Android ble

一旗扑、方法

二膨处、聲明權限

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION" />

如果您要聲明您的應用僅適用于支持 BLE 的設備,請在應用清單中添加以下內(nèi)容:

<uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.bluetooth_le" android:required="true"/>

如果您希望應用適用于不支持 BLE 的設備桐早,則您應仍將此元素添加到應用清單中躯泰,但設置 required="false"。然后您可以在運行時使用 PackageManager.hasSystemFeature()`確定 BLE 的可用性:

// Use this check to determine whether BLE is supported on the device. Then
// you can selectively disable BLE-related features.
if (!getPackageManager().hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_BLUETOOTH_LE)) {
    Toast.makeText(this, R.string.ble_not_supported, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
    finish();
}

android.permission.BLUETOOTH: 這個權限允許程序連接到已配對的藍牙設備, 請求連接/接收連接/傳輸數(shù)據(jù)需要改權限, 主要用于對配對后進行操作;
android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN: 這個權限允許程序發(fā)現(xiàn)和配對藍牙設備, 該權限用來管理藍牙設備, 有了這個權限, 應用才能使用本機的藍牙設備, 主要用于對配對前的操作;
android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATIONandroid.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION:Android 6.0以后安聘,這兩個權限是必須的痰洒,藍牙掃描周圍的設備需要獲取模糊的位置信息。這兩個權限屬于同一組危險權限浴韭,在清單文件中聲明之后丘喻,還需要再運行時動態(tài)獲取。

  • Android 6.0以上獲取位置權限代碼如下:
//判斷是否為android6.0系統(tǒng)版本念颈,如果是泉粉,需要動態(tài)添加權限
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.M) { 
    //獲取權限(如果沒有開啟權限,會彈出對話框舍肠,詢問是否開啟權限)
    if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED
        || ActivityCompat.checkSelfPermission(this, Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
        //請求權限
        ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(this, new String[] {Manifest.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION,
                        Manifest.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION}, R.id.request_code_local);
    }
}

三搀继、關于BLE和Android原生接口的使用

Android 4.3(Api Level18)引入BLE支持

BLE關鍵術語和概念

  • 通用屬性配置文件 (GATT)
    GATT配置文件是一種通用規(guī)范,內(nèi)容針對在BLE鏈路上發(fā)送和接收稱為“屬性”的簡短數(shù)據(jù)片段翠语。目前所有低功耗應用配置文件都是以GATT為基礎叽躯。
    藍牙特別興趣小組 (Bluetooth SIG) 為低功耗設備定義諸多配置文件。配置文件是描述設備如何在特定應用中工作的規(guī)范肌括。請注意点骑,一臺設備可以實現(xiàn)多個配置文件酣难。例如,一臺設備可能包含心率監(jiān)測儀和電池電量檢測器黑滴。

  • 屬性協(xié)議 (ATT)
    屬性協(xié)議 (ATT) 是 GATT 的構建基礎憨募,二者的關系也被稱為 GATT/ATT。ATT 經(jīng)過優(yōu)化袁辈,可在 BLE 設備上運行菜谣。為此,該協(xié)議盡可能少地使用字節(jié)晚缩。每個屬性均由通用唯一標識符 (UUID) 進行唯一標識尾膊,后者是用于對信息進行唯一標識的字符串 ID 的 128 位標準化格式。由 ATT 傳輸?shù)膶傩圆捎锰卣骱头崭袷健?/p>

  • 特征
    特征包含一個值和 0 至多個描述特征值的描述符荞彼。您可將特征理解為類型冈敛,后者與類類似。

  • 描述符
    描述符是描述特征值的已定義屬性鸣皂。例如抓谴,描述符可指定人類可讀的描述、特征值的可接受范圍或特定于特征值的度量單位

  • Service
    服務是一系列特征寞缝。例如癌压,您可能擁有名為“心率監(jiān)測器”的服務,其中包括“心率測量”等特征第租。您可以在 bluetooth.org 上找到基于 GATT 的現(xiàn)有配置文件和服務的列表措拇。

角色和職責

以下是 Android 設備與 BLE 設備交互時應用的角色和職責:

  • 中央(Central)與外圍(Peripheral)。這適用于 BLE 連接本身慎宾。擔任中央角色的設備進行掃描丐吓、尋找廣播;外圍設備發(fā)出廣播趟据。詳細可看鏈接:BLE設備角色

  • GATT 服務器與 GATT 客戶端券犁。這確定兩個設備建立連接后如何相互通信。

設置BLE

如果不支持 BLE汹碱,則應妥善停用任何 BLE 功能粘衬。如果設備支持 BLE 但已停用此功能,則您可以請求用戶在不離開應用的同時啟用藍牙咳促。借助 BluetoothAdapter稚新,您可以分兩步完成此設置。

  1. 獲取 BluetoothAdapter
    所有藍牙 Activity 都需要 BluetoothAdapter跪腹。BluetoothAdapter 代表設備自身的藍牙適配器(藍牙無線裝置)褂删。整個系統(tǒng)有一個藍牙適配器,并且您的應用可使用此對象與之進行交互冲茸。以下代碼段展示如何獲取適配器屯阀。請注意缅帘,此方法使用 getSystemService()返回 BluetoothManager的實例,然后使用該實例獲取適配器难衰。Android 4.3(API 級別 18)引入 BluetoothManager
private BluetoothAdapter bluetoothAdapter;
// Initializes Bluetooth adapter.
final BluetoothManager bluetoothManager =
        (BluetoothManager) getSystemService(Context.BLUETOOTH_SERVICE);
bluetoothAdapter = bluetoothManager.getAdapter();
  1. 啟用藍牙
    下一步钦无,您需要確保藍牙已啟用。調(diào)用 isEnabled()盖袭,以檢查當前是否已啟用藍牙失暂。如果此方法返回 false,則表示藍牙處于停用狀態(tài)苍凛。以下代碼段會檢查藍牙是否已啟用趣席。如果并未啟用,則代碼段會顯示錯誤醇蝴,提示用戶前往“Settings”啟用藍牙:
// Ensures Bluetooth is available on the device and it is enabled. If not,
// displays a dialog requesting user permission to enable Bluetooth.
if (bluetoothAdapter == null || !bluetoothAdapter.isEnabled()) {
    Intent enableBtIntent = new Intent(BluetoothAdapter.ACTION_REQUEST_ENABLE);
    startActivityForResult(enableBtIntent, REQUEST_ENABLE_BT);
}

注意:傳遞給 startActivityForResult(android.content.Intent, int)REQUEST_ENABLE_BT 常量是本地定義的整數(shù)(必須大于0),系統(tǒng)會在您的 onActivityResult(int, int, android.content.Intent)實現(xiàn)中將其作為 requestCode 參數(shù)傳回給您想罕。

查找設備

如要查找 BLE 設備悠栓,請使用 startLeScan() 方法。此方法將 BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback作為參數(shù)按价。您必須實現(xiàn)此回調(diào)惭适,因為這是返回掃描結果的方式。掃描非常耗電楼镐,因此您應遵循以下準則:

  • 找到所需設備后癞志,立即停止掃描。
  • 絕對不進行循環(huán)掃描框产,并設置掃描時間限制凄杯。之前可用的設備可能已超出范圍,繼續(xù)掃描會耗盡電池電量秉宿。

以下代碼段展示如何啟動和停止掃描:

/**
 * Activity for scanning and displaying available BLE devices.
 */
public class DeviceScanActivity extends ListActivity {

    private BluetoothAdapter bluetoothAdapter;
    private boolean mScanning = false;
    private Handler handler = new Handler();

    // Stops scanning after 10 seconds.
    private static final long SCAN_PERIOD = 10000;
    ...
    private void scanLeDevice(final boolean enable) {
        if (enable) {
            // Stops scanning after a pre-defined scan period.
            handler.postDelayed(new Runnable() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    mScanning = false;
                    bluetoothAdapter.stopLeScan(leScanCallback);
                }
            }, SCAN_PERIOD);

            mScanning = true;
            bluetoothAdapter.startLeScan(leScanCallback);
        } else {
            mScanning = false;
            bluetoothAdapter.stopLeScan(leScanCallback);
        }
        ...
    }
...
}

如果您想掃描特定類型的外圍設備戒突,則可調(diào)用 startLeScan(UUID[], BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback),它會提供一組 UUID對象描睦,用于指定您的應用支持的 GATT 服務膊存。
以下是 BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback的實現(xiàn),其為用于傳遞 BLE 掃描結果的界面:

private LeDeviceListAdapter leDeviceListAdapter;
...
// Device scan callback.
private BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback leScanCallback =
        new BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback() {
    @Override
    public void onLeScan(final BluetoothDevice device, int rssi,
            byte[] scanRecord) {
        runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
           @Override
           public void run() {
               leDeviceListAdapter.addDevice(device);
               leDeviceListAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
           }
       });
   }
};

本人使用設備Android9.0 使用獲取設備廣播包的代碼如下

  • 創(chuàng)建回調(diào)函數(shù)和定時器
private ScanCallback cl = new ScanCallback() {
            @Override
            public void onScanResult(int callbackType, ScanResult result) {
                super.onScanResult(callbackType, result);
                Log.d(LOG_TAG, "device " + result.getDevice().getAddress().replace(":", ""));
            }

            @Override
            public void onBatchScanResults(List<ScanResult> results) {
                super.onBatchScanResults(results);
                for (ScanResult ret : results) {
                    Log.d(LOG_TAG, "result " + ret.toString());
                }
            }
            @Override
            public void onScanFailed(int errorCode) {
                super.onScanFailed(errorCode);
                Toast.makeText(mActivity, "Scan failed with error: " + errorCode, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
            }
        };

private Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                mScanning = false;
                bluetoothAdapter.getBluetoothLeScanner().stopScan(cl );
            }
        };
  • 開始和停止掃描設備(添加和移除回調(diào)函數(shù))
private void scanLeDevice(boolean enable) {
        if (enable) {
            // Stops scanning after a pre-defined scan period.
            handler.postDelayed(runnable, SCAN_PERIOD);
            mScanning = true;
            bluetoothAdapter.getBluetoothLeScanner().startScan(cl);
        } else {
            mScanning = false;
            handler.removeCallbacks(runnable);
            bluetoothAdapter.getBluetoothLeScanner().stopScan(cl);
        }
    }

注意:僅能掃描藍牙 LE 設備傳統(tǒng)藍牙設備忱叭,正如藍牙概覽中所述隔崎。無法同時掃描藍牙 LE 設備和傳統(tǒng)藍牙設備

連接到GATT服務器

與 BLE 設備交互的第一步便是連接到 GATT 服務器。更具體地說韵丑,是連接到設備上的 GATT 服務器爵卒。如要連接到 BLE 設備上的 GATT 服務器,請使用 connectGatt()方法埂息。此方法采用三個參數(shù):一個 Context 對象技潘、autoConnect(布爾值遥巴,指示是否在可用時自動連接到 BLE 設備),以及對 BluetoothGattCallback 的引用:

bluetoothGatt = device.connectGatt(this, false, gattCallback);

這將連接到由 BLE 設備托管的 GATT 服務器享幽,并返回 BluetoothGatt實例铲掐,然后您可使用該實例執(zhí)行 GATT 客戶端操作。調(diào)用方(Android 應用)是 GATT 客戶端值桩。BluetoothGattCallback用于向客戶端傳遞結果(例如連接狀態(tài))摆霉,以及任何進一步的 GATT 客戶端操作。
在本例中奔坟,BLE 應用提供一個 Activity (DeviceControlActivity) 來連接携栋、顯示數(shù)據(jù)和顯示設備支持的 GATT 服務和特征。根據(jù)用戶輸入咳秉,此 Activity 和一個名為 BluetoothLeServiceService 通信婉支,該服務通過 Android BLE API 與 BLE 設備交互:

// A service that interacts with the BLE device via the Android BLE API.
public class BluetoothLeService extends Service {
    private final static String TAG = BluetoothLeService.class.getSimpleName();

    private BluetoothManager bluetoothManager;
    private BluetoothAdapter bluetoothAdapter;
    private String bluetoothDeviceAddress;
    private BluetoothGatt bluetoothGatt;
    private int connectionState = STATE_DISCONNECTED;

    private static final int STATE_DISCONNECTED = 0;
    private static final int STATE_CONNECTING = 1;
    private static final int STATE_CONNECTED = 2;

    public final static String ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED =
            "com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED";
    public final static String ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED =
            "com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED";
    public final static String ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED =
            "com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED";
    public final static String ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE =
            "com.example.bluetooth.le.ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE";
    public final static String EXTRA_DATA =
            "com.example.bluetooth.le.EXTRA_DATA";

    public final static UUID UUID_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT =
            UUID.fromString(SampleGattAttributes.HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT);

    // Various callback methods defined by the BLE API.
    private final BluetoothGattCallback gattCallback =
            new BluetoothGattCallback() {
        @Override
        public void onConnectionStateChange(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status,
                int newState) {
            String intentAction;
            if (newState == BluetoothProfile.STATE_CONNECTED) {
                intentAction = ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED;
                connectionState = STATE_CONNECTED;
                broadcastUpdate(intentAction);
                Log.i(TAG, "Connected to GATT server.");
                Log.i(TAG, "Attempting to start service discovery:" +
                        bluetoothGatt.discoverServices());

            } else if (newState == BluetoothProfile.STATE_DISCONNECTED) {
                intentAction = ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED;
                connectionState = STATE_DISCONNECTED;
                Log.i(TAG, "Disconnected from GATT server.");
                broadcastUpdate(intentAction);
            }
        }

        @Override
        // New services discovered
        public void onServicesDiscovered(BluetoothGatt gatt, int status) {
            if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {
                broadcastUpdate(ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED);
            } else {
                Log.w(TAG, "onServicesDiscovered received: " + status);
            }
        }

        @Override
        // Result of a characteristic read operation
        public void onCharacteristicRead(BluetoothGatt gatt,
                BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic,
                int status) {
            if (status == BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS) {
                broadcastUpdate(ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic);
            }
        }
     ...
    };
...
}

當一個特定回調(diào)被觸發(fā)時,它會調(diào)用相應的 broadcastUpdate() 輔助方法并向其傳遞操作澜建。請注意向挖,本部分的數(shù)據(jù)解析參照“藍牙心率測量”配置文件規(guī)范執(zhí)行:

private void broadcastUpdate(final String action) {
    final Intent intent = new Intent(action);
    sendBroadcast(intent);
}

private void broadcastUpdate(final String action,
                             final BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {
    final Intent intent = new Intent(action);

    // This is special handling for the Heart Rate Measurement profile. Data
    // parsing is carried out as per profile specifications.
    if (UUID_HEART_RATE_MEASUREMENT.equals(characteristic.getUuid())) {
        int flag = characteristic.getProperties();
        int format = -1;
        if ((flag & 0x01) != 0) {
            format = BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT16;
            Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate format UINT16.");
        } else {
            format = BluetoothGattCharacteristic.FORMAT_UINT8;
            Log.d(TAG, "Heart rate format UINT8.");
        }
        final int heartRate = characteristic.getIntValue(format, 1);
        Log.d(TAG, String.format("Received heart rate: %d", heartRate));
        intent.putExtra(EXTRA_DATA, String.valueOf(heartRate));
    } else {
        // For all other profiles, writes the data formatted in HEX.
        final byte[] data = characteristic.getValue();
        if (data != null && data.length > 0) {
            final StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder(data.length);
            for(byte byteChar : data)
                stringBuilder.append(String.format("%02X ", byteChar));
            intent.putExtra(EXTRA_DATA, new String(data) + "\n" +
                    stringBuilder.toString());
        }
    }
    sendBroadcast(intent);
}

回到 DeviceControlActivity,這些事件由 BroadcastReceiver處理:

// Handles various events fired by the Service.
// ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED: connected to a GATT server.
// ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED: disconnected from a GATT server.
// ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED: discovered GATT services.
// ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE: received data from the device. This can be a
// result of read or notification operations.
private final BroadcastReceiver gattUpdateReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
    @Override
    public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
        final String action = intent.getAction();
        if (BluetoothLeService.ACTION_GATT_CONNECTED.equals(action)) {
            connected = true;
            updateConnectionState(R.string.connected);
            invalidateOptionsMenu();
        } else if (BluetoothLeService.ACTION_GATT_DISCONNECTED.equals(action)) {
            connected = false;
            updateConnectionState(R.string.disconnected);
            invalidateOptionsMenu();
            clearUI();
        } else if (BluetoothLeService.
                ACTION_GATT_SERVICES_DISCOVERED.equals(action)) {
            // Show all the supported services and characteristics on the
            // user interface.
            displayGattServices(bluetoothLeService.getSupportedGattServices());
        } else if (BluetoothLeService.ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE.equals(action)) {
            displayData(intent.getStringExtra(BluetoothLeService.EXTRA_DATA));
        }
    }
};

讀取 BLE 屬性

當您的 Android 應用成功連接到 GATT 服務器并發(fā)現(xiàn)服務后炕舵,應用便可在支持的位置讀取和寫入屬性何之。例如,以下代碼段遍歷服務器的服務和特征咽筋,并在界面中將其顯示出來:


public class DeviceControlActivity extends Activity {
    ...
    // Demonstrates how to iterate through the supported GATT
    // Services/Characteristics.
    // In this sample, we populate the data structure that is bound to the
    // ExpandableListView on the UI.
    private void displayGattServices(List<BluetoothGattService> gattServices) {
        if (gattServices == null) return;
        String uuid = null;
        String unknownServiceString = getResources().
                getString(R.string.unknown_service);
        String unknownCharaString = getResources().
                getString(R.string.unknown_characteristic);
        ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> gattServiceData =
                new ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>();
        ArrayList<ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>> gattCharacteristicData
                = new ArrayList<ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>>();
        mGattCharacteristics =
                new ArrayList<ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic>>();

        // Loops through available GATT Services.
        for (BluetoothGattService gattService : gattServices) {
            HashMap<String, String> currentServiceData =
                    new HashMap<String, String>();
            uuid = gattService.getUuid().toString();
            currentServiceData.put(
                    LIST_NAME, SampleGattAttributes.
                            lookup(uuid, unknownServiceString));
            currentServiceData.put(LIST_UUID, uuid);
            gattServiceData.add(currentServiceData);

            ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>> gattCharacteristicGroupData =
                    new ArrayList<HashMap<String, String>>();
            List<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> gattCharacteristics =
                    gattService.getCharacteristics();
            ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic> charas =
                    new ArrayList<BluetoothGattCharacteristic>();
           // Loops through available Characteristics.
            for (BluetoothGattCharacteristic gattCharacteristic :
                    gattCharacteristics) {
                charas.add(gattCharacteristic);
                HashMap<String, String> currentCharaData =
                        new HashMap<String, String>();
                uuid = gattCharacteristic.getUuid().toString();
                currentCharaData.put(
                        LIST_NAME, SampleGattAttributes.lookup(uuid,
                                unknownCharaString));
                currentCharaData.put(LIST_UUID, uuid);
                gattCharacteristicGroupData.add(currentCharaData);
            }
            mGattCharacteristics.add(charas);
            gattCharacteristicData.add(gattCharacteristicGroupData);
         }
    ...
    }
...
}

接收 GATT 通知

BLE 應用通常會要求在設備上的特定特征發(fā)生變化時收到通知溶推。以下代碼段展示如何使用 setCharacteristicNotification()方法設置特征的通知:

private BluetoothGatt bluetoothGatt;
BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic;
boolean enabled;
...
bluetoothGatt.setCharacteristicNotification(characteristic, enabled);
...
BluetoothGattDescriptor descriptor = characteristic.getDescriptor(
        UUID.fromString(SampleGattAttributes.CLIENT_CHARACTERISTIC_CONFIG));
descriptor.setValue(BluetoothGattDescriptor.ENABLE_NOTIFICATION_VALUE);
bluetoothGatt.writeDescriptor(descriptor);

為某個特征啟用通知后,如果遠程設備上的特征發(fā)生更改奸攻,則會觸發(fā) onCharacteristicChanged() 回調(diào):

@Override
// Characteristic notification
public void onCharacteristicChanged(BluetoothGatt gatt,
        BluetoothGattCharacteristic characteristic) {
    broadcastUpdate(ACTION_DATA_AVAILABLE, characteristic);
}

關閉客戶端應用

當應用完成對 BLE 設備的使用后蒜危,其應調(diào)用 close(),以便系統(tǒng)可以適當?shù)蒯尫刨Y源:

public void close() {
    if (bluetoothGatt == null) {
        return;
    }
    bluetoothGatt.close();
    bluetoothGatt = null;
}

四舞箍、fastble庫的使用

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