A. Data Type?

e.g. data definition (Object, characteristics, judge), data relationships (Y, X), Defect, Continuous, Discrete, full population data, sample etc. Data type classification determine what type of tests can be done in the following steps.

按類型來分析字段

B. Stability

e.g. goodness of measure (reliability, variability, validity, consistency), run charts, sample correlation and consistency tests, data trust, consistency of samples, time effects. Stability of data determine the quality of our data, the scope of samples needed, strength of conclusions, and about the existence of common and special cause variation influencing performance.

數(shù)據(jù)的穩(wěn)定性 整體的一致性 如信校度：

一、信度

1、信度（reliability）即可靠性，它指的是采取同樣的方法對同一對象重復(fù)進行測量時疗绣，其所得結(jié)果相一致的程度贾费。從另一方面來說崇决，信度就是指測量數(shù)據(jù)的可靠程度逻炊。

2市咆、信度是指測驗結(jié)果的一致性秤掌、穩(wěn)定性及可靠性愁铺，一般多以內(nèi)部一致性來加以表示該測驗信度的高低。信度系數(shù)愈高即表示該測驗的結(jié)果愈一致闻鉴、穩(wěn)定與可靠茵乱。

3、系統(tǒng)誤差對信度沒什么影響椒拗，因為系統(tǒng)誤差總是以相同的方式影響測量值的似将，因此不會造成不一致性。反之蚀苛，隨機誤差可能導(dǎo)致不一致性在验，從而降低信度。

二堵未、效度

1腋舌、效度（Validity）即有效性，它是指測量工具或手段能夠準(zhǔn)確測出所需測量的事物的程度渗蟹。效度是指所測量到的結(jié)果反映所想要考察內(nèi)容的程度块饺，測量結(jié)果與要考察的內(nèi)容越吻合，則效度越高雌芽；反之授艰，則效度越低。效度分為三種類型：內(nèi)容效度世落、準(zhǔn)則效度和結(jié)構(gòu)效度淮腾。

2、效度是測量的有效性程度屉佳，即測量工具確能測出其所要測量特質(zhì)的程度谷朝，或者簡單地說是指一個測驗的準(zhǔn)確性、有用性武花。效度是科學(xué)的測量工具所必須具備的最重要的條件圆凰。

3、在社會測量中体箕，對作為測量工具的問卷或量表的效度要求較高专钉。鑒別效度須明確測量的目的與范圍挑童，考慮所要測量的內(nèi)容并分析其性質(zhì)與特征，檢查測量的內(nèi)容是否與測量的目的相符跃须，進而判斷測量結(jié)果是否反映了所要測量的特質(zhì)的程度炮沐。

C. Shape

e.g. normality test, normal distribution, random distribution, exponential distribution, bell curve. Shape provide conclusions about overall trends and existence of sub-segments of data.

數(shù)據(jù)是否服從某種分布

D. Spread

e.g. range, quartiles, interquartile range, variance, standard deviation (e.g. boxplot, σ, test for equal variance). Spread provide conclusions about variation of both Y and X as well as how consistent and homogeneous performance is.

數(shù)據(jù)的分布情況

E. Central tendency

e.g. mean, median, mode, average (T tests, Anova). Central tendency provide conclusions about the average, to what extent performance is on or off target, and performance differences between different initiatives, artifacts, people, processes, or services.

數(shù)據(jù)的趨勢

F. Capability

e.g. performance tests vs. expectations/targets (Z, USL, LSL, defect, performance gap) . Capability test provide conclusions about the overall performance of the data studied vs. the objectives/targets, and to which extent gaps and improvement options exist.

數(shù)據(jù)和目標(biāo)的差距