>> The Science Book?
Day1: Vocabulary
【圖例注釋】
[→]? Day1筆記
[ △ ] ?Day2筆記
△ Science is an ongoing search for truth - a perpetual struggle to discover how the Universe works that goes back to the earliest civilizations.?
→ Although this is mistaken, no one doubted it until ?the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei disproved the idea in 1590. While it may seem obvious today that a good scientist must rely on empirical evidence, this was not always apparent.?
astronomer: a person who is skilled in astronomy or who makes observations of celestial phenomena
(celestial: of or relating to the sky)
astronomy: the scientific study of the individual celestial bodies (excluding the earth) and of the universe as a whole.?Its various branches include astrometry, astrodynamics, cosmology, and astrophysics) ↓
? ? - astrometry: the branch of astronomy concerned with the measurement of the position and motion of celestial bodies
? ? - astrodynamics: the study of the motion of natural and artificial bodies in space
? ? - cosmology: the branch of astronomy concerned with the evolution and structure of the universe ?
? ? ? ? 詞根聯(lián)想：cosmos (cosmo + logy)
? ? - astrophysics: the branch of physics concerned with the physical and chemical properties, origin, and evolution of the celestial bodies
disprove: to show (an assertion, claim, etc) to be incorrect?
e.g. There is not enough evidence in the letters to prove or disprove this hypothesis.?
[SYNONYMY NOTE]?
disprove implies the presenting of evidence or reasoned arguments that demonstrate an assertion, etc. to be false or erroneous;?
refute?implies a more thorough assembly of evidence and a more careful development of argument, hence suggests conclusiveness of proof against; ,?
confute suggests the overwhelming or silencing of a person by argument or proof; ,?
controvert implies a disputing or denying of statements, arguments, etc. in an endeavor to refute them; ,?
rebut stresses formality in refuting an argument, such as is observed in debate, court procedure, etc.
empirical: relying on experience or observation alone often without due regard for system and theory?
e.g.
①This sacred cosmology, moreover, was entirely subject to belief and imagination rather than direct empirical knowledge and reason.
②This is not only a matter of empirical observation but of internal logic.
→ If it seems to be true, then the results may be sent out for peer review, in which people working in the same or a similar field are invited to pick holes in argument, and so falsify the theory, or to repeat the experiment to make sure that the results are correct.?
falsify:
1. to prove or declare false : disprove
e.g. The scientific method cannot establish truths; it can only?falsify?hypotheses.
2. to make false: such as?
? ? ? ? a : to make false by mutilation or addition
? ? ? ? b : to represent falsely : misrepresent ??
e.g.?
? ? ①Two care home workers who lied to police and falsified medical records after an elderly dementia patient died in agony on their watch have been jailed.?
? ? ② He falsified computer records to cover his tracks but was caught by an internal audit.?
? ? ③He was caught falsifying financial accounts. ?(→聯(lián)想：manipulate financial statement)
→ English astronomer Edmond Halley, observing the comet of 1682, realized that it was similar to comets reported in 1531 and 1607, and suggested that all three were the same object, in orbit round the Sun.?
comet: a celestial body that travels around the sun, usually in a highly elliptical orbit: thought to consist of a solid frozen nucleus part of which vaporizes on approaching the sun to form a gaseous luminous coma and a long luminous tail
(elliptical: a closed conic section shaped like a flattened circle and formed by an inclined plane that does not cut the base of the cone. Standard equation x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1, where 2a and 2b are the lengths of the major and minor axes. Area: πab) ??
? ? 形近詞: eclipse (見下部分)
(coma: ?[astronomy] the luminous cloud surrounding the frozen solid nucleus in the head of a comet, formed by vaporization of part of the nucleus when the comet is close to the sun)
(necleus: the central portion in the head of a comet, consisting of small solid particles of ice and frozen gases, which vaporize on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail)
e.g. Halley's Comet is going to come back in 2061.?
orbit: [astronomy] the curved path, usually elliptical, followed by a planet, satellite, comet, etc, in its motion around another celestial body under the influence of gravitation
e.g. Like Earth, it orbits a sun at the right distance to make life possible.
the Sun?注意首字母S大寫艇肴，特指太陽(yáng)系的中心天體代承，天文專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)（之后的Halley's Comet，C也是大寫秕重，特指命名的comet）
→ Experiment may test a theory, or be purely speculative . When the New Zealand-born physicist Ernest Rutherford watched his students fire alpha particles at gold leaf in a search for deflections, he suggested putting the detector beside the source, and to their astonishment some of the alpha particles bounced back off the paper-thin foil.?
spectulative: involving, based on, or constituting intellectual speculation; also : theoretical rather than demonstrable
speculation: investment involving high risk but also the possibility of high profits
e.g.
1. ?①They are highly speculative and you should only invest what you can afford to lose.
? ? ?②Much has been written about the urgent need for an overhaul of incentive schemes to encourage longterm sustainable performance rather than speculative short-term gains.
2.? The talks are speculative rather than substantive, for three reasons.
[Synonyms] theoratical, academic, academical?
[Antonyms] pratical, empirical?
particle: [physics] a body with finite mass that can be treated as having negligible?size, and internal structure
(negligible: so small, unimportant, etc, as to be not worth considering; insignificant)
deflection: the change in direction of a light beam as it crosses a boundary between two media with different refractive indexes
(refractive: [physics] the change in direction of a propagating wave, such as light or sound, in passing from one medium to another in which it has a different velocity)
[Synonyms]?reflection,deviation(the amount of deviation caused by a deflection)
detector: any mechanical sensing device?
foil: metal in the form of very thin sheets
→ Over the centuries, long-held concepts such as a geocentric Universe, the four bodily humours, the fire-element phlogiston, and a mysterious medium called aether have all been disproved and replaced with new theories.?
geocentric: having the earth at its centre
e.g. The Ptolemaic system postulated a geocentric universe
? ? 聯(lián)想：heliocentric (helio + centric)? ?Word origin of 'helio-' : from Greek, from hēlios sun
phlogiston: [chemistry] a hypothetical substance formerly thought to be present in all combustible?materials and to be released during burning
△ Discoveries may be made simultaneously by scientists working independently, but almost every advance depends on in some measure on previous work and theories.?
to some degree? |? to some extent? |? in some measure 用某種角度看
? ? Link>>與?day -1筆記中 in the sense 的感覺(jué)相似
→ Thales of Miletus predicted an eclipse?of the Sun in 585 BCE.?
eclipse: the total or partial obscuring of reflected light from a celestial body as a result of its passage through the shadow of another. A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes through the shadow of the earth
? ? 形近詞: elliptical （見上部分）
(obscure: to cover or cloud over)
△Day2: Mindmap?
對(duì)比安妮示范導(dǎo)圖后的自我批注：
修改理由 之?為什么要在“ways of science”和“scientific method”兩個(gè)node間畫上聯(lián)系線？
i.e.“ways of science”和“scientific method”的邏輯關(guān)系 ↓
Annie: 科學(xué)研究的方法歷史上有觀察、推演和實(shí)驗(yàn)，但系統(tǒng)成型為the scientific method矛辕，包括了三個(gè)步驟：觀察、理論和實(shí)驗(yàn)檢驗(yàn)付魔。Decarte把科學(xué)方法進(jìn)行了一個(gè)形而上的歸納聊品。在他歸納之前，觀察几苍、推演和實(shí)驗(yàn)是科學(xué)家們不同程度依賴的三個(gè)主要手段翻屈。那時(shí)候煉金術(shù)士還是在做實(shí)驗(yàn)的，數(shù)學(xué)家們多是觀察一下太陽(yáng)降落的角度妻坝、影子長(zhǎng)度伸眶，然后推算推算之類的，但是隨著科學(xué)本身的方法論的演進(jìn)刽宪，人們漸漸認(rèn)識(shí)到最好將這三種手段結(jié)合起來(lái)厘贼，反復(fù)論證。
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Day3: 回顧與總結(jié)
關(guān)于Mindmap
>>問(wèn)題與感悟
我整理mindmap時(shí)候的思路和安妮導(dǎo)圖中呈現(xiàn)的思路基本一致：part1? science的concept與方法發(fā)展圣拄，part2? progression時(shí)間軸嘴秸。在看到安妮的思維導(dǎo)圖后，深感：“這就是這條思路最好的展示了庇谆！”
盡管思路大體一致岳掐，反觀我在梳理時(shí)卻遇到甚多磕絆，對(duì)比安妮的導(dǎo)圖并思考后得出以下心得感悟：
△梳理導(dǎo)圖的核心任務(wù)是抓住主題饭耳、邏輯線以及子主題串述，一個(gè)好的思維導(dǎo)圖應(yīng)做到：能讓未讀文章的讀者，看到導(dǎo)圖就明白文章有幾個(gè)內(nèi)容及其內(nèi)在邏輯聯(lián)系寞肖。
不止是這一次纲酗，一直以來(lái)自己每次梳理mindmap時(shí)遇到的磕絆，多是因無(wú)法割舍細(xì)節(jié)新蟆，“撿芝麻丟西瓜”耕姊，追求所謂“全面”而非框架的清晰完整。
>>Actionable Insight
在梳理主干時(shí)不糾纏于細(xì)枝末節(jié)栅葡，并時(shí)時(shí)問(wèn)自己：這段的中心思想是什么郑叠？這些細(xì)節(jié)與段落大意的關(guān)系是什么旷赖，這些細(xì)節(jié)能否歸并于追溯其上的某個(gè)論點(diǎn)？
(事實(shí)上這些安妮都在Day1推送以及Day2 FM中給予了貼心的提醒，或許有些事只有“意識(shí)到”并留心體會(huì)悯辙，才知道“原來(lái)是這個(gè)意思呀”。)
思考與體悟
這個(gè)部分漓糙，事實(shí)上并不能歸屬于Day3——“學(xué)習(xí)并思考”是我閱讀的初衷潦匈，故而貫穿于這三天的始末，語(yǔ)言只是閱讀過(guò)程中的自然收獲（今天在安妮的讀書筆記里看到了類似的觀點(diǎn)横殴，有點(diǎn)小激動(dòng)XD）被因。我深知自身認(rèn)識(shí)之淺薄，加之已遠(yuǎn)離自然科學(xué)學(xué)堂已然許久衫仑，不敢妄自談?wù)摗翱茖W(xué)的本質(zhì)”梨与、“自然科學(xué)與社會(huì)科學(xué)的區(qū)別”，而這篇取自The Science Book片段的文章也并未給我足夠的信息去思考這樣的問(wèn)題文狱。不過(guò)粥鞋，這篇文章提供了一個(gè)較為清晰的“知識(shí)地圖”，其可讀性也足以喚醒我重新遨游自然科學(xué)的心瞄崇，對(duì)于在這片領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)逐漸干涸的我而言呻粹，“小富即安” 。: p
讀這篇文章時(shí)我的目光始終離不開那位只在文章開頭出現(xiàn)的古希臘先賢亞里士多德——這位百科全書式的大家苏研，一生的學(xué)術(shù)貢獻(xiàn)等浊，從力學(xué)、動(dòng)物科學(xué)摹蘑，至哲學(xué)筹燕、神學(xué)、教育學(xué)等纹蝴，不可不謂“廣而深”庄萎。曾經(jīng)拜讀些許哲學(xué)書籍，就對(duì)那個(gè)時(shí)期的大家心生敬仰塘安，其思辯的精妙之處更是可“意會(huì)不可言傳”糠涛。受其影響，在我的認(rèn)知體系中兼犯，探索真理需要細(xì)致的觀察忍捡，并思辯事物的本質(zhì)——如果我們從未“觀察到”，如何談本質(zhì)切黔？這次在閱讀更是從另一個(gè)角度認(rèn)識(shí)了這位古希臘大家砸脊。古希臘的科學(xué)家們更多依靠對(duì)事物細(xì)致的觀察，進(jìn)而思辯纬霞、推演凌埂，極少用到實(shí)驗(yàn)的他們竟也有了不少樸素的科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)，我深感這其中的困難诗芜，但他們做到了瞳抓，而且做得非常出色埃疫，這是令我最嘆服的。
文章先談?wù)摿丝茖W(xué)及科學(xué)方法的發(fā)展孩哑，再梳理科學(xué)發(fā)展歷史時(shí)間軸栓霜。我們能從這條時(shí)間軸中看到各個(gè)學(xué)科的不斷探索及其理論承上啟下的發(fā)展（like a“chain”）。從我的淺薄認(rèn)知來(lái)看横蜒，發(fā)展鏈條上的每一個(gè)鏈接環(huán)扣胳蛮，都是一次艱難的“斗爭(zhēng)”。曾有人將近代科學(xué)中的三次發(fā)現(xiàn)——哥白尼的“日心說(shuō)”丛晌、達(dá)爾文的“進(jìn)化論”仅炊、弗洛伊德的人的“性本能”說(shuō)——喻為“對(duì)人類自尊心的三次重大打擊”：哥白尼提出日心說(shuō)，推翻了之前的“地心說(shuō)”茵乱，讓人類意識(shí)到自己所處的地球并非宇宙的中心茂洒，地球也只不過(guò)是宇宙中環(huán)繞著太陽(yáng)在軌道上運(yùn)行的一顆行星；達(dá)爾文論證了人類也并非上帝的子民瓶竭，只是由低等生物不斷進(jìn)化而成的生物督勺；弗洛伊德論證，人類行為主要由本能與潛意識(shí)驅(qū)動(dòng)斤贰，并非純粹理性的生物≈前В現(xiàn)在人們常說(shuō)“三觀易碎”，但我認(rèn)為其實(shí)最難“擊碎”的就是三觀荧恍，如果要達(dá)到“擊碎”的程度瓷叫，那莫過(guò)于此了：從居于宇宙中心、受到上帝庇佑并具有智慧的高等生物送巡，到自然摹菠、宇宙中的普通一隅，這其中的心里落差之大我們大概是很難想象的骗爆。
當(dāng)我們生活中習(xí)以為常的事物突然間崩塌次氨，有人突然跳出來(lái)告訴你“嘿，你可能在一個(gè)假的世界活著”摘投，還妄圖把你拖到另一個(gè)他所認(rèn)為“真實(shí)”煮寡、而你所認(rèn)為無(wú)比“荒謬”的世界里，可能你也會(huì)抽他一個(gè)大耳刮子犀呼，再指著他鼻子罵“腦子瓦塔啦”幸撕。或許也是因?yàn)橛兄愃频男睦眢w驗(yàn)外臂，我對(duì)這樣的改變心存敬畏坐儿。到這里，我回想起曾經(jīng)觀看過(guò)的兩部電影《海上鋼琴師》和《楚門的世界》，更加理解1900留在船上的選擇挑童，也無(wú)比敬佩楚門推開通往陌生但真實(shí)世界的大門的勇氣累铅。
每本書都是我們觀察世界的一扇窗，在語(yǔ)言之外更重要的站叼，是我們看到這個(gè)世界菇民，并選擇該如何走下去尽楔。
鯨魚
2017.03.01?
