python 環(huán)境搭建

安裝python

進(jìn)入python官網(wǎng)下載自己電腦對(duì)應(yīng)版本网杆；安裝時(shí)勾上path吃环、pip也颤、tcl/tk、test suite郁轻；并且安裝在全英文路徑下翅娶。

了解python之禪

Beautiful is better than ugly.
# 優(yōu)美勝于丑陋（Python以編寫優(yōu)美的代碼為目標(biāo)）
Explicit is better than implicit.
# 明了勝于晦澀（優(yōu)美的代碼應(yīng)當(dāng)是明了的，命名規(guī)范好唯，風(fēng)格相似） 
Simple is better than complex.
# 簡(jiǎn)潔勝于復(fù)雜（優(yōu)美的代碼應(yīng)當(dāng)是簡(jiǎn)潔的竭沫，不要有復(fù)雜的內(nèi)部實(shí)現(xiàn)） 
Complex is better than complicated.
# 復(fù)雜勝于凌亂（如果復(fù)雜不可避免，那代碼間也不能有難懂的關(guān)系渠啊，要保持接口簡(jiǎn)潔）
Flat is better than nested.
# 扁平勝于嵌套（優(yōu)美的代碼應(yīng)當(dāng)是扁平的输吏，不能有太多的嵌套） 
Sparse is better than dense.
# 間隔勝于緊湊（優(yōu)美的代碼有適當(dāng)?shù)拈g隔，不要奢望一行代碼解決問題） 
Readability counts.
# 可讀性很重要（優(yōu)美的代碼是可讀的） 
Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.
Although practicality beats purity.
# 即便假借特例的實(shí)用性之名替蛉，也不可違背這些規(guī)則（這些規(guī)則至高無上） 
Errors should never pass silently.
Unless explicitly silenced.
# 不要包容所有錯(cuò)誤贯溅，除非你確定需要這樣做（精準(zhǔn)地捕獲異常，不寫except:pass風(fēng)格的代碼） 
In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
# 當(dāng)存在多種可能躲查，不要嘗試去猜測(cè) 
There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it.
# 而是盡量找一種它浅，最好是唯一一種明顯的解決方案（如果不確定，就用窮舉法） 
Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.
# 雖然這并不容易镣煮，因?yàn)槟悴皇?Python 之父（這里的Dutch是指Guido）
Now is better than never.
Although never is often better than *right* now.
# 做也許好過不做姐霍，但不假思索就動(dòng)手還不如不做（動(dòng)手之前要細(xì)思量）
If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
# 如果你無法向人描述你的方案，那肯定不是一個(gè)好方案典唇；反之亦然（方案測(cè)評(píng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)） 
Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
# 命名空間是一種絕妙的理念镊折，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)多加利用（倡導(dǎo)與號(hào)召）

安裝jupyter

安裝好python后進(jìn)去cmd輸入python -m pip install ipython jupyter 或者 pip install ipython jupyter

進(jìn)入jupyter

在cmd中輸入 jupyter notebook

退出快捷鍵

1. python ctrl + z
2. jupyter ctrl + c

安裝sublime Text

下載并安裝好程序，并且安裝好插件管理工具介衔，在管理工具中安裝以下推薦插件：

1. SublimeCodeIntel
2. Emmet
3. Git
4. Python PEP8 Autoformat
5. ConvertToUTF8

安裝pycharm

安裝前需要有Java運(yùn)行環(huán)境
安裝后激活碼在百度搜 lanuy 找到激活碼恨胚，并修改計(jì)算機(jī)C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts文件。

turtle

turtel 是python 自帶的一個(gè)模塊炎咖，引用前直接導(dǎo)入

turtle 指令集

例題

繪制超立方體

循環(huán)時(shí)需要海歸的起始方向?yàn)?°（每次循環(huán)加固定角度）， 或者在循環(huán)夾角的一半處（在循環(huán)的代碼前后加上循環(huán)角度的一半）

import turtle
for i in range(0,8):
    turtle.penup()
    turtle.forward(100)
    turtle.left(90)
    turtle.forward(41.42)
    turtle.left(90)
    turtle.pensize(2)
    turtle.pendown()
    turtle.color('blue')
    turtle.dot(10)
    turtle.color('purple')
    turtle.forward(200)
    turtle.color('blue')
    turtle.dot(10)
    turtle.right(90)
    turtle.color('green')
    turtle.forward(200)
    turtle.color('blue')
    turtle.dot(10)
    turtle.right(90)
    turtle.color('blue')
    turtle.forward(200)
    turtle.color('blue')
    turtle.dot(10)
    turtle.right(90)
    turtle.color('green')
    turtle.forward(200)
    turtle.color('blue')
    turtle.dot(10)
    turtle.penup()
    turtle.left(90)
    turtle.goto(0,0)
    turtle.left(45)
turtle.bgcolor('yellow')
turtle.mainloop()

turtle10.PNG

繪制扇形

注意：圓弧的反向繪制和繪制不同角度的圓弧

import turtle

for _ in range(6):
    turtle.color('pink')
    turtle.left(30)
    turtle.penup()
    turtle.forward(100)
    turtle.pendown()
    turtle.left(90)
    turtle.begin_fill()
    turtle.circle(100, -25)
    turtle.right(90)
    turtle.forward(100)
    turtle.left(90)
    turtle.circle(200, 25)
    turtle.right(90)
    turtle.backward(200)
    turtle.end_fill()
    turtle.right(25)
    turtle.forward(100)
    turtle.penup()
    turtle.backward(100)
    turtle.pendown()
    turtle.left(25)
    turtle.left(30)

for _ in range(6):
    turtle.color('red')
    turtle.penup()
    turtle.forward(100)
    turtle.pendown()
    turtle.left(90)
    turtle.begin_fill()
    turtle.circle(100, -25)
    turtle.right(90)
    turtle.forward(100)
    turtle.left(90)
    turtle.circle(200, 25)
    turtle.right(90)
    turtle.backward(200)
    turtle.end_fill()
    turtle.right(25)
    turtle.forward(100)
    turtle.penup()
    turtle.backward(100)
    turtle.pendown()
    turtle.left(25)
    turtle.left(60)

turtle.done()

turtle11.PNG

隨意行走

海龜 在格子里是隨意行走十减，碰到邊緣則停止

import turtle
from random import randint

turtle.speed(10)
turtle.color('gray')
for y in range(-80, 81, 10):
     x= -80
     turtle.penup()
     turtle.goto(x, y)
     turtle.pendown()
     turtle.forward(160)
turtle.left(90)
for x in range(-80, 81, 10):
     y = -80
     turtle.penup()
     turtle.goto(x, y)
     turtle.pendown()
     turtle.forward(160)
turtle.penup()
turtle.home()
turtle.pendown()
turtle.speed(1)
turtle.pensize(3)
turtle.color('red')
x = y = 0
while abs(x) < 80 and abs(y) < 80:
    num = randint(1, 4)
    if num == 1:
        turtle.setheading(0)
        turtle.forward(10)
        x += 10
    elif num == 2:
        turtle.setheading(90)
        turtle.forward(10)
        y += 10
    elif num == 3:
        turtle.setheading(180)
        turtle.forward(10)
        x -= 10
    else:
        turtle.setheading(270)
        turtle.forward(10)
        y -= 10
turtle.done()

運(yùn)算符

數(shù)據(jù)類型：整數(shù)澜搅、浮點(diǎn)數(shù)邪锌、字符串、復(fù)數(shù)（complex)觅丰、布爾（bool）
賦值運(yùn)算符、關(guān)系運(yùn)算符舶胀、算術(shù)運(yùn)算符、邏輯運(yùn)算符嚣伐、

常用命令符

格式化輸出

price = 6.3232
print('總造價(jià)是：￥ %.2f 元' % price)    # %0.2f 精度為2位小數(shù)的浮點(diǎn)數(shù)
print('總造價(jià)是：￥ %f 元' % price)       # %f 浮點(diǎn)數(shù)
print('總造價(jià)是：￥ %d 元' % price)      # %d 整數(shù)
print('總造價(jià)是：￥ %s 元' % price)      # %s 字符串

變量

變量命名規(guī)則

硬性規(guī)則：

1. 變量名由字母、數(shù)字和下劃線構(gòu)成强饮，數(shù)字不能開頭氢卡。
2. 大小寫敏感。
3. 不要與關(guān)鍵字钧忽、保留字沖突质帅。
   官方建議：用全小寫字母朴肺，多個(gè)單詞用下劃線連接斗蒋，變量名中間不能有空格笛质。見名知意。

PEP8要求：

1. 用小寫字母拼寫妇押，多個(gè)單詞用下劃線連接姓迅。
2. 受保護(hù)的實(shí)例屬性用單個(gè)下劃線開頭敲霍。
3. 私有的實(shí)例屬性用兩個(gè)下劃線開頭丁存。

實(shí)例

判斷是不是閏年

year = eval(input('請(qǐng)輸入年份：'))
condition1 = year % 4 == 0
condition2 = year % 100 != 0
condition3 = year % 400 == 0
is_leap = condition1 and condition2 or condition3
print(is_leap)

分支結(jié)構(gòu)

if···else···

實(shí)例

判斷用戶名和密碼是否對(duì)應(yīng)

import getpass  # 輸入密文時(shí)把input改成getpass.getpass
                # 輸入密碼時(shí)沒有回顯
username = input('請(qǐng)輸入用戶名：')
password = getpass.getpass('請(qǐng)輸入密碼：')
if username == 'admin' and password =='123456':
    print('歡迎使用本系統(tǒng)！')
    print('開始使用App')
else:
    print('用戶名或密碼錯(cuò)誤解寝！')
print('今天天氣真好！')          # 不受if或else控制

if···elif···else···

實(shí)例

9*9乘法表

for row in range(1, 10):
    for col in range(1, row + 1):
        print('%d * %d = %d' % (row, col, row * col), end = '\t')
    print()

搖色子

from random import randint,random

face = randint(1,6)
if face == 1:
    print('脫衣服')
elif face == 2:
    print('唱歌')
elif face == 3:
    print('喝酒')
elif face == 4:
    print('真心話')
elif face == 5:
    print('磕頭')
else:
    print('學(xué)狗叫')

循環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)

for循環(huán)

實(shí)例

求能被3和5整除的數(shù)的和

my_sum = 0
for num in range(0,101):
    if num % 3 == 0 or num % 5 == 0:
        my_sum += num
print(my_sum)  

while循環(huán)

實(shí)例

和電腦玩石頭剪刀布的游戲

from random import randint
'''
1 剪刀
2 石頭
3 布
'''
my_money = ma_money = int(input('請(qǐng)輸入開始金額')) 
c = int(input('請(qǐng)輸入賭注'))

while my_money > 0 and ma_money > 0:
    x = input('請(qǐng)出拳：')
    if x =='剪刀':
        my = 1
    elif x =='石頭':
        my = 2
    else:
        my = 3

    ma = randint(1,3)
    if my == 1:
        if ma == 1:
            print('電腦：剪刀 平局\n')
        elif ma == 2:
            my_money -= c
            ma_money += c
            print('電腦：石頭与学，你：剪刀。\n電腦贏索守，扣你%d大洋 抑片。\n電腦：￥%d 卵佛，你：￥%d\n'% (c, ma_money, my_money))
        else:
            my_money += c
            ma_money -= c
            print('電腦：布敞斋，你：剪刀。\n你贏植捎，扣電腦%d大洋 。\n電腦：￥%d 焰枢，你：￥%d\n'% (c, ma_money, my_money))

    elif my == 2:
        if ma == 1:
            my_money += c
            ma_money -= c
            print('電腦：剪刀，你：石頭济锄。\n你贏，扣電腦%d大洋 荐绝。\n電腦：￥%d ，你：￥%d\n'% (c, ma_money, my_money))
        elif ma == 2:
            print('電腦：石頭 平局\n')
        else:
            my_money -= c
            ma_money += c
            print('電腦：布低滩，你：石頭岩喷。\n電腦贏监憎，扣你%d大洋 均驶。\n電腦：￥%d 枫虏，你：￥%d\n'% (c, ma_money, my_money))

    else:
        if ma == 1:
            my_money -= c
            ma_money += c
            print('電腦：剪刀爬虱，你：布隶债。\n電腦贏跑筝，扣你%d大洋 。\n電腦：￥%d 曲梗，你：￥%d\n'% (c, ma_money, my_money)
        elif ma == 2:
            my_money += c
            ma_money -= c
            print('電腦：石頭，你：布虏两。\n你贏，扣電腦%d大洋 定罢。\n電腦：￥%d ，你：￥%d\n'% (c, ma_money, my_money))
        else:
            print('電腦：布 平局\n')
    if my_money<=0:
        print('很遺憾祖凫，你失敗了')
    if ma_money<=0:
        print('恭喜，你贏了')

人出數(shù)字電腦猜

要求電腦根據(jù)產(chǎn)生的值的大小和我的值比較后調(diào)整下一次產(chǎn)生值的范圍

需要有兩個(gè)變量?jī)?chǔ)每次變化范圍的值

from random import randint

my = int(input('計(jì)算機(jī)要猜的數(shù)（1-100）:'))    
game_over = False
if my < 1 or my > 100:
    game_over = True
    print('重新輸入：')
nextmax = 0
my_max = 100
my_max = randint(nextmax+1 , my_max )
data = 101
while not game_over:
    if my_max > my:
        data= my_max
        my_max = randint(nextmax+1 , data-1 )
        print(my_max)
    elif my_max < my:
        nextmax = my_max
        my_max = randint(nextmax+1 , data-1 )
        print(my_max)
    else:
        print('哈哈遭庶，就這么簡(jiǎn)單')
        game_over = True

窮舉法

捕魚

a b c d e 五人半晚釣魚后都睡覺了，早上a起床后把掉的魚分成5份 拿走自己的一份 并扔掉多的一條1條峦睡，b完箩、c赐俗、d弊知、e依次這樣做，問秩彤，最少捕了多少條魚

fish = 1
while True:
    total = fish
    oo = True
    for _ in range(5):
        if (total - 1) % 5 == 0:
            total = (total - 1) // 5 * 4
        else:
            oo = False
            break
    if oo:
        print(fish)
        break
    fish += 1

買雞

'''
公雞五元一只事哭，母雞三元一只，小雞一元三只
用100元買100只雞 問公雞母雞和小雞各多少只
'''
'''
for x in range(21):                  # 執(zhí)行了 21*34*34 次
    for y in range(34):
        for z in range (0, 100, 3):
            if 5 * x + 3 * y + z // 3 == 100 and x + y + z == 100:
                print(x, y, z)
'''              
for x in range(21):                 # 執(zhí)行了 21*34 次
    for y in range(34):
        if 5 * x + 3 * y + (100 - x - y) // 3 == 100 and x + y + (100 - x - y) == 100 and (100 - x - y) % 3 == 0:
            z = 100 - x - y
            print(x, y, z)

計(jì)算機(jī)浮點(diǎn)數(shù)運(yùn)算的 坑

浮點(diǎn)數(shù)運(yùn)算例子

# 由于計(jì)算機(jī)浮點(diǎn)數(shù)存儲(chǔ)方式
# 千萬(wàn)不要做浮點(diǎn)數(shù)的 == 和 != 運(yùn)算
# 否則鳍咱，計(jì)算結(jié)果將完全出乎意料

print(0.1 + 0.2 + 0.3)   #  0.6000000000000001
print(0.3 + 0.2 + 0.1)   #  0.6

代碼優(yōu)化

完美數(shù)原代碼

完美數(shù) = 自身所有因子的和
such ：6 = 1 + 2 + 3 ：28 = 1+2+7+4+14
求1-10000的所有完美數(shù)

import time

start = time.time()
for num in range(1, 10000):
    my = 0
    q = num / 2 + 1
    for i in range(1, int(q)):
        if num % i == 0:
            my += i
            # print(my)
    if num == my:
        print(num)
end = time.time()
print(end - start,'s')

完美數(shù)優(yōu)化代碼

優(yōu)化后代碼運(yùn)行時(shí)間大幅縮短

import time
from math import sqrt

start = time.time()
for num in range(2, 10000):
    my = 0
    q = int(sqrt(num))
    for i in range(1, q+1):
        if num % i == 0:
            my += i
            if i != 1 and i !=num // i:
                my += num // i
    if num == my:
        print(num)
end = time.time()
print(end - start,'s')

綜合訓(xùn)練

craps 賭博游戲

規(guī)則：玩家擲兩個(gè)骰子与柑，每個(gè)骰子點(diǎn)數(shù)為1-6，如果第一次點(diǎn)數(shù)和為7或11价捧，則玩家勝；如果點(diǎn)數(shù)和為2结蟋、3或12，則玩家輸莊家勝嵌屎。若和為其他點(diǎn)數(shù)，則記錄第一次的點(diǎn)數(shù)和宝惰，玩家繼續(xù)擲骰子，直至點(diǎn)數(shù)和等于第一次擲出的點(diǎn)數(shù)和則玩家勝尼夺；若擲出的點(diǎn)數(shù)和為7則莊家勝。

from random import randint

salary_all1 = eval(input('請(qǐng)輸入玩家起始賭金：'))
salary_all2 = eval(input('請(qǐng)輸入莊家起始賭金：'))
salary = eval(input('請(qǐng)輸入賭注:'))
i = 0
while True:
    '''
    i += 1
    if i != 1:
    salary = eval(input('請(qǐng)輸入賭注:'))                #   是否每把調(diào)整賭注
    '''
    frist1 = randint(1, 6)
    frist2 = randint(1, 6)
    frist_sum = frist1 + frist2
    print(frist_sum)
    if frist_sum == 7 or frist_sum == 11:
        salary_all1 += salary
        salary_all2 -= salary
        print('玩家勝,玩家剩余金額為%d,莊家剩余金額為%d' % (salary_all1,salary_all2))
        if salary_all1 <= 0 :
            print('玩家賭金不足')
            break
        elif salary_all2 <= 0:
            print('莊家賭金不足')
            break
        is_continue = input('賭豪繼續(xù)嗎（y/n）夜郁？')
        if is_continue == 'y':
            continue
    elif frist_sum == 2 or frist_sum == 3 or frist_sum == 12:
        salary_all1 -= salary
        salary_all2 += salary
        print('莊家贏,玩家剩余金額為%d,莊家剩余金額為%d' % (salary_all1,salary_all2))
        if salary_all1 <= 0 :
            print('玩家賭金不足')
            break
        elif salary_all2 <= 0:
            print('莊家賭金不足')
            break
        is_continue = input('賭豪繼續(xù)嗎（y/n）？')
        if is_continue == 'y':
            continue
    else:
        while True:
            # salary = eval(input('請(qǐng)輸入賭注:'))             #   是否每把調(diào)整賭注
            next1 = randint(1, 6)         
            next2 = randint(1, 6)
            count = next1 + next2
            print(count)
            if count == frist_sum:
                salary_all1 += salary
                salary_all2 -= salary
                print('玩家勝,玩家剩余金額為%d,莊家剩余金額為%d' % (salary_all1,salary_all2))
                if salary_all1 <= 0 :
                    print('玩家賭金不足')
                    break
                elif salary_all2 <= 0:
                    print('莊家賭金不足')
                    break
                is_continue = input('賭豪繼續(xù)嗎（y/n）竞端？')
                if is_continue == 'n':
                    break
            elif count == 7:
                salary_all1 -= salary
                salary_all2 += salary
                print('莊家勝,玩家剩余金額為%d,莊家剩余金額為%d' % (salary_all1,salary_all2))
                if salary_all1 <= 0 :
                    print('玩家賭金不足')
                    break
                elif salary_all2 <= 0:
                    print('莊家賭金不足')
                    break
                is_continue = input('賭豪繼續(xù)嗎（y/n）庙睡？')
                if is_continue == 'n':
                    break
        print('游戲結(jié)束')
        break

每次重新開始的craps

下面代碼表示：若每次分出勝負(fù)后事富，重新開始將重新?lián)u出第一次的點(diǎn)數(shù)

from random import randint

salary_all1 = eval(input('請(qǐng)輸入玩家起始賭金：'))
salary_all2 = eval(input('請(qǐng)輸入莊家起始賭金：'))
salary = eval(input('請(qǐng)輸入賭注'))
while True:
    restart = True
    frist1 = randint(1, 6)
    frist2 = randint(1, 6)
    frist_sum = frist1 + frist2
    print('第一次搖色子',frist_sum)
    if frist_sum == 7 or frist_sum == 11:
        salary_all1 += salary
        salary_all2 -= salary
        print('玩家勝,玩家剩余金額為%d,莊家剩余金額為%d' % (salary_all1,salary_all2))
        is_continue = input('賭豪繼續(xù)嗎（y/n）乘陪？')
        if is_continue == 'y':
            print('重新開始')
            continue
    elif frist_sum == 2 or frist_sum == 3 or frist_sum == 12:
        salary_all1 -= salary
        salary_all2 += salary
        print('莊家贏,玩家剩余金額為%d,莊家剩余金額為%d' % (salary_all1,salary_all2))
        is_continue = input('賭豪繼續(xù)嗎（y/n）？')
        if is_continue == 'y':
            print('重新開始')
            continue
    else:
        while True:
            next1 = randint(1, 6)
            next2 = randint(1, 6)
            count = next1 + next2
            print('非第一次搖色子', count)
            if count == frist_sum:
                salary_all1 += salary
                salary_all2 -= salary
                print('玩家勝,玩家剩余金額為%d,莊家剩余金額為%d' % (salary_all1,salary_all2))
                is_continue = input('賭豪繼續(xù)嗎（y/n）贱勃？')
                if is_continue == 'n':
                    restart = True
                    break
                else:
                    restart = False
                    break
            elif count == 7:
                salary_all1 -= salary
                salary_all2 += salary
                print('莊家勝,玩家剩余金額為%d,莊家剩余金額為%d' % (salary_all1,salary_all2))
                is_continue = input('賭豪繼續(xù)嗎（y/n）？')
                if is_continue == 'n':
                    restart = True
                    break
                else:
                    restart = False
                    break
        if salary_all1 <= 0 :
            print('玩家賭金不足')
            break
        elif salary_all2 <= 0:
            print('莊家賭金不足')
            break
    if restart == True:
        print('游戲結(jié)束')
        break
    else:
        print('重新開始')