Chapter 2 What Is Critical Thinking?
這周讀了5小節(jié)
Critical Thinking Defined
Characteristics of Critical Thinkers
The Role of Intuition
Basic Activities in Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking and WritingCritical Thinking Defined（批判性思維的定義）
首先對比感覺和思考的區(qū)別拄轻。兩者經(jīng)常混用（我覺得伟葫，我認(rèn)為等字眼）恨搓，但是感覺和思考嚴(yán)格上說是不同的。感覺是我們的情感情緒和欲望的一種自動自發(fā)的反應(yīng)筏养，不需要有意識的腦力的參與斧抱，幾乎是一種本能。感覺的作用:可以引導(dǎo)我們思考需要思考的事物以及為艱巨的腦力任務(wù)的完成注入熱情和承諾渐溶。但是感覺并不是總是可靠的辉浦。有時候感覺會引誘我們做對自己舒服但是有害的事情。
Let’s begin by making the important distinction between thinking andfeeling. I feel and I think are sometimes used interchangeably, but that practice causes confusion. Feeling is a subjective response that reflects emotion, sentiment, or desire; it generally occurs spontaneously rather than through a conscious mental act. We don’t have to employ our minds to feel angry when we are insulted, afraid when we are threatened, or compassionate when we see a picture of a starving child. The feelings arise automatically. Feeling is useful in directing our attention to matters we should think about; it also can provide the enthusiasm and commitment necessary to complete arduous mental tasks. However, feeling is never a good substitute for thinking because it is notoriously unreliable. Some feelings are beneficial, honorable, even noble; others are not, as everyday experience demonstrates. We often feel like doing things that will harm us—for example, smoking, sunbathing without sunscreen, telling off our professor or employer, or spending the rent money on lottery ticketss
而思考卻是有意識為之的為了解決問題或做出決策或理解事物的一種大腦工作的過程掌猛。思考有很多錯誤的模式盏浙，但是依然是指導(dǎo)我們?nèi)祟愋袨樽羁煽康姆绞健８杏X的可信度有待思維這種最可靠的方法去檢測荔茬。
In contrast to feeling, thinking is a conscious mental process performed to solve a problem, make a decision, or gain understanding.* Whereas feeling has no purpose beyond expressing itself, thinking aims beyond itself to knowledge or action. This is not to say that thinking is infallible; in fact, a good part of this book is devoted to exposing errors in thinking and showing you how to avoid them. Yet for all its shortcomings, thinking is the most reliable guide to action we humans possess. To sum up the relationship between feeling and thinking, feelings need to be tested before being trusted, and thinking is the most reasonable and reliable way to test them.
思維大致有三大類：深入（內(nèi)省）思維竹海，創(chuàng)新思維以及批評性思維慕蔚。本書探討的主要是批判性思維。批判性思維的精髓在于評估斋配。因此批判性思維可以被定義為我們對論點和論據(jù)的對錯與否進(jìn)行檢測和重新評估的過程孔飒。換言之灌闺，批判性思維是尋找答案和提出問題的過程。因此毋庸置疑批判性思維其中一個重要的技巧和特點就是提出合適的問題坏瞄。批判思維者對其他人的先入為主的論述進(jìn)行反駁桂对。另外白日夢對于思維的作用比較小，不計入思維范疇鸠匀。除了對觀點進(jìn)行反駁外蕉斜，批判思維也用于用提出問題的方法來分析事物，正本清源缀棍。
There are three broad categories of thinking: reflective, creative, and critical. The focus of this book is on critical thinking. The essence of critical thinking is evaluation. Critical thinking, therefore, may be defined as the process by which we test claims and arguments and determine which have merit and which do not. In other words, critical thinking is a search for answers, a quest. Not surprisingly, one of the most important techniques used in critical thinking is asking probing questions. Where the uncritical accept their first thoughts and other people’s statements at face value, critical thinkers challenge all ideas in this manner
Critical thinking also employs questions to analyze issues.
Characteristics of Critical Thinkers（批判性思維者的特征）
判斷是否是批判性思維的幾條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：
理由是否完備而充足
The test of critical thinking is whether the reasons are good and sufficient
批判性思維者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是做出合理的判斷和結(jié)論宅此，而不管這個結(jié)論是否已經(jīng)普遍為人所知
Critical thinking means making sound decisions, regardless of how common or uncommon those decisions are
批判性思維一定是包含了尋找答案的思路過程，哪怕這個答案不是那么顯而易見的爬范。
t critical thinking involves the process of finding answers when they are not so readily available
批判性思維是一種行為習(xí)慣父腕，是可以后天習(xí)得的，只要按照它的特點來訓(xùn)練青瀑。但是這并不意味著所有的人都有同樣的思考潛能璧亮，而是指只要我們訓(xùn)練有素都可以在思維領(lǐng)域取得長足的進(jìn)步。
critical thinking is a matter of habit. The most careless, sloppy thinker can become a critical thinker by developing the characteristics of a critical thinker. This is not to say that all people have equal thinking potential but rather that everyone can achieve dramatic improvement
批判思維者的特點除了前述已知的善于提出合理的問題以外斥难，他們還擅長于控制自己的思考活動一直圍繞著一個固有的目標(biāo)進(jìn)行分析論證杜顺，而不是被隨意的閑聊遐想所干擾。他們非常專注自己的目標(biāo)蘸炸。此外批判思維者的特點包括更謙虛承認(rèn)自己的認(rèn)知局限躬络，更誠實面對自己的錯誤，對問題的復(fù)雜性更好奇更有耐心，對對手的不同觀點更包容筒严，更開明磨取。避免陷入極端觀點，克制自己的情感盡量使用理智等馁菜。
而非批判思維者的特點恰恰與之相反。
We have already noted one characteristic of critical thinkers—skill in asking appropriate questions. Another is control of one’s mental activities.
批判思維有賴于思維的自律铃岔。批判思維者可以有效控制和主導(dǎo)自己的思維而不是反過來被它們控制汪疮。并且它們對任何觀點包括自己的在他們檢驗和確認(rèn)前持保留態(tài)度。
critical thinking depends on mental discipline. Effective thinkers exert control over their mental life, direct their thoughts rather than being directed by them, and withhold theirendorsement of any idea—even their own—until they have tested and confirmed it.
這種思維的自律在John Dewey看來某種程度等同于自由毁习。因為一個人的行為不是被深思熟慮的結(jié)論所引導(dǎo)智嚷，就是被不成熟的沖動，不穩(wěn)定的欲望纺且，一時的心血來潮和環(huán)境場景所影響盏道。
他認(rèn)為沒有批判性思維的人等同于環(huán)境和感覺欲望的奴隸，是不自由的人载碌。
呵呵猜嘱，萬萬沒有想到大家心心念念的“自由”居然可以被這樣深刻地解讀吧衅枫！
If a man’s actions are not guided by thoughtful conclusions, then they are guided by inconsiderate impulse, unbalanced appetite, caprice, or the circumstances of the moment. To cultivate unhindered, unreflective external activity is to foster enslavement, for it leaves the person at themercy of appetite, sense, and circumstance.
