來源：私家英語資源庫
公眾號(hào)：English-lovers
1.1關(guān)于修辭
修辭的作用是不能低的触幼。它能“喚起生動(dòng)的意象,使語言文字新鮮活潑,意蘊(yùn)優(yōu)美,發(fā)揮更大的感染力和說服力,取得藝術(shù)性的表達(dá)效果”（范家材,1997)。修辭的使用在書面表達(dá)中算作很大的亮點(diǎn)喷橙，在高中階段很少有學(xué)生會(huì)注重修辭的應(yīng)用姥闭。
1.2例句分析
修辭的恰當(dāng)使用能夠使文章錦上添花,起到點(diǎn)睛的效果。在典范英語10的幾冊書中,都出現(xiàn)了許多不同種類的修辭手法。該課將著重探討幾種常見的修辭手法在這套書中的使用特點(diǎn)與效果盐数。
1.3明喻( simile)
明喻是比喻的一種,它與后面即將要講到的暗喻修辭手法都是比喻的表現(xiàn)手法。明喻是把兩種具有共同特征的事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對比姑隅，暗示了主體與喻體之間的共同性写隶。
明喻由這樣幾個(gè)成分組成,主體(subject)、喻體(reference)讲仰、比喻詞(simile marker)慕趴。我們見得比較多的幾個(gè)比喻詞有as，like鄙陡，what冕房，as if，as though趁矾，similar to耙册，be something of，such as愈魏，seem等等觅玻。明喻是種修辭，而且對于考生來說培漏，只要稍加注意溪厘，可以在文章中設(shè)計(jì)明喻的句子。就變成了亮點(diǎn)句牌柄，起到強(qiáng)調(diào)作用畸悬。
Figure
of speech: simile
Example1:
?A word or phrase that compares sth to sthelse, using the words like or as, for examplea face like a mask oras white as snow; the use of such words and phrases .
It consists such
elements as subject、reference
and simile marker.
Example1: OneJanuary morning, Bessie gave me a rough and thorough wash, brushed my hairhard, and sent me to Aunt Reed.She was sitting by the breakfast--room fire
with a man in black who ,with his great height, dark clothes and grim face,
looked like a black pillar of stone. My aunt called him“ MrBrocklehurst.”????????????? ??????????????????---《Jane Eyre》 P13
她和一個(gè)男士坐在餐廳壁火爐旁珊佣，這位男士穿著黑色的衣服蹋宦，高高的個(gè)子，還有一張冷酷的臉咒锻，看上去就像一根黑石柱冷冗。
Subject: Aman?? Reference: A black pillar of stone(一根黑石柱)? Simile marker: like
在這個(gè)比喻中，主體是a man惑艇，喻體是a black pillar of stone蒿辙，比喻詞是like，通過比喻滨巴，這位男士（Mr
Brocklehurst）那種冷酷的外貌被刻畫得栩栩如生思灌。
我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)明喻的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)就是主體和喻體之間所傳達(dá)的是一種相似性。
Example2:
?What happened next was pure magic. Astrong gust of wind lifted the ivy, parting it like a curtain.?????????????????????????????????????????---《The Secret Garden》P21
?? partingit like a curtain：像窗簾一樣向兩邊分開
在這個(gè)比喻中恭取，主體是:ivy泰偿，喻體是a curtain，比喻詞是like蜈垮，通過比喻耗跛，把一陣風(fēng)吹來常青藤像窗簾一樣打開的場景寫得栩栩如生裕照。 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??
Example3:
?Everyone but me was armed to the teeth. Silvercarried two muskets, as well as a cutlass and pistols in his pockets. He had arope tied round my waist and led me along like a dancing bear.????????????????????????????????????????????? ---《Treasure Island》P104
?? Ledme along like a dancing bear：我就像一只跳舞的熊一樣被領(lǐng)
?She slid from the bed and walked veryuncertainly to the window, threw it open and leant out. The frosty air blew in,cutting like a knife.???????????---《Wuthering Heights》 P66
cutting like a
knife:像刀割一樣
?He paced up and down like a caged animal.
He was a man of action,not books.
---《20,000 Leagues
Under the Sea》 P29
?? like a caged animal：像籠中困獸
?I wanted to help the captain and grabbedmy knife,but my fingers were like jelly and I couldn’t get the knife out of mybelt.????????? ---《20,000 Leagues
Under the Sea》 P54
?? myfingers were like jelly：我的手指就像果凍
?The Nautilus drifted,waiting for ordersfrom its captain,floating on the waves like a dead body.??????????????????????????????????---《20,000 Leagues Under the Sea》 P72
?? like a dead body:一具死尸
?“I’ve been going from person to person for
weeks,like the booby prize in pass the parcel.”
?????????---《The
Secret Garden》P5
?? likethe booby prize in pass the parcel：就像“傳送包裹“游戲里的包裹一樣
?Instead the ivy grew wild here,trailing
like a waterfall down to the ground.
?---《The Secret Garden》 P15
? trailing like a waterfall down to the ground：垂下來就像瀑布傾瀉在地上
?I woke feeling as if I had just had anightmare,but somebody slipped an arm gently round me and helped me situp.? ??????????????????????????????????---《Jane Eyre》 P10
?I had just had a nightmare:好像我做了噩夢一樣
I loved being in the water, even though
there was the chance of becoming a shark's dinner. Fish swam before me like
sparkling jewels. Plant life swayed in the gentle currents. I knew I was seeing
things that no other scientist had ever seen.
?? ???like sparkling jewels:好像閃閃發(fā)光的珠寶一樣
---《20,000 Leagues Under the Sea》 P51
Example2: She wasthe most winning thing that ever brought sunshine to a desolate house,mild andgentle as a dove, and with none of her mother’s wild ways about her.???
---《Wuthering Heights 》P72
? ?她是把陽光帶到一所凄涼的房子里的最討人喜歡的小東西】涡郑可是她并不像她母親牍氛，因?yàn)樗芟聒澴右粯拥臏仨橊Z良。
Subject:she?????? Reference:dove???????? Simile marker:as
在這個(gè)比喻中烟阐，主體是she，喻體是dove紊扬，比喻詞是as蜒茄，通過比喻，小凱瑟琳溫順的性格被刻畫得栩栩如生餐屎。
在典范英語10一套書中檀葛，我們還可以發(fā)現(xiàn)好多這樣的明喻例句，例如
?He left me atthe gates of the Grange,and I staggered up the drive,and went to mystudy,feeling as weak as a kitten.??????????????? ???---《Wuthering Heights 》P12
??? ??feeling as weak
as a kitten：身體差
?Heathcliff, coolas a cucumber, made the tea.(None of his servants were in the house,anarrangement made no doubt to fit in with his plan).?? ??---《Wuthering Heights 》P91
?? cool as a cucumber：非常冷靜腹缩，泰然自若（尤指在困難情況下）
?Mr Craven is assour as a crab apple.???? ???????????????---《The Secret Garden》?? P7
?If anyone inthis house was as sour as a crab apple it was her!?---《The Secret Garden》 P34
?? ???as sour as a crab
apple：像沙果一樣酸屿聋；討厭的人
?]“He isclever,all right,” Ned agreed.”But he’s also as cold as the icebergs we’resailing past.”???????????????? ---《20,000 Leagues Under the Sea》P57
???? ?as cold as the
icebergs：像冰山一樣冷酷
?Professor
Challenger's face went red as a tomato. His beard was bristling. He looked
ready to explode with rage.“Professor
Summerlee!”he bellowed. Your brain is as small as a walnut!Any
fool can see that it is a pterodacty! And there are other prehistoric creatures
living up on that plateau. I bet my life on it!” “But we are scientists, “ came
Professor Summerlee's quiet, dry voice again. ' We need better proof than this.”?
?---《The Lost World》? P11
face went red as a tomato:臉頰像西紅柿一樣紅
as small as a walnut：像胡桃一樣小
1.4隱喻( Metaphor)
????隱喻也叫暗喻，是比喻手法的另一種常見的表達(dá)方式藏鹊，表示把某事物比擬成和它有相似關(guān)系的另一種事物润讥。在隱喻的句子里都出現(xiàn)本體和喻體，而連接二者的比喻詞則常用“是盘寡、變成楚殿、成為、就是”等漢語詞匯來表示竿痰，而英語則常用be(am,is,was 或were)等詞來表示脆粥。我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，隱喻與明喻的不同點(diǎn)在于影涉，隱喻表現(xiàn)的是本體和喻體之間的一致性变隔，即“甲就是已”。
隱喻不僅言簡意賅蟹倾，而且形象生動(dòng)匣缘、妙趣橫生，使語言文字新鮮活潑喊式、意蘊(yùn)優(yōu)美孵户，極大地發(fā)揮了語言的感染力和說服力，給讀者以智慧的啟迪與美的享受岔留。
Figureof speech:Metaphor
[if !supportLists]????????[endif]A word or phraseused in an imaginative way to describe sb/sth else,in order to show that the twothings have the same qualities and to make the description more powerful,forexampleShe has a heart of stone;the use of such words and phrases.
It consists such elements as subject夏哭、reference and simile marker such as am,is,was or
were.
Examples:
The next morning Mary was already buttoning up hercoat when Martha arrived.“You are an early bird!”Martha said.?
?“Well,I dolike birds!”Mary grinned.? ????????????????????---《The Secret Garden》? P20
第二天早當(dāng) Martha進(jìn)來時(shí)瑪麗正在穿衣服 。 Martha說“你真的是個(gè)早起的人献联！” “我確實(shí)喜歡鳥竖配！”瑪麗笑笑何址。?
在典范英語10一套書中，我們還可以發(fā)現(xiàn)其他運(yùn)用暗喻的句子进胯，例如：
?“To go stealingoff like this! It shows what a cunning little fox you are!”
?-----《Wuthering Heights》 P73
?what a cunning little fox you are：你很狡猾
?He had gloriousrust-coloured hair and blue eyes the colour of the sky.? ?
-----《The Secret Garden》 P27
?blue eyes the colour of the sky：她眼睛的顏色和天空的顏色一樣
? “I’m learning that whilelife is definitely
safer behind a desk,it’s not so exciting,”Conseil said.
Life behind a
desk:辦公室生活
?What will parents do without the electronicbaby-sitter?（如果沒有這位電子保姆用爪，父母該怎么辦呢？)
形象地說明了電視機(jī)的保姆功用胁镐。???
?... while most
of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are
somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.（……但是我們中的很多人太容易給別人批評(píng)的冷風(fēng)偎血，而不愿意給自己的同伴贊揚(yáng)的陽光。）
作者把批評(píng)比作冷風(fēng)盯漂，把贊揚(yáng)比作溫暖的陽光颇玷，生動(dòng)形象，寓意雋永就缆。
?As Victor Hugo
once said,“ Laughter is the sun that drivers winter from the human face”. (笑是太陽,驅(qū)散人臉上的寒冬)
作者把笑比作太陽帖渠，用來驅(qū)散人們臉上的寒冬，生動(dòng)形象竭宰。
分析語篇中暗喻的作用：
?But by the timeI comforted her, the woman had reconsidered. “ I don’t think I can do it”, shesaid. I was suddenly aware that I had made a far greater offer than I expected.“I know we can do it,” I said. “ I can hold on to you.”She looked down at
the “beast”. Then her eyes came back to mine, looking doubtful. “This hasnever happened to me before,” she said. I felt that her sudden fear connectedwith the escalator’s mechanical nature, which deserved none of human trust.
????? ?Beast在這里是一個(gè)非常巧妙的隱喻空郊，意思是說電梯就是野獸--沒有人性，這里的隱喻把這位老婦人對于電梯的不信任以及恐懼寫得惟妙惟肖切揭。
