2. Transactions 交易
We define an electronic coin as a chain of digital signatures.我們定義一種電子貨幣為一系列的數(shù)字簽名憔杨。
Each owner transfers the coin to the next by digitally signing a hash of the previous transaction and the public key of the next owner and adding these to the end of the coin. 每一個(gè)（電子貨幣）擁有者轉(zhuǎn)給下一位较锡，通過(guò)數(shù)字簽署上一次交易的哈希和下一個(gè)擁有者的公鑰沙兰，并把這些簽名加在電子貨幣的末尾肛根。
A payee can verify the signatures to verify the chain of ownership.收款人可以驗(yàn)證該簽名從而確認(rèn)這條鏈的所有者缀壤。
The problem of course is the payee can't verify that one of the owners did not double-spend the coin.這個(gè)過(guò)程的中的問(wèn)題是收款人不能確認(rèn)數(shù)字貨幣的擁有者有沒(méi)有雙重花費(fèi)這枚幣钦睡。
A common solution is to introduce a trusted central authority, or mint, that checks every transaction for double spending.一種常見(jiàn)的解決方法是引入一個(gè)可信任的中央機(jī)構(gòu)憔鬼，或者鑄幣廠筐付，以檢查每一筆交易有沒(méi)有雙重支付佑女。
After each transaction, the coin must be returned to the mint to issue a new coin, and only coins issued directly from the mint are trusted not to be double-spent. 每筆交易之后记靡，這枚電子貨幣必須返回鑄幣廠再發(fā)行一枚新的幣，因?yàn)橹挥兄苯訌蔫T幣廠發(fā)行的幣才被認(rèn)為沒(méi)有被雙重支付過(guò)团驱。
The problem with this solution is that the fate of the entire money system depends on the company running the mint, with every transaction having to go through them, just like a bank.然而這種方案的缺陷是整個(gè)貨幣系統(tǒng)的命運(yùn)決定于運(yùn)行鑄幣廠的公司摸吠，因?yàn)槊抗P交易都必須經(jīng)過(guò)它們，就像一個(gè)銀行嚎花。
We need a way for the payee to know that the previous owners did not sign any earlier transactions.所以我們需要一種方式使收款人知道此前的貨幣擁有者并沒(méi)有對(duì)更早的交易簽名寸痢。
For our purposes, the earliest transaction is the one that counts, so we don't care about later attempts to double-spend.為了我們的目的，我們只關(guān)心這筆交易之前的交易紊选，所以不關(guān)心在此之后對(duì)于雙重支付的嘗試啼止。
The only way to confirm the absence of a transaction is to be aware of all transactions.確認(rèn)一筆交易是否缺失的唯一辦法是知道所有的交易。
In the mint based model, the mint was aware of all transactions and decided which arrived first. 在鑄幣廠模型里面兵罢，鑄幣廠關(guān)注了所有的交易并且決定那一筆交易最先到達(dá)献烦。
To accomplish this without a trusted party, transactions must be publicly announced [1], and we need a system for participants to agree on a single history of the order in which they were received.要實(shí)現(xiàn)這點(diǎn)而沒(méi)有一個(gè)信任機(jī)構(gòu)，交易必須公開(kāi)廣播卖词，我們需要一個(gè)系統(tǒng)巩那，這個(gè)系統(tǒng)可以讓參與者就收到的訂單的單一歷史記錄達(dá)成一致。
The payee needs proof that at the time of each transaction, the majority of nodes agreed it was the first received.收款人需要證據(jù)，即每一次交易的過(guò)程中即横，大多數(shù)的節(jié)點(diǎn)同意這筆交易是第一次收到的噪生。
