功能体谒;
- 嚴(yán)格縮進(jìn),并且不能用Tab鍵縮進(jìn)臼婆;
- 縮進(jìn)級(jí)別必須是一致的抒痒,同樣的縮進(jìn)代表同樣的級(jí)別,程序判別配置的級(jí)別是通過(guò)縮進(jìn)結(jié)合換行來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的颁褂;
- K/V的值可同行寫评汰,也可換行寫。同行使用
:
分隔,換行寫需要以-
分隔;
執(zhí)行playbook:
[root@LOCALHOST ~]# ansible-playbook yaml/httpd.yaml
PLAY [control-node] ********************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *****************************************************************************************************
ok: [openstack-control2]
ok: [openstack-control1]
TASK [install httpd package.] **********************************************************************************************
changed: [openstack-control2]
changed: [openstack-control1]
TASK [copy httpd configure file to remote host.] ***************************************************************************
changed: [openstack-control1]
changed: [openstack-control2]
TASK [boot httpd service.] *************************************************************************************************
changed: [openstack-control2]
changed: [openstack-control1]
PLAY RECAP *****************************************************************************************************************
openstack-control1 : ok=4 changed=3 unreachable=0 failed=0
openstack-control2 : ok=4 changed=3 unreachable=0 failed=0
二再膳、Playbook中的變量
2.1 yaml文件中定義變量
[root@LOCALHOST ~]# cat yaml/vars.yaml
---
- hosts: compute-node
remote_user: root
vars:
pkg: httpd # 定義變量
tasks:
- name: install httpd service
yum: name={{ pkg }} state=installed # 引用變量
playbook中用
vars
關(guān)鍵字聲明變量旗芬,變量定義變量名: 變量值
變量引用 :{{ 變量名 }}
2.2 引用外部變量
在命令行使用--extra-vars
參數(shù)賦值變量;
[root@LOCALHOST ~]# cat yaml/extra_vars.yaml
---
- hosts: control-node
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: create a file
file:
path: /tmp/{{ filename }} # 引用外部變量
mode: 0644
state: touch
命令行使用--extra_vars
傳入變量:
[root@LOCALHOST ~]# ansible-playbook yaml/extra_vars.yaml --extra-vars "filename=temp.txt"
--extra_vars "變量名=變量值"
2.3 資產(chǎn)清單(inventory)中定義的變量
也就是在/etc/ansible/hosts
文件中定義的變量;
[root@LOCALHOST ~]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
[load-node]
openstack-load1
openstack-load2
[compute-node]
openstack-compute1 ansible_ssh_host=10.0.1.10 ansible_ssh_port=2002 ansible_ssh_user=stanley ansible_ssh_pass=etyfhzmweadf
openstack-compute2
[control-node]
openstack-control1 filename=control1.txt # 主機(jī)變量
openstack-control2 filename=control2.txt
[openstack:children]
load-node
compute-node
control-node
[openstack:vars]
issue="Hello, World" # 組變量
注意:組變量定義時(shí),不要落下關(guān)鍵字
vars
,[組名:vars]
。
在playbook中引用{{ 變量名 }}
即可坯墨。
ansible內(nèi)置了一些固定的主機(jī)變量名,在inventory中定義其值病往,如下:
ansible_ssh_host
將要連接的遠(yuǎn)程主機(jī)名.與你想要設(shè)定的主機(jī)的別名不同的話,可通過(guò)此變量設(shè)置.
ansible_ssh_port
ssh端口號(hào).如果不是默認(rèn)的端口號(hào),通過(guò)此變量設(shè)置.
ansible_ssh_user
默認(rèn)的 ssh 用戶名
ansible_ssh_pass
ssh 密碼(這種方式并不安全,我們強(qiáng)烈建議使用 --ask-pass 或 SSH 密鑰)
ansible_sudo_pass
sudo 密碼(這種方式并不安全,我們強(qiáng)烈建議使用 --ask-sudo-pass)
ansible_sudo_exe (new in version 1.8)
sudo 命令路徑(適用于1.8及以上版本)
ansible_connection
與主機(jī)的連接類型.比如:local, ssh 或者 paramiko. Ansible 1.2 以前默認(rèn)使用 paramiko.1.2 以后默認(rèn)使用 'smart','smart' 方式會(huì)根據(jù)是否支持 ControlPersist, 來(lái)判斷'ssh' 方式是否可行.
ansible_ssh_private_key_file
ssh 使用的私鑰文件.適用于有多個(gè)密鑰,而你不想使用 SSH 代理的情況.
ansible_shell_type
目標(biāo)系統(tǒng)的shell類型.默認(rèn)情況下,命令的執(zhí)行使用 'sh' 語(yǔ)法,可設(shè)置為 'csh' 或 'fish'.
ansible_python_interpreter
目標(biāo)主機(jī)的 python 路徑.適用于的情況: 系統(tǒng)中有多個(gè) Python, 或者命令路徑不是"/usr/bin/python",比如 \*BSD, 或者 /usr/bin/python
不是 2.X 版本的 Python.我們不使用 "/usr/bin/env" 機(jī)制,因?yàn)檫@要求遠(yuǎn)程用戶的路徑設(shè)置正確,且要求 "python" 可執(zhí)行程序名不可為 python以外的名字(實(shí)際有可能名為python26).
與 ansible_python_interpreter 的工作方式相同,可設(shè)定如 ruby 或 perl 的路徑....
參考Ansible中文權(quán)威指南捣染。
2.4 直接使用facts變量
使用命令ansible all -m setup
獲取到的主機(jī)信息,其中的KEY都可以被當(dāng)作變量引用:
[root@LOCALHOST ~]# cat yaml/facts_vars.yaml
---
- hosts: compute-node
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: write fqdn into fqdn.log
shell: "echo {{ ansible_fqdn }} {{ ansible_eth1.ipv4.address }} > /tmp/fqdn.log"
上述代碼中
{{ ansible_fqdn }}
就是直接引用的facts變量停巷;
{{ ansible_eth1.ipv4.address }}
引用的值就相當(dāng)于下面這樣耍攘。
{
"ansible_eth1": {
"ipv4": {
"address":10.0.1.10,
},
},
}
最終{{ ansible_eth1.ipv4.address }}=10.0.1.10
2.5 注冊(cè)變量
在playbook中用register
關(guān)鍵字定義一個(gè)變量,這個(gè)變量的值就是當(dāng)前任務(wù)執(zhí)行的輸出結(jié)果畔勤;
[root@LOCALHOST ~]# cat yaml/reg_vars.yaml
---
- hosts: load-node
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: show date
shell: "/bin/date"
register: date # 注冊(cè)一個(gè)變量
- name: Record time log
shell: "echo {{ date.stdout }} > /tmp/date.log"
引用注冊(cè)變量要用
{{ date.stdout }}
表示標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸出蕾各。[root@openstack-load1 ~]# cat /tmp/date.log 2018年 03月 29日 星期四 15:52:01 CST
如果直接{{ date }}
這樣引用,則文件中寫入的是如下內(nèi)容:
{stderr_lines: [], uchanged: True, uend: u2018-03-29 15:49:52.609894, failed: False, ustdout: u2018\u5e74 03\u6708 29\u65e5 \u661f\u671f\u56db 15:49:52 CST, ucmd: u/bin/date, urc: 0, ustart: u2018-03-29 15:49:52.602918, ustderr: u, udelta: u0:00:00.006976, stdout_lines: [u2018\u5e74 03\u6708 29\u65e5 \u661f\u671f\u56db 15:49:52 CST]}
2.6 變量?jī)?yōu)先級(jí)
上述這些變量定義的方法庆揪,它們的優(yōu)先級(jí)如下:
- 在命令行中定義的變量(即用
-e
或--extra-vars
定義的變量)式曲; - 在Inventory中定義的連接變量(比如:ansible_ssh_user);
- 大多數(shù)的其他變量(命令行轉(zhuǎn)換、play中的變量缸榛、included的變量吝羞、role中的變量等);
- 在Inventory中定義的其他變量内颗;
- Facts變量钧排;
- “Role”默認(rèn)變量,這個(gè)是默認(rèn)的值起暮,很容易喪失優(yōu)先權(quán)卖氨。
三、Playbook中的方法
3.1 handlers
在需要被監(jiān)控的任務(wù)(tasks)中定義一個(gè)notify负懦,只有當(dāng)這個(gè)任務(wù)被執(zhí)行時(shí)筒捺,才會(huì)觸發(fā)notify對(duì)應(yīng)的handlers去執(zhí)行相應(yīng)操作。
[root@LOCALHOST ~]# cat yaml/httpd.yaml
---
- hosts: control-node
remote_user: root
vars:
- pkg: httpd
tasks:
- name: "install httpd package."
yum: name={{ pkg }} state=installed
- name: "copy httpd configure file to remote host."
copy: src=/root/conf/httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
notify: restart httpd
- name: "boot httpd service."
service: name=httpd state=started
handlers:
- name: restart httpd
service: name=httpd state=restarted
在使用handlers的過(guò)程中纸厉,有以下幾點(diǎn)需要注意:
- handlers只有在其所在的任務(wù)被執(zhí)行時(shí)系吭,都會(huì)被運(yùn)行;
- handlers只會(huì)在Play的末尾運(yùn)行一次颗品;如果想在一個(gè)Playbook的中間運(yùn)行handlers肯尺,則需要使用meta模塊來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn),例如:
- meta: flush_handlers
躯枢。- 如果一個(gè)Play在運(yùn)行到調(diào)用handlers的語(yǔ)句之前失敗了则吟,那么這個(gè)handlers將不會(huì)被執(zhí)行。我們可以使用mega模塊的
--force-handlers
選項(xiàng)來(lái)強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行handlers锄蹂,即使在handlers所在Play中途運(yùn)行失敗也能執(zhí)行氓仲。
3.2 tags
tags用于讓用戶選擇運(yùn)行playbook中的部分代碼。ansible具有冪等性得糜,因此會(huì)自動(dòng)跳過(guò)沒(méi)有變化的部分敬扛,即便如此,有些代碼為測(cè)試其確實(shí)沒(méi)有發(fā)生變化的時(shí)間依然會(huì)非常地長(zhǎng)朝抖。此時(shí)啥箭,如果確信其沒(méi)有變化,就可以通過(guò)tags跳過(guò)此些代碼片斷治宣。
ansible的標(biāo)簽(Tags)功能可以給角色(Roles)急侥、文件、單獨(dú)的任務(wù)侮邀,甚至整個(gè)Playbook打上標(biāo)簽缆巧,然后利用這些標(biāo)簽來(lái)指定要運(yùn)行Playbook中的個(gè)別任務(wù),或不執(zhí)行指定的任務(wù)豌拙。
[root@LOCALHOST ~]# cat yaml/httpd.yaml
---
- hosts: control-node
remote_user: root
vars:
- pkg: httpd
tasks:
- name: "install httpd package."
yum: name={{ pkg }} state=installed
- name: "copy httpd configure file to remote host."
copy: src=/root/conf/httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
notify: restart httpd
- name: "start httpd service."
tags:
- start_httpd # 給“start httpd service”這個(gè)任務(wù)打個(gè)標(biāo)簽
service: name=httpd state=started
handlers:
- name: restart httpd
service: name=httpd state=restarted
在命令行中調(diào)用:
[root@LOCALHOST ~]# ansible-playbook yaml/httpd.yaml --tags start_httpd
PLAY [control-node] ********************************************************************************************************
TASK [Gathering Facts] *****************************************************************************************************
ok: [openstack-control1]
ok: [openstack-control2]
TASK [start httpd service.] ************************************************************************************************
ok: [openstack-control1]
ok: [openstack-control2]
PLAY RECAP *****************************************************************************************************************
openstack-control1 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
openstack-control2 : ok=2 changed=0 unreachable=0 failed=0
四陕悬、Playbook的流程控制
4.1 when 條件判斷
當(dāng)關(guān)鍵字when
后面的條件滿足時(shí)(也就是通過(guò)運(yùn)算得到的結(jié)果為true時(shí)),才會(huì)執(zhí)行當(dāng)前任務(wù)按傅。
示例如下(yaml/when.yaml):
---
- hosts: load-node,img
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: "touch flag file"
command: "touch /tmp/this_is_{{ ansible_distribution }}_system"
when: (ansible_distribution == "CentOS" and ansible_distribution_major_version == '6') or
(ansible_distribution == "Debian" and ansible_distribution_major_version == '7')
上述代碼中捉超,
ansible_distribution
和ansible_distribution_major_version
都是是Facts變量,分別表示Linux發(fā)行版和版本號(hào)
執(zhí)行結(jié)果如下圖:
4.2 循環(huán)語(yǔ)句
Playbook中的循環(huán)類型唯绍,如下表:
循環(huán)類型 | 關(guān)鍵字 |
---|---|
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)循環(huán) | with_items |
遍歷字典 | with_dict |
遍歷目錄文件 | with_fileglob |
遍歷文件列表的內(nèi)容 | with_file |
嵌套循環(huán) | with_nested |
并行遍歷列表 | with_together |
遍歷列表和索引 | with_indexed_items |
重試循環(huán) | until |
查找第一個(gè)匹配文件 | with_first_found |
隨機(jī)選擇 | with_random_choice |
在序列中循環(huán) | with_sequence |
注意:列表中前三個(gè)為常用的循環(huán)語(yǔ)句拼岳。
4.2.1 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)循環(huán) with_items
示例1(with_items_1.yaml):
---
- name: when and with_items
hosts: load-node
remote_user: root
gather_facts: false
tasks:
- name: Create thress groups
group: name=testgroup6 state=present
ignore_errors: yes
register: excu_result
- name: Append excu_result to tmp.txt
shell: "echo {{ excu_result }} > /tmp/tmp.txt"
- name: Create some users
user: name={{ item }} group=testgroup6 state=present
when: excu_result|success
with_items:
- testuser1
- testuser2
- testuser3
釋義:
gather_facts: false
表示運(yùn)行此playbook時(shí)不收集目標(biāo)主機(jī)的系統(tǒng)信息。因?yàn)槟J(rèn)此項(xiàng)是開啟的况芒,每次運(yùn)行playbook都會(huì)收集主機(jī)facts惜纸,這會(huì)影響playbook的運(yùn)行速度。將gather_facts
設(shè)為false
即可關(guān)閉。
when:excu_result|success
的意思為當(dāng)變量excu_result執(zhí)行結(jié)果為成功狀態(tài)耐版,則執(zhí)行當(dāng)前的任務(wù)祠够。其中success為Ansible內(nèi)部過(guò)濾器方法,返回True代表命令運(yùn)行成功粪牲。還有excu_result|failed
表示excu_result執(zhí)行結(jié)果為失敗狀態(tài)古瓤;excu_result|skipped
表示excu_result執(zhí)行被跳過(guò)。
with_items
的值還可以寫成[testuser1, testuser2, testuser3]
示例2:
添加多個(gè)用戶腺阳,并將用戶加入不同的組內(nèi):
- name: add several users
user: name={{ item.name }} state=present groups={{ item.groups }}
with_items:
- { name: 'testuser1', groups: 'wheel' }
- { name: 'testuser2', groups: 'root' }
4.2.2 遍歷字典 with_dict
輸出用戶的姓名和電話:
---
- hosts: load-node
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: print phone records
debug: msg="User {{ item.key }} is {{ item.value.name }} ({{ item.value.phone }})"
with_dict: {'alice':{'name':'Alice Appleworth', 'phone':'13243252136'}, 'bob':{'name':'Bob Banarama', 'phone': '18766761211'}}
注意:Playbook中對(duì)字典的循環(huán)落君,與python中對(duì)字典循環(huán)類似,取值方法也一樣亭引。
4.2.3 遍歷目錄文件 with_fileglob
遍歷/root/sh/
目錄下的所有文件绎速,并將其拷貝至目標(biāo)主機(jī)。
[root@LOCALHOST ~]# cat yaml/with_fileglob.yaml
---
- hosts: DH-TEST
remote_user: root
gather_facts: false
tasks:
- name: create a directory
file: path=/root/script state=directory
ignore_errors: yes
register: result
- name: copy some scripts
copy: src={{ item }} dest=/root/script owner=root mode=600
when: result|success
with_fileglob:
- /root/sh/*
注意:with_fileglob匹配單個(gè)目錄中的所有文件焙蚓,非遞歸匹配模式朝氓。
作者: Jeson老師
鏈接:http://www.imooc.com/article/22753
執(zhí)行結(jié)果如下圖:
4.2.4 其它循環(huán)
其它循環(huán)請(qǐng)參考 Jeson老師的手記
五、Playbook任務(wù)計(jì)時(shí)插件
Github地址: https://github.com/jlafon/ansible-profile
安裝這個(gè)插件后會(huì)顯示 ansible-playbook 執(zhí)行每一個(gè)任務(wù)所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間主届。
這個(gè)插件安裝很簡(jiǎn)單赵哲,只需要簡(jiǎn)單的三個(gè)命令即可完成安裝。在你的 playbook 文件的目錄下創(chuàng)建一個(gè)目錄君丁,目錄名 callback_plugins 然后將下載的 profile_tasks.py 文件放到該目錄下即可枫夺。
# mkdir callback_plugins
# cd callback_plugins
# wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jlafon/ansible-profile/master/callback_plugins/profile_tasks.py
六、Playbook異常處理
6.1 ignore_errors
在有些情況下绘闷,一些必須運(yùn)行的命令或腳本會(huì)報(bào)一些錯(cuò)誤橡庞,而這些錯(cuò)誤并不一定真的說(shuō)明有問(wèn)題,但是經(jīng)常會(huì)給接下來(lái)要運(yùn)行的任務(wù)造成困擾印蔗,甚至直接導(dǎo)致playbook運(yùn)行中斷扒最。
這時(shí)候,我們可以在相關(guān)任務(wù)中添加ignore_errors: true
來(lái)屏蔽當(dāng)前任務(wù)的報(bào)錯(cuò)信息华嘹。ansible也將視該任務(wù)運(yùn)行成功吧趣,不再報(bào)錯(cuò),這樣就不會(huì)對(duì)接下來(lái)要運(yùn)行的任務(wù)造成額外困擾耙厚。但是要注意的是强挫,我們不應(yīng)過(guò)度依賴ignore_errors
,因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)隱藏所有的報(bào)錯(cuò)信息薛躬,而應(yīng)該把精力集中在尋找報(bào)錯(cuò)的原因上面俯渤,這樣才能從根本上解決問(wèn)題。
例如:
[root@LOCALHOST ~]# cat yaml/httpd.yaml
---
- hosts: load-node
remote_user: root
vars:
- pkg: httpd
tasks:
- name: "install httpd package."
yum: name={{ pkg }} state=installed
- name: "copy httpd configure file to remote host."
copy: src=/root/config/httpd.conf dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
notify: restart httpd
ignore_errors: true # 忽略錯(cuò)誤
- name: "start httpd service."
tags:
- start_httpd
service: name=httpd state=started
handlers:
- name: restart httpd
service: name=httpd state=restarted
上述代碼中型宝,任務(wù)
"copy httpd configure file to remote host."
中的src是一個(gè)不存在的路徑八匠,所以此任務(wù)運(yùn)行一定會(huì)出錯(cuò)絮爷。這個(gè)playbook運(yùn)行結(jié)果如下圖:
從運(yùn)行結(jié)果圖中可以看到有兩個(gè)
...ignoring
,表示忽略了這些錯(cuò)誤梨树,并繼續(xù)執(zhí)行下面的任務(wù)坑夯。
6.2 failed_when
當(dāng)滿足一定的條件時(shí),主動(dòng)拋出錯(cuò)誤劝萤。
[root@LOCALHOST ~]# cat yaml/failed_when.yaml
---
- hosts: DH-TEST
remote_user: root
gather_facts: false
tasks:
- name: get process
shell: ps aux | wc -l
register: process_count
failed_when: process_count > 3
- name: touch a file
file: path=/tmp/test3.txt state=touch owner=root mode=0700
failed_when: process_count > 3
當(dāng)進(jìn)程數(shù)大于3時(shí)主動(dòng)拋出錯(cuò)誤渊涝,后續(xù)任務(wù)就不會(huì)執(zhí)行了慎璧。如果不滿足條件床嫌,則不會(huì)拋出錯(cuò)誤。
6.3 changed_when
[root@LOCALHOST ~]# cat yaml/changed_when.yaml
---
- hosts: DH-TEST
remote_user: root
gather_facts: false
tasks:
- name: touch a file
file: path=/tmp/changed_test state=touch
上述Playbook執(zhí)行結(jié)果如下圖:
如果想要關(guān)閉狀態(tài)改變的提示胸私,則可以添加changed_when: false
厌处,如下:
[root@LOCALHOST ~]# cat yaml/changed_when.yaml
---
- hosts: DH-TEST
remote_user: root
gather_facts: false
tasks:
- name: touch a file
file: path=/tmp/changed_testi2 state=touch
changed_when: false # 關(guān)閉狀態(tài)改變提示
執(zhí)行結(jié)果如下圖:
七、Roles
Roles是一種利用在大型Playbook中的劇本配置模式岁疼,它有著自己特定的結(jié)構(gòu)阔涉。用于層次性、結(jié)構(gòu)化地組織playbook捷绒。roles能夠根據(jù)層次型結(jié)構(gòu)自動(dòng)裝載變量文件瑰排、tasks以及handlers等。要使用roles只需要在playbook中使用include指令即可暖侨。簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)講椭住,roles就是通過(guò)分別將變量、文件字逗、任務(wù)京郑、模板及處理器放置于單獨(dú)的目錄中,并可以便捷地include它們的一種機(jī)制葫掉。角色一般用于基于主機(jī)構(gòu)建服務(wù)的場(chǎng)景中些举,但也可以是用于構(gòu)建守護(hù)進(jìn)程等場(chǎng)景中。
劇本roles設(shè)計(jì)思路:將公共任務(wù)俭厚、資源户魏、變量等對(duì)象盡可能獨(dú)立。
一個(gè)roles的案例如下所示:
site.yml # 主入口文件
webservers.yml # webserver類型服務(wù)所用的劇本
dbservers.yml # 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)類型的服務(wù)所用的劇本
files/ # 存放通用的將要被上傳的文件
templates/ # 存放通用的模板文件
roles/ # roles目錄名稱是固定的
common/ # 此目錄下的各個(gè)組件是所有角色共用的
tasks/ # 存放通用的任務(wù)文件
handlers/ # 存放通用的處理器文件
vars/ # 存放通用的變量文件
meta/ # 存放通用的角色依賴文件
webservers/ # 存放webserver類型的服務(wù)的各個(gè)組件
files/ # 存放webserver角色需要的上傳文件
templates/ # 存放webserver角色需要的模板文件
tasks/
handlers/
vars/
meta/
而在playbook中挪挤,可以這樣使用roles:
---
- hosts: webservers
roles:
- common
- webservers
也可以向roles傳遞參數(shù)绪抛,例如:
---
- hosts: webservers
roles:
- common
- { role: foo_app_instance, dir: '/opt/a', port: 5000 }
- { role: foo_app_instance, dir: '/opt/b', port: 5001 }
甚至也可以條件式地使用roles,例如:
---
- hosts: webservers
roles:
- { role: some_role, when: "ansible_os_family == 'RedHat'"
7.1 創(chuàng)建role的步驟
(1) 創(chuàng)建以roles命名的目錄电禀;
(2) 在roles目錄中分別創(chuàng)建以各角色名稱命名的目錄幢码,如webservers等;
(3) 在每個(gè)角色命名的目錄中分別創(chuàng)建files尖飞、handlers症副、meta店雅、tasks、templates和vars目錄贞铣;用不到的目錄可以創(chuàng)建為空目錄闹啦,也可以不創(chuàng)建;
(4) 在roles目錄的同級(jí)目錄下創(chuàng)建一個(gè)yaml文件辕坝,如:site.yml 窍奋,在此文件中調(diào)用各角色;
7.2 role內(nèi)各目錄中可用的文件
tasks目錄:至少應(yīng)該包含一個(gè)名為main.yml的文件酱畅,其定義了此角色的任務(wù)列表琳袄;此文件可以使用include包含其它的位于此目錄中的task文件;
files目錄:存放由copy或script等模塊調(diào)用的文件纺酸;
templates目錄:template模塊會(huì)自動(dòng)在此目錄中尋找Jinja2模板文件窖逗;
handlers目錄:此目錄中應(yīng)當(dāng)包含一個(gè)main.yml文件,用于定義此角色用到的各handler餐蔬;在handler中使用include包含的其它的handler文件也應(yīng)該位于此目錄中碎紊;
vars目錄:應(yīng)當(dāng)包含一個(gè)main.yml文件,用于定義此角色用到的變量樊诺;
meta目錄:應(yīng)當(dāng)包含一個(gè)main.yml文件仗考,用于定義此角色的特殊設(shè)定及其依賴關(guān)系;ansible 1.3及其以后的版本才支持词爬;
default目錄:為當(dāng)前角色設(shè)定默認(rèn)變量時(shí)使用此目錄秃嗜;應(yīng)當(dāng)包含一個(gè)main.yml文件;
7.3 簡(jiǎn)單部署LAMP的Roles案例
先看一下這個(gè)roles的目錄結(jié)構(gòu):
[root@LOCALHOST ansible-examples-master]# tree [root@LOCALHOST ansible-examples-master]# tree lamp_simple
lamp_simple
├── group_vars
│ ├── all
│ └── dbservers
├── hosts
├── LICENSE.md
├── README.md
├── roles
│ ├── common
│ │ ├── handlers
│ │ │ └── main.yml
│ │ ├── tasks
│ │ │ └── main.yml
│ │ └── templates
│ │ └── ntp.conf.j2
│ ├── db
│ │ ├── handlers
│ │ │ └── main.yml
│ │ ├── tasks
│ │ │ └── main.yml
│ │ └── templates
│ │ └── my.cnf.j2
│ └── web
│ ├── handlers
│ │ └── main.yml
│ ├── tasks
│ │ ├── copy_code.yml
│ │ ├── install_httpd.yml
│ │ └── main.yml
│ └── templates
│ └── index.php.j2
└── site.yml
14 directories, 17 files
查看各個(gè)playbook的內(nèi)容:
- 查看主機(jī)清單文件
# cat lamp_simple/hosts
[webservers]
web3
[dbservers]
web2
- 查看主入口文件
# cat lamp_simeple/site.yml
---
# This playbook deploys the whole application stack in this site.
- name: apply common configuration to all nodes
hosts: all
remote_user: root
roles:
- common
- name: configure and deploy the webservers and application code
hosts: webservers
remote_user: root
roles:
- web
- name: deploy MySQL and configure the databases
hosts: dbservers
remote_user: root
roles:
- db
- 查看變量文件:
# cat lamp_simple/group_vars/all
---
# Variables listed here are applicable to all host groups
httpd_port: 80
ntpserver: 192.168.1.2
repository: https://github.com/bennojoy/mywebapp.git
# cat lamp_simple/group_vars/dbservers
---
# The variables file used by the playbooks in the dbservers group.
# These don't have to be explicitly imported by vars_files: they are autopopulated.
mysqlservice: mysqld
mysql_port: 3306
dbuser: foouser
dbname: foodb
upassword: abc
- 查看通用hanlder文件:
# cat lamp_simple/roles/common/handlers/main.yml
---
# Handler to handle common notifications. Handlers are called by other plays.
# See http://docs.ansible.com/playbooks_intro.html for more information about handlers.
- name: restart ntp
service: name=ntpd state=restarted
- name: restart iptables
service: name=iptables state=restarted
- 查看通用tasks文件:
# cat lamp_simple/roles/common/tasks/main.yml
---
# This playbook contains common plays that will be run on all nodes.
- name: Install ntp
yum: name=ntp state=present
tags: ntp
- name: Configure ntp file
template: src=ntp.conf.j2 dest=/etc/ntp.conf
tags: ntp
notify: restart ntp
- name: Start the ntp service
service: name=ntpd state=started enabled=yes
tags: ntp
- name: test to see if selinux is running
command: getenforce
register: sestatus
changed_when: false
- 查看通用模板文件:
# cat lamp_simple/roles/common/templates/ntp.conf.j2
driftfile /var/lib/ntp/drift
restrict 127.0.0.1
restrict -6 ::1
server {{ ntpserver }}
includefile /etc/ntp/crypto/pw
keys /etc/ntp/keys
- 查看db角色的handlers文件:
# cat lamp_simple/roles/db/handlers/main.yml
---
# Handler to handle DB tier notifications
- name: restart mysql
service: name=mysqld state=restarted
- name: restart iptables
service: name=iptables state=restarted[root@LOCALHOST ansible-examples-master]# cat lamp_simple/roles/db/handlers/main.yml
---
# Handler to handle DB tier notifications
- name: restart mysql
service: name=mysqld state=restarted
- name: restart iptables
service: name=iptables state=restarted
- 查看db角色的tasks文件:
# cat lamp_simple/roles/db/tasks/main.yml
---
# This playbook will install mysql and create db user and give permissions.
- name: Install Mysql package
yum: name={{ item }} state=installed
with_items:
- mysql-server
- MySQL-python
- libselinux-python
- libsemanage-python
- name: Configure SELinux to start mysql on any port
seboolean: name=mysql_connect_any state=true persistent=yes
when: sestatus.rc != 0
- name: Create Mysql configuration file
template: src=my.cnf.j2 dest=/etc/my.cnf
notify:
- restart mysql
- name: Start Mysql Service
service: name=mysqld state=started enabled=yes
- name: insert iptables rule
lineinfile: dest=/etc/sysconfig/iptables state=present regexp="{{ mysql_port }}"
insertafter="^:OUTPUT " line="-A INPUT -p tcp --dport {{ mysql_port }} -j ACCEPT"
notify: restart iptables
- name: Create Application Database
mysql_db: name={{ dbname }} state=present
- name: Create Application DB User
mysql_user: name={{ dbuser }} password={{ upassword }} priv=*.*:ALL host='%' state=present
- 查看db角色的模板文件:
# cat lamp_simple/roles/db/templates/my.cnf.j2
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
user=mysql
# Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks
symbolic-links=0
port={{ mysql_port }}
[mysqld_safe]
log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log
pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
- 查看web角色的handlers文件:
# cat lamp_simple/roles/web/handlers/main.yml
---
# Handler for the webtier: handlers are called by other plays.
# See http://docs.ansible.com/playbooks_intro.html for more information about handlers.
- name: restart iptables
service: name=iptables state=restarted
- 查看web角色的tasks文件:
# cat lamp_simple/roles/web/tasks/main.yml
---
- include: install_httpd.yml
- include: copy_code.yml
# cat lamp_simple/roles/web/tasks/install_httpd.yml
---
# These tasks install http and the php modules.
- name: Install http and php etc
yum: name={{ item }} state=present
with_items:
- httpd
- php
- php-mysql
- git
- libsemanage-python
- libselinux-python
- name: insert iptables rule for httpd
lineinfile: dest=/etc/sysconfig/iptables create=yes state=present regexp="{{ httpd_port }}" insertafter="^:OUTPUT "
line="-A INPUT -p tcp --dport {{ httpd_port }} -j ACCEPT"
notify: restart iptables
- name: http service state
service: name=httpd state=started enabled=yes
- name: Configure SELinux to allow httpd to connect to remote database
seboolean: name=httpd_can_network_connect_db state=true persistent=yes
when: sestatus.rc != 0`
# cat lamp_simple/roles/web/tasks/copy_code.yml
---
# These tasks are responsible for copying the latest dev/production code from
# the version control system.
- name: Copy the code from repository
git: repo={{ repository }} dest=/var/www/html/
- name: Creates the index.php file
template: src=index.php.j2 dest=/var/www/html/index.php
查看web角色的模板文件:
# cat lamp_simple/roles/web/templates/index.php.j2
<html>
<head>
<title>Ansible Application</title>
</head>
<body>
</br>
<a href=http://{{ ansible_default_ipv4.address }}/index.html>Homepage</a>
</br>
<?php
Print "Hello, World! I am a web server configured using Ansible and I am : ";
echo exec('hostname');
Print "</BR>";
echo "List of Databases: </BR>";
{% for host in groups['dbservers'] %}
$link = mysqli_connect('{{ hostvars[host].ansible_default_ipv4.address }}', '{{ hostvars[host].dbuser }}', '{{ hostvars[host].upassword }}') or die(mysqli_connect_error($link));
{% endfor %}
$res = mysqli_query($link, "SHOW DATABASES;");
while ($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($res)) {
echo $row['Database'] . "\n";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
執(zhí)行這個(gè)roles
# ansile-playbook -i lamp_simple/hosts lamp_simple/site.yml
八缸夹、Ansible Galaxy
Ansible Galaxy是Ansible官方Roles分享平臺(tái)(galaxy.ansible.com)痪寻,在Galaxy平臺(tái)上所有人可以免費(fèi)上傳或下載Roles,在這里好的技巧虽惭、思想橡类、架構(gòu)得以積累和傳播。
8.1 ansible-galaxy命令的用法:
[root@LOCALHOST tasks]# ansible-galaxy --help
Usage: ansible-galaxy [delete|import|info|init|install|list|login|remove|search|setup] [--help] [options] ...
Options:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-c, --ignore-certs Ignore SSL certificate validation errors.
-s API_SERVER, --server=API_SERVER
The API server destination
-v, --verbose verbose mode (-vvv for more, -vvvv to enable
connection debugging)
--version show program's version number and exit
See 'ansible-galaxy <command> --help' for more information on a specific command.
搜索lamp相關(guān)的roles:
命令:ansible-galaxy search lamp
結(jié)果如下圖:
來(lái)安裝一個(gè)搜索到的角色:
命令:ansible-galaxy install vivaserver.lamp
[root@LOCALHOST ~]# ansible-galaxy install vivaserver.lamp
- downloading role 'lamp', owned by vivaserver
- downloading role from https://github.com/vivaserver/ansible-lamp/archive/master.tar.gz
- extracting vivaserver.lamp to /root/.ansible/roles/vivaserver.lamp
- vivaserver.lamp (master) was installed successfully
根據(jù)輸出提示芽唇,安裝的role放在
/root/.ansible/roles/vivaserver.lamp
查看這個(gè)role目錄結(jié)構(gòu):
[root@LOCALHOST vivaserver.lamp]# tree /root/.ansible/roles/vivaserver.lamp/
/root/.ansible/roles/vivaserver.lamp/
├── files
│ ├── favicon.ico
│ └── www.html
├── LICENSE
├── meta
│ └── main.yml
├── README.md
├── screenshot.png
└── tasks
└── main.yml
3 directories, 7 files
按作者搜索roles:
[root@LOCALHOST ~]# ansible-galaxy search zabbix --author dj-wasabi
Found 5 roles matching your search:
Name Description
---- -----------
dj-wasabi.zabbix-javagateway Installing and maintaining zabbix-javagateway for RedHat/Debian/Ubuntu.
dj-wasabi.zabbix-server Installing and maintaining zabbix-server for RedHat/Debian/Ubuntu.
dj-wasabi.zabbix-web Installing and maintaining zabbix-web for RedHat/Debian/Ubuntu.
dj-wasabi.zabbix-proxy Installing and maintaining zabbix-proxy for RedHat/Debian/Ubuntu.
dj-wasabi.zabbix-agent Installing and maintaining zabbix-agent for RedHat/Debian/Ubuntu.
上述命令中
dj-wasabi
是作者的用戶名
8.2 批量安裝多個(gè)roles
# cat roles.txt
user1.role1,v1.0.0
user2.role2,v0.5
user2.role3
安裝:
# ansible-galaxy install -r roles.txt