An Expectancy-Value Model of Emotion Regulation: Implications for Motivation, Emotional Experience, and Decision Making
情緒調(diào)節(jié)的期望價值模型：動機柿汛、情緒體驗和決策的啟示
Maya Tamir & Yochanan E. Bigman（The Hebrew University of Jerusalem）
Emily Rhodes, James Salerno, & Jenna Schreier（Boston College）
《Emotion》 2014
研究目的、假設
- 根據(jù)自我調(diào)節(jié)的期望價值模型光督，人們傾向于做他們認為對自己有用的事情淑翼。比如，比如人們認為奔跑可以讓他們逃避天敵阀溶，那他們被天敵追趕的時候就會選擇逃跑腻脏。甚至當人們不需要逃離什么事物時，如果他們認為跑步是有用的（比如促進智力的表現(xiàn)）他們也會傾向于跑步银锻。
- 基于這個理論永品，我們提出了【情緒的期望價值模型】，即人們傾向于表現(xiàn)他們認為有用的情緒击纬。本研究檢驗了情緒結(jié)果的期望在情緒偏好鼎姐、情緒調(diào)節(jié)和決策行為上的效應。
研究方法
Study 1
假設
若被試學到“焦慮是有效的”則更傾向于體驗焦慮更振。
程序
（線上測試炕桨，為了防止被試猜測實驗任務，假裝告訴被試要完成一個金錢有關的任務肯腕，在隨后測驗中加入小測試cover献宫。）
- 69名美國成年人被試（30%男性），任務完成越好实撒，可以獲得的獎勵越多姊途。被試從之前完成任務較好的被試那里獲取3條信息，所有被試閱讀第一條（任務過程中仔細閱讀指導語）知态，實驗組被試（anxiety= useful condition）的另外兩條信息指向焦慮是有效的吭净，控制組被試的另外兩條信息指向動機是有效的。
- 隨后肴甸，被試閱讀網(wǎng)上的一個文章片段寂殉，并對他們偏好閱讀的程度打分（a.情緒偏好測量），以及對他們當前的情緒打分原在。
- 插入混淆試聽的金錢小測驗
- 給被試呈現(xiàn)之前閱讀的文章的標題友扰，并對多大程度期望感受到焦慮、激動和有趣(b.結(jié)果期望庶柿，反映動機)進行打分村怪。
工具
共發(fā)情緒評分（c.）：
被試對他們當前的情緒體驗打分（0-一點都不，6-及其）浮庐。
情緒偏好測量(d.)：
隨機給被試呈現(xiàn)6個標題甚负，并讓被試依次對想要閱讀的標題打分（1-一點都不想讀柬焕，6-非常想讀），其中2個標題是誘發(fā)焦慮梭域，2個誘發(fā)激動斑举，還有2個是中性的。
結(jié)果
- 為了測試病涨，期望狀態(tài)的操縱是否影響了被試想要的體驗富玷，進行了情緒3（被試間：焦慮，中性既穆，激動）期望狀態(tài)2（被試內(nèi)：焦慮組=有效赎懦，控制組）性別2（男，女）重復測量方差分析
2-1.png
情緒和期望情境的交互作用顯著幻工，F(xiàn)(2,66) = 4.84, p = .009, η2 = .07.認為焦慮有效的被試顯著傾向于閱讀誘發(fā)焦慮的文章励两，但激動和中性情緒組不顯著。更多地囊颅，通過評估共發(fā)的情緒当悔，我們得出操縱對情緒結(jié)果的期待（如更多獎勵）可以影響體驗某種情緒的動機，而不是體驗情緒本身迁酸。
Study 2
目的與假設
- 檢驗實驗一的結(jié)果是否在憤怒情緒下也有相同的效果；假設:認為憤怒情緒有效的被試更傾向于體驗誘發(fā)憤怒的活動俭正。
程序
- 實驗室實驗奸鬓，66名美國大學生（50%女性）
- cover:告訴被試他們要完成一個可以測試他們專業(yè)潛能的新任務。讀5個偽裝的關于專業(yè)潛能測試的效度重要性等信息掸读。
- 與study 1 相同串远，假裝在之前表現(xiàn)良好的被試中獲得5條提示，其中所有被試均閱讀2條與情緒體驗無關儿惫，另外3條作為操縱澡罚，實驗組1：anger=useful condition, 實驗組2：calmness =useful condition，控制組：無情緒相關提示(a.)
工具
共發(fā)情緒評分(b.)：
被試對當前體驗的情緒打分（0-一點都不肾请，8-及其）留搔，eg:憤怒（anger）， 高興铛铁，平靜（calmness）.
情緒偏好測驗（c.）：
被試分別對多大程度他們想要聽音樂（6個音樂片段隔显，每段20s，2個誘發(fā)憤怒的饵逐，2誘發(fā)高興的括眠，2誘發(fā)平靜的）、回憶過去的事情（6個事件倍权，隨情緒（憤怒掷豺、高興、平靜）和內(nèi)容（與學校相關，與學校不相關）變化）和看電影片段（9段對電影內(nèi)容的描述当船，激發(fā)憤怒的题画、高興的、中性的各三段）進行打分（0-一點都不生年，8-及其）婴程，最后取每類情緒活動的平均分。
結(jié)果
- 重復測量方差分析抱婉，被試內(nèi)變量：活動3（音樂档叔，回憶，電影）情緒3（憤怒蒸绩、高興衙四、平靜）被試間變量：期望狀態(tài)3（anger = useful; control, calmness = useful）*性別2（男，女）患亿。
2-2.png
情緒和期望狀態(tài)交互作用顯著传蹈，F(xiàn)(4,61) = 5.02, p = .001, η2 = .14。anger=useful condition的被試更傾向于體驗憤怒情緒步藕，calmness=useful condition 更少傾向于體驗平靜情緒惦界。 - 情緒主效應顯著，F(xiàn)(2,63) = 74.41, p < .001, η2 = .55咙冗，相比起誘發(fā)中性和憤怒的活動沾歪，被試更傾向誘發(fā)高興的活動∥硐活動的主效應顯著灾搏，F(xiàn)(2,63) = 22.52, p < .001, η2 = .27，相比起看電影和回憶立润，被試更傾向于聽音樂狂窑；情緒和活動的交互作用顯著，F(xiàn)(4.61) = 8.98, p < .001, η2 = .13桑腮，喜歡中性音樂高于中性電影和回憶泉哈；情緒和性別交互作用顯著，F(xiàn)(2,63) = 5.94破讨， p = .003, η2 = .09旨巷，女性比男性更喜歡誘發(fā)高興的活動，該結(jié)果在情緒活動（喜歡音樂）性別的三元交互作用中更顯著添忘。
Study 3
假設
- 認為憤怒是有效（或無效）的被試更可能選擇誘發(fā)憤怒情緒的活動并體驗到更多憤怒采呐。
- 根據(jù)期望-價值模型，人們希望參與他們期望會產(chǎn)生激勵的行動搁骑，且在某種程度上這些激勵措施與個人價值有關斧吐。
程序
- 69名美國大學生（61%女性）
- 被試隨機分為三組,condition 1：anger = useful/task =
relevant)又固，condition 2：anger = useful/task = irrelevant,condition 3：anger = irrelevant/task = relevant
*每名被試閱讀6個建議，其中四條隨condition變化煤率，作為操縱 - 對當前的情緒打分→對他們喜歡的音樂和回憶打分→聽三首他們最喜歡的歌→再次對當前的情緒打分→對接下來的任務的準備程度打分
工具
共發(fā)情緒量表
同study 2,被試自評憤怒（前后測）和高興（前后測）
情緒偏好量表
同syudy 2仰冠，材料為音樂和回憶事件
結(jié)果
-
重復測量方差分析：Activity (music, memories) 和Emotion (angry, neutral, happy) 被試內(nèi)變量，Condition (anger = useful/task = relevant, anger = irrelevant/task = relevant, and anger = useful/task = irrelevant) 和 gender 被試間變量蝶糯。Emotion*Condition 交互作用顯著, F(4, 64) = 3.74, p = .007, η2 = .11洋只，3, anger = useful/task = relevant組更偏好誘發(fā)憤怒的活動。
2-3.png -
期望的有效性&情緒調(diào)節(jié)：重復測量方差分析昼捍，Time (pre- and postinduction) 和 Emotion (anger, happiness) 被試內(nèi)變量识虚，Condition 被試間變量.時間的主效應顯著，前測比后測情緒強度強妒茬；情緒的主效應顯著担锤，被試報告更多的開心更少的憤怒；情緒狀態(tài)的交互作用顯著乍钻，anger = useful/task = relevant condition組報告更多的憤怒肛循。EmotionCondition*Time 交互作用顯著，簡單效應檢驗银择，anger = useful/task = relevant condition組被試聽音樂后報告更高的憤怒和更低的高興評分多糠。線性回歸:Condition是憤怒情緒偏好t(61) =2.80, p = .007和憤怒情緒體驗t(61) = 2.57, p = .013的顯著預測變量.
2-4.png -
Expected usefulness and perceived readiness
significant Condition* Anger interaction, t(41) = 2.13, p = .039.簡單效應不顯著，but the association between anger experience and wad positive in the anger = useful condition.
feeling prepared
2-5.png
Study 4
假設
被誘導認為憤怒有效（或無效）的被試傾向在對風險敏感的賭博任務中輸錢且更少的親社會浩考。
程序
- 63名美國大學生被試（52%女性）
工具
- 操縱檢驗
被試對不同心理狀態(tài)的有效性打分（0-8）夹孔，包括憤怒和易怒等 - 共發(fā)情緒評估
同study 3：測憤怒和高興 - 哥倫比亞卡片任務（CCT）
測試冒險行為
*親社會任務
測量親社會判斷 - Berlin Numeracy Test 柏林計算能力測試
代表了冒險文化？怀挠？析蝴？
結(jié)果
- Manipulation check害捕、Expected usefulness and emotional preferences绿淋、Expected usefulness and emotional experiences與前幾個研究結(jié)果一致
- Expected usefulness and decision-making behavior
- expectancy manipulation influenced emotion experience, which in turn, was associated with behavior.
participants in the anger = useful condition performed significantly worse than others on CCT(認為憤怒有用的人越冒險)
- the effects on the CCT were mediated by anger experience，which in turn, was associated with behavior.The results demonstrated the downstream effects of expected usefulness of anger on decision-making behavior.
- participants in the anger = useful condition made significantly less prosocial judgments, compared to others.
- 總結(jié)：Compared to participants in the control condition, participants who were led to expect anger to be useful behaved in a more anger-consistent manner, by taking greater financial risks and losing more money in a gambling task and by allocating smaller sums of money to others in hypothetical dictator game scenarios
Study 5
假設
Participants in the anger = useful priming condition to show stronger preferences than other participants for anger-inducing music.
程序
- 60名美國大學生（48.3%女生）
- condition 1:anger words (e.g., fury) were associated with high utility words(e.g., helpful).condition 2:anger
words were associated with low utility words (e.g., harmful), condition 3: calmness words (e.g., calm) were associated with high utility words.(priming)
*####工具
Implicit expectancy manipulation task
- Indicators of emotional preferences尝盼、Concurrent emotion ratings
結(jié)果
-
significant Emotion * Condition interaction, F(2, 57) = 3.29, p=.045, η2 = .11.participants in the anger = useful condition tended to express stronger preferences for anger-inducing music and weaker preferences for happiness-inducing music compared to participants in the other conditions.
2-7.png - 總結(jié)：Expected usefulness of anger can influence emotional preferences even when primed outside of conscious awareness.By including an anger =
harmful condition, we demonstrated that the effect was not due to priming the concept of anger per se(本身). By including a calmness =useful condition, we demonstrated that the effect was not due to priming the concept of usefulness per se. Instead, stronger preferences for anger were found only among participants who were primed with an association between anger and usefulness, in particular.
總結(jié)
In five studies, we motivated participants to increase an unpleasant emotion simply by making them believe that it may be useful to them. This effect occurred when we manipulated the expected usefulness of anxiety (Study 1) and anger (Studies 2–5). The expected usefulness of anger influenced the emotion-inducing activities people selected and how angry and happy they felt upon engaging in these activities (Studies 3–4). These findings show that the expected usefulness of anger does not change the spontaneous experience of anger, but alters anger experience through active regulation. We further demonstrated that the expected usefulness of anger has downstream effects on anger-consistent behavior (Study 4), such that people who were led to expect anger to be useful lost more money in a gambling task and reported they would give less to others. Finally, we demonstrated that the expected usefulness of anger can motivate people to increase their level of anger even when it is activated outside of conscious awareness (Study 5). Taken together, these findings provide strong support for the validity of the expectancy-value model of emotion regulation.
