一起翻譯一本書橡羞，公眾號“追隨己心”將帶領(lǐng)大家一起翻譯《Beyond Feelings: A Guide to Critical Thinking》刻帚，將學(xué)習(xí)了多年的英語真正用起來砖顷，體會原版書籍和英文的美草雕。

Critical Thinking Defined

批判性思維定義

Let’s begin by making the important distinction between thinking andfeeling. I feel and I think are sometimes used interchangeably, but thatpractice causes confusion. Feeling is a subjective response that reflectsemotion, sentiment, or desire; it generally occurs spontaneously ratherthan through a conscious mental act. We don’t have to employ our mindsto feel angry when we are insulted, afraid when we are threatened, orcompassionate when we see a picture of a starving child. The feelingsarise automatically.

讓我們開始勾勒出思想和情感的重要的區(qū)分巷屿。我認(rèn)為有時可以互換使用，但這種做法會造成混亂墩虹。情感是反映情緒嘱巾、情感或心愿的主觀反應(yīng)；它通常是自然地出現(xiàn)诫钓，而不是通過有意識的心理行動旬昭。受到侮辱時我們會憤怒、受到威脅時我們會害怕菌湃、看到饑餓孩子照片時我們會同情问拘，這些都不用我們?nèi)タ刂拼竽X完成。感情會自動產(chǎn)生惧所。

distinction [d?'st??(k)?(?)n] n.區(qū)別场梆；差別；特性纯路；榮譽或油、勛章

feeling ?['fi?l??] n.感覺，觸覺驰唬；感情顶岸，情緒；同情adj.有感覺的叫编；有同情心的辖佣；富于感情的v.感覺；認(rèn)為（feel的現(xiàn)在分詞）搓逾；觸摸

interchangeably [?nt?'t?end??bli adv. [數(shù)]可交換地

practice ['pr?kt?s] n.實踐卷谈；練習(xí)；慣例vi.練習(xí)霞篡；實習(xí)世蔗；實行vt.練習(xí)端逼；實習(xí)；實行

subjective [s?b'd?ekt?v] adj.主觀的污淋；個人的顶滩；自覺的

emotion [?'m???(?)n] n.情感；情緒

sentiment ['sent?m(?)nt] n.感情寸爆，情緒礁鲁；情操；觀點赁豆；多愁善感

desire [d?'za??] n.欲望仅醇；要求，心愿魔种；性欲vt.想要着憨；要求；希望得到…vi.渴望n. (Desire)人名务嫡；(剛(布)甲抖、英)德西雷

Critical['kr?t?k(?)l]adj.鑒定的；[核]臨界的心铃；批評的准谚，愛挑剔的；危險的去扣；決定性的柱衔；評論的

occur [?'k??] vi.發(fā)生；出現(xiàn)愉棱；存在

occurs v.重現(xiàn)（occur的第三人稱單數(shù)）

Spontaneously[sp?n'te?n??sl?] adv.自發(fā)地唆铐；自然地；不由自主地

conscious ['k?n??s] adj.意識到的奔滑；故意的艾岂；神志清醒的

insulted ?[?n's?lt] vt.侮辱；辱罵朋其；損害n.侮辱王浴；凌辱；無禮

compassionate [k?m'p??(?)n?t] adj.慈悲的梅猿；富于同情心的vt.同情氓辣；憐

Feeling is useful in directing our attention to matters we should think about; it also can provide the enthusiasm and commitment necessary to complete arduous mental tasks. However, feeling is never a good substitute for thinking because it is notoriously unreliable. Some feelings are beneficial, honorable, even noble; others are not, as everyday experience demonstrates. We often feel like doing things that will harm us—for example, smoking, sunbathing without sunscreen, telling off our professor or employer, or spending the rent money on lottery tickets.

情感有助于引導(dǎo)我們注意我們應(yīng)該思考的事情；它也可以提供完成艱苦的心理任務(wù)所需的熱情和承諾袱蚓。然而钞啸，情感從來不是一個好的替代思想，因為它是眾所周知的不可靠。有些情感是有益的体斩，光榮的梭稚，甚至高尚的; 其它則不然，因為日常經(jīng)驗表明硕勿。我們經(jīng)常喜歡做那些會傷害我們的事情哨毁，例如吸煙枫甲，沒有防曬霜的日光浴源武，罵我們的老師或老板，或者把房租錢花在彩票上想幻。

enthusiasm [?n'θju?z??z(?)m; en-] n.熱心粱栖，熱忱，熱情

commitment [k?'m?tm(?)nt] n.承諾脏毯，保證闹究；委托；承擔(dān)義務(wù)食店；獻(xiàn)身

arduous ?['ɑ?dj??s] adj.努力的渣淤；費力的；險峻的

substitute ?['s?bst?tju?t] n.代用品吉嫩；代替者vi.替代vt.代替

notoriously ?[no?t??ri?sli] adv.眾所周知地价认；聲名狼藉地；惡名昭彰地

unreliable ?[?nr?'la??b(?)l] adj.不可靠的自娩；靠不住的

beneficial [ben?'f??(?)l] adj.有益的用踩，有利的；可享利益的

honorable ['?n?r?bl] adj.光榮的忙迁；可敬的脐彩；高貴的

demonstrate ['dem?nstre?t] vt.證明；展示姊扔；論證vi.示威

telling off vt.責(zé)備惠奸；分派出；向...透露

the rent money房租錢

Zinedine Zidane was one of the greatest soccer players of his generation, and many experts believed that in his final season (2006) he would lead France to the pinnacle of soccer success—winning the coveted World Cup. But then, toward the end of the championship game against Italy, he viciously head-butted an Italian player in full view of hundreds of millions of people. The referee banished him from the field, France lost the match, and a single surrender to feeling forever stained the brilliant career Zidane had dedicated his life to building.

齊內(nèi)丁·齊達(dá)內(nèi)是他這一代最偉大的足球運動員之一恰梢，許多專家認(rèn)為晨川，在他的最后一個賽季（2006年），他將帶領(lǐng)法國走到足球成功的巔峰--贏得夢寐以求的世界杯删豺。但是共虑，在與意大利的冠軍賽爭奪戰(zhàn)中，在億萬觀眾眼前呀页，他惡意地用頭撞了一個意大利球員妈拌。裁判將他罰下球場，法國輸了比賽，和一次服從情感敗壞了齊達(dá)內(nèi)為之一生為之奮斗的足球生涯尘分。

generation ?[d?en?'re??(?)n] n.一代猜惋；產(chǎn)生；一代人培愁；生殖

pinnacle ['p?n?k(?)l] n.高峰著摔；小尖塔；尖峰定续；極點vt.造小尖塔谍咆；置于尖頂上；置于高處

coveted ?['k?vitid] adj.垂涎的私股；夢寐以求的v.垂涎摹察；渴望（covet的過去分詞形式）；貪圖

championship ['t??mp??n??p] n.錦標(biāo)賽倡鲸；冠軍稱號供嚎；冠軍的地位

viciously ['v???sli] adv.邪惡地男旗；敵意地

in full view of把…盡收眼底栽惶；完全在…的視野之內(nèi)

head-butted用頭撞人（head-butt的過去式和過去分詞 ）

referee [ref?'ri?] n.裁判員；調(diào)解人熄驼；介紹人vi.仲裁优床；擔(dān)任裁判vt.為…當(dāng)裁判劝赔；調(diào)停

banished ['b?n??] v.驅(qū)逐，流放（banish的過去分詞形式）

field [fi?ld] n.領(lǐng)域羔巢；牧場望忆；曠野；戰(zhàn)場竿秆；運動場vi.擔(dān)任場外隊員adj.掃描場启摄；田賽的；野生的vt.把暴曬于場上幽钢；使上場n. (Field)人名歉备；(英、法匪燕、德蕾羊、葡)菲爾德

surrender [s?'rend?] vt.使投降；放棄帽驯；交出龟再；聽任vi.投降；屈服尼变；自首n.投降利凑；放棄；交出；屈服

stained [ste?nd] adj.玷污的哀澈；著色的v.玷污牌借；敗壞；給…染色（stain的過去式和過去分詞）

brilliant ?['br?lj(?)nt] adj.燦爛的割按，閃耀的膨报；杰出的；有才氣的适荣；精彩的现柠，絕妙的

career [k?'r??] n.生涯；職業(yè)束凑；事業(yè)晒旅；速度栅盲，全速adj.作為畢生職業(yè)的vi.全速前進(jìn)汪诉，猛沖

dedicated ['ded?ke?t?d] adj.專用的；專注的谈秫；獻(xiàn)身的v.以…奉獻(xiàn)扒寄；把…用于（dedicate的過去式和過去分詞）

surrender [s?'rend?] vt.使投降；放棄拟烫；交出该编；聽任vi.投降；屈服硕淑；自首n.投降课竣；放棄；交出置媳；屈服

There are three broad categories of thinking: reflective, creative, and critical. The focus of this book is on critical thinking. The essence of critical thinking is evaluation. Critical thinking, therefore, may be defined as the process by which we test claims and arguments and determine which have merit and which do not. In other words, critical thinking is a search for answers, a quest. Not surprisingly, one of the most important techniques used in critical thinking is asking probing questions. Where the uncritical accept their first thoughts and other people’s statements at face value, critical thinkers challenge all ideas in this manner:

思維有三大類：反思于樟，創(chuàng)造和批判。這本書的重點是批判性思維拇囊。批判性思維的本質(zhì)是評價迂曲。 因此，批判性思維可以被定義為我們主張寥袭、論證以及確定哪些值得去做路捧，哪些不值得去做。換句話說传黄，批判性思維是尋找答案杰扫，尋找問題。毫不奇怪膘掰，批判性思維中使用的最重要的技術(shù)之一是提探索性問題章姓。當(dāng)無批判性思維的人接受他們的第一想法和其他人表面陳述，批判性思維人以這種方式挑戰(zhàn)所有的想法：

broad [br??d] adj.寬的，遼闊的啤覆；顯著的苍日；大概的n.寬闊部分adv.寬闊地n. (Broad)人名；(英窗声、德)布羅德

categories ['k?t?g(?)r?z] n.類別（category的復(fù)數(shù)）相恃；分類

reflective [r?'flekt?v] adj.反射的；反映的笨觅；沉思的

creative [kri?'e?t?v] adj.創(chuàng)造性的

critical ['kr?t?k(?)l] adj.鑒定的拦耐；[核]臨界的；批評的见剩，愛挑剔的杀糯；危險的；決定性的苍苞；評論的

focus ['f??k?s] n.焦點固翰；中心；清晰羹呵；焦距vt.使集中骂际；使聚焦vi.集中；聚焦冈欢；調(diào)節(jié)焦距n. (Focus)人名歉铝；(瑞典)福庫斯

essence ['es(?)ns] n.本質(zhì)，實質(zhì)凑耻；精華太示；香精n. (Essence)人名；(英)埃森絲

evaluation [??v?lju?e??n] n.評價香浩；[審計]評估类缤；估價；求值

therefore ['ee?f??] adv.因此弃衍；所以

process ['pr??ses] vt.處理呀非；加工n.過程，進(jìn)行镜盯；方法岸裙，步驟；作用速缆；程序降允；推移vi.列隊前進(jìn)adj.經(jīng)過特殊加工（或處理）的

claims [klem] n.要求，請求權(quán)艺糜；[貿(mào)易]索賠（claim的復(fù)數(shù)形式）剧董；債權(quán)幢尚；[法]權(quán)利要求v.要求；主張（claim的第三人稱單數(shù)形式）

arguments ['ɑ?gj?m(?)nts] n.參數(shù)

argument ['ɑ?gj?m(?)nt] n.論證翅楼；論據(jù)尉剩；爭吵；內(nèi)容提要

determine ?[d?'t??m?n] v.（使）下決心毅臊，（使）做出決定vt.決定理茎，確定；判定管嬉，判決皂林；限定vi.確定；決定蚯撩；判決础倍，終止；[主用于法律]了結(jié)胎挎，終止沟启，結(jié)束

merit ['mer?t] n.優(yōu)點，價值呀癣；功績美浦；功過vt.值得vi.應(yīng)受報答

techniques [tek?ni:ks] n.技術(shù)（technique的復(fù)數(shù)）弦赖；方法项栏；技巧

probing ?['pr??b??] adj.好探索的；深入銳利的n.探索蹬竖；探查v.探索（probe的ing形式）

uncritical [?n'kr?t?k(?)l] adj.無批判力的沼沈；不加批判的；不嚴(yán)厲的

face value面值币厕，票面價值列另；表面價值

Thought

Professor Vile cheated me in my composition grade. He weighted some themes more heavily than others. Before women entered the work force, there were fewer divorces. That shows that a woman’s place is in the home. Acollege education isn’t worth what you pay for it. Some people never reach a salary level appreciably higher than the level they would have reached without the degree.

思想

瓦伊爾教授在我的作文成績中欺騙了我。他把一些主題的權(quán)重比別人更重旦装。在婦女進(jìn)入勞動大軍之前页衙，離婚較少。這表明一個女人的位置就是家庭主婦阴绢。大學(xué)教育不值你付的學(xué)費店乐。有些人從來沒有達(dá)到明顯高于沒有學(xué)位的工資。

composition [k?mp?'z??(?)n] n.作文呻袭，作曲眨八，作品；[材]構(gòu)成左电；合成物廉侧；成分

grade [gre?d] n.年級页响；等級；成績段誊；級別闰蚕；階段vt.評分；把…分等級vi.分等級连舍；逐漸變化n. (Grade)人名陪腌；(英)格雷德；(法烟瞧、德诗鸭、西、葡参滴、塞强岸、瑞典)格拉德

work force n.勞動力，勞動大軍砾赔；勞動人口蝌箍；（工廠等在職的）工人總數(shù)；職工總數(shù)

themes [θi?mz] n.主題（theme的復(fù)數(shù)）暴心；布景主題妓盲；桌面主題

divorce [d?'v??s] vt.使離婚，使分離专普；與…離婚n.離婚悯衬；分離vi.離婚

appreciably [?'pri??(?)?bl?] adv.明顯地；相當(dāng)?shù)靥醇校豢刹煊X地

Question

Did he grade everyone on the?same standard? Were the different?weightings justified??How do you know that this?factor, and not some other?one(s), is responsible for the?increase in divorces??Is money the only measure of?the worth of an education??What about increased understanding?of self and life and?increased ability to cope with?challenges?

問題

他是否按同一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)給所有人評分筋粗？不同的權(quán)重是否公平？你怎么知道這個因素炸渡，而不是其它一些因數(shù)娜亿，導(dǎo)致離婚的增加？金錢是教育價值的唯一衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嗎蚌堵？如何增進(jìn)對自我和生活的理解买决，增加應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)的能力？

grade[gre?d] n.年級吼畏；等級督赤；成績；級別宫仗；階段vt.評分够挂；把…分等級vi.分等級；逐漸變化n. (Grade)人名藕夫；(英)格雷德孽糖；(法枯冈、德、西办悟、葡尘奏、塞、瑞典)格拉德

responsible[r?'sp?ns?b(?)l] adj.負(fù)責(zé)的病蛉，可靠的炫加；有責(zé)任的

cope[k??p] vi.處理；對付铺然；競爭n.長袍n. (Cope)人名俗孝；(英)科普；(西)科佩

Critical thinking also employs questions to analyze issues. Consider, for example, the subject of values. When it is being discussed, some people say, “Our country has lost its traditional values” and “There would be less crime, especially violent crime, if parents and teachers emphasized moral values.” Critical thinking would prompt us to ask,

批判性思維也采用問題來分析問題魄健。例如赋铝，考慮價值觀的主題，在討論時沽瘦，有人說：“我們的國家已經(jīng)失去了它的傳統(tǒng)價值觀”革骨，“如果父母和老師強調(diào)道德價值觀，犯罪率就會減少析恋，特別是暴力犯罪”良哲。批判性思維會促使我們問，

employs [?m'pl??; em-] vt.使用助隧，采用筑凫；雇用；使忙于喇颁，使從事于n.使用漏健；雇用

analyze ['?n?,la?z] vt.對…進(jìn)行分析，分解（等于analyse）

traditional [tr?'d??(?)n(?)l] adj.傳統(tǒng)的橘霎；慣例的

emphasized ?['?mf?,sa?z] v.強調(diào)，著重（emphasize的過去式）

moral ['m?r(?)l] adj.道德的殖属；精神上的姐叁；品性端正的n.道德；寓意n. (Moral)人名洗显；(德外潜、法、西挠唆、葡处窥、土)莫拉爾

prompt [pr?m(p)t] adj.敏捷的，迅速的玄组；立刻的vt.提示滔驾；促進(jìn)谒麦；激起；（給演員）提白n.提示哆致；付款期限绕德；DOS命令：改變DOS系統(tǒng)提示符的風(fēng)格adv.準(zhǔn)時地

1.What is the relationship between values and beliefs? Between values and convictions?

1.價值觀與信仰之間的關(guān)系是什么？ 價值觀和信念之間摊阀？

Conviction [k?n'v?k?(?)n] n.定罪耻蛇；確信；證明有罪胞此；確信臣咖，堅定的信仰

2.Are all values valuable?

所有值有價值嗎？

3.How aware is the average person of his or her values? Is it possible that many people deceive themselves about their real values?

一個普通人如何知道他或她的價值觀漱牵？是否有可能許多人在自己的真正價值觀上欺騙自己亡哄？

How aware如何知道

Average '?v(?)r?d?] n.平均；平均數(shù)布疙；海損adj.平均的蚊惯；普通的；通常的vt.算出…的平均數(shù)灵临；將…平均分配截型；使…平衡vi.平均為；呈中間色

deceive [d?'si?v] v.欺騙儒溉；行騙

4.Where do one’s values originate? Within the individual or outside? In thought or in feeling?

4.人的價值在源自那里宦焦？在個人還是外部？在思想還是情感顿涣？

originate [?'r?d??ne?t; ?-] vt.引起波闹；創(chuàng)作vi.發(fā)源；發(fā)生涛碑；起航

5.Does education change a person’s values? If so, is this change always for the better?

教育改變一個人的價值觀精堕？如果是這樣，這種變化總是更好嗎蒲障？

6.Should parents and teachers attempt to shape children’s values?

6.父母和老師是否試圖塑造兒童的價值觀歹篓？

記：通過批判性思維方法可以形成思考行為步驟、達(dá)到思考的目的揉阎。圍繞問題進(jìn)行探索性問題庄撮，提問圍繞問題，思考圍繞問題毙籽。思維導(dǎo)圖工具就是其中很好的應(yīng)用洞斯。