一. 簡(jiǎn)介

Django is a high-level Python Web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design.

nginx (pronounced engine-x) is a free, open-source, high-performance HTTP server and reverse proxy, as well as an IMAP/POP3 proxy server.

A Web Server Gateway Interface - WSGI - does this job. WSGI is a Python standard.

二. 組件概覽

the web client <-> the web server <-> the socket <-> uwsgi <-> Django

nginx充當(dāng)the web server形纺，響應(yīng)處理靜態(tài)資源的請(qǐng)求贷币，并將動(dòng)態(tài)資源的請(qǐng)求通過(guò)socket以u(píng)wsgi協(xié)議轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)給uWSG處理搜骡，uWSG則是運(yùn)行django項(xiàng)目的web服務(wù)鱼辙。

三. 具體步驟

逐步搭建，方便排查問(wèn)題谋币。以下步驟若未特殊聲明寨昙，則均在云服務(wù)器上執(zhí)行掠归。

1. virtualenv

方法一：
安裝virtualenv

sudo apt-get install virtualenv

創(chuàng)建和激活virtualenv

virtualenv env --no-site-packages --python=python3
source env/bin/activate

--no-site-packages 表示不使用系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)安裝的第三方庫(kù)
--python指定項(xiàng)目用到的python版本

方法二：
使用python3內(nèi)置venv

$ python3 -m venv envpy3

2. 測(cè)試uwsgi

將uwsgi安裝到virtualenv中。激活virtualenv再執(zhí)行

pip install uwsgi

新建文件test.py并寫(xiě)入以下內(nèi)容

# test.py
def application(env, start_response):
    start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type','text/html')])
    return [b"Hello World"] # python3
    #return ["Hello World"] # python2

運(yùn)行uwsgi

uwsgi --http :8000 --wsgi-file test.py

訪問(wèn)127.0.0.1:8000查看是否成功卢鹦，若成功說(shuō)明以下組件連接成功

the web client <-> uWSGI <-> Python

3. 測(cè)試django項(xiàng)目

在本機(jī)django的項(xiàng)目根目錄執(zhí)行以下命令臀脏，生成項(xiàng)目依賴清單requirements.txt

pip freeze > requirements.txt

用scp命令將django項(xiàng)目傳到云服務(wù)器

 scp [option] <localfile> <username>@<host>:<remote-file-location>
示例：
scp -r /home/user/hello_django user@x.x.x.x:/home/user/

激活virtualenv劝堪，切換到項(xiàng)目根目錄下安裝依賴

pip install -r requirements.txt

運(yùn)行django

python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000

如果運(yùn)行成功，再測(cè)試使用uwsgi運(yùn)行django

uwsgi --http :8000 --module hello_django.wsgi

--module 指定django模塊
如果成功揉稚，說(shuō)明以下組件連接成功

the web client <-> uWSGI <-> Django

4. 測(cè)試nginx

安裝

sudo apt-get install nginx

啟動(dòng)

sudo systemctl start nginx

nginx默認(rèn)監(jiān)聽(tīng)80端口秒啦，所以可以訪問(wèn)127.0.0.1:80測(cè)試是否成功。
nginx安裝之后搀玖，會(huì)默認(rèn)創(chuàng)建www-data用戶和組余境，并以www-data身份運(yùn)行nginx（可以在/etc/nginx/nginx.conf首行查看或修改）。為了避免文件訪問(wèn)權(quán)限問(wèn)題灌诅，修改django項(xiàng)目的用戶組

sudo chown -R :www-data hello_django

5. 部署靜態(tài)資源

在django項(xiàng)目的settings.py文件添加

STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "static/")

然后執(zhí)行

python manage.py collectstatic

即可將項(xiàng)目的靜態(tài)資源統(tǒng)一收集到項(xiàng)目根目錄下的static文件夾中芳来。

在/etc/nginx/sites-available/目錄下，新建hello_django.conf并寫(xiě)入以下內(nèi)容猜拾，將static路徑替換成上面的項(xiàng)目的static目錄路徑

# mysite_nginx.conf

# the upstream component nginx needs to connect to
upstream django {
    # server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket
    server 127.0.0.1:8001; # for a web port socket (we'll use this first)
}

# configuration of the server
server {
    # the port your site will be served on
    listen      8000;
    # the domain name it will serve for
    server_name example.com; # substitute your machine's IP address or FQDN
    charset     utf-8;

    # max upload size
    client_max_body_size 75M;   # adjust to taste
   
    # 開(kāi)啟gzip
    gzip on;

    # 啟用gzip壓縮的最小文件即舌，小于設(shè)置值的文件將不會(huì)壓縮
    gzip_min_length 1k;

    # gzip 壓縮級(jí)別，1-10挎袜，數(shù)字越大壓縮的越好顽聂，也越占用CPU時(shí)間，后面會(huì)有詳細(xì)說(shuō)明
    gzip_comp_level 2;

    # 進(jìn)行壓縮的文件類型盯仪。javascript有多種形式紊搪。其中的值可以在 mime.types 文件中找到。
    gzip_types text/plain application/javascript application/x-javascript text/css application/xml text/javascript application/x-httpd-php image/jpeg image/gif image/png;

    # 是否在http header中添加Vary: Accept-Encoding全景，建議開(kāi)啟
    gzip_vary on;

    # 禁用IE 6 gzip
    gzip_disable "MSIE [1-6]\.";

    # Django media
#    location /media  {
#        alias /path/to/your/mysite/media;  # your Django project's media files - amend as required
#    expires 30d;
#    }

    location /static {
        alias /path/to/your/mysite/static; # your Django project's static files - amend as required
        # enable cache 
        expires 30d; 
    }

    # Finally, send all non-media requests to the Django server.
    location / {
        uwsgi_pass  django;
        include     /etc/nginx/uwsgi_params; # the uwsgi_params file you installed
    }
}

并創(chuàng)建軟鏈接到/etc/nignx/sites-enabled目錄

sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/hello_django.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/

重加載nginx

nginx -s reload

然后訪問(wèn)127.0.0.1:8000/static/xxx/xxx.png耀石，若成功說(shuō)明靜態(tài)資源部署成功。
若訪問(wèn)失敗可查看nginx錯(cuò)誤日志(/var/log/nginx/error.log)爸黄，Permission denied問(wèn)題請(qǐng)將static目錄加入到www-data用戶組娶牌。

6. 連接nginx和uwsgi

以--socket方式運(yùn)行django項(xiàng)目，并將端口改成nginx中配置的8001端口

uwsgi --socket :8001 --module hello_django.wsgi 

然后訪問(wèn)127.0.0.1:8000查看測(cè)試nginx的動(dòng)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)是否成功馆纳。
若成功，則所有組件的連接都成功了

the web client <-> the web server <-> the socket <-> uWSGI <-> Python

7. 使用Unix sockets替換uwsgi的端口

nignx和uwsgi間通過(guò)socket端口連接雖然簡(jiǎn)單汹桦，但是不是最佳方式鲁驶，應(yīng)改用Unix sockets。
修改hello_django.conf

server unix:///path/to/your/mysite/mysite.sock; # for a file socket
# server 127.0.0.1:8001; # for a web port socket (we'll use this first)

指定使用Unix sockets時(shí)創(chuàng)建的sock文件舞骆，如

server unix:///home/www-data/hello_django/hello_django.sock; # for a file socket

然后改以u(píng)nit socket方式運(yùn)行django

uwsgi --socket /home/www-data/hello_django/hello_django.sock --module hello_django.wsgi --chmod-socket=666

--chmod-socket是為了避免hello_django.sock文件的權(quán)限問(wèn)題
然后訪問(wèn)查看是否成功钥弯。

8. 以.ini文件方式運(yùn)行uwsgi

創(chuàng)建文件 hello_django_uwsgi.ini

[uwsgi]

# Django-related settings
# the base directory (full path)
chdir           = /path/to/your/project
# Django's wsgi file
module          = project.wsgi
# the virtualenv (full path)
home            = /path/to/virtualenv

# process-related settings
# master
master          = true
# maximum number of worker processes
processes       = 10
# the socket (use the full path to be safe
socket          = /path/to/your/project/mysite.sock
# ... with appropriate permissions - may be needed
chmod-socket    = 666
# clear environment on exit
vacuum          = true

然后指定文件啟動(dòng)uwsgi

uwsgi --ini hello_django_uwsgi.ini # the --ini option is used to specify a file

9. 將uwsgi配置成service并設(shè)置開(kāi)機(jī)自啟

退出virtualenv

deactivate

將uwsgi安裝到系統(tǒng)環(huán)境

sudo pip3 install uwsgi

然后用系統(tǒng)環(huán)境的uwsgi測(cè)試

uwsgi --ini mysite_uwsgi.ini # the --ini option is used to specify a file

在/etc/systemd/system目錄，新建文件hello_django.service

[Unit]
Description=hello django uwsgi web service
After=syslog.target

[Service]
Type=simple
ExecStart= /usr/local/bin/uwsgi --ini /path/to/your/hello_django.ini
Restart=always
StandardError=syslog

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

配置完成后督禽，reload一下systemd脆霎，即成功添加了hello_django的service

$ sudo systemctl daemon-reload

啟動(dòng)

systemclt start hello_django

設(shè)置開(kāi)機(jī)自啟

systemctl enable hello_django

systemd還可以監(jiān)控服務(wù)進(jìn)程，代替supervisor第三方庫(kù)狈惫。

10. 其他

以Emperor模式啟動(dòng)uwsgi睛蛛，該模式下，會(huì)監(jiān)視uwsgi的配置文件，當(dāng)配置文件被修改后忆肾，會(huì)自動(dòng)重啟uwsgi下對(duì)應(yīng)的web服務(wù)荸频。

# create a directory for the vassals
sudo mkdir /etc/uwsgi
sudo mkdir /etc/uwsgi/vassals
# symlink from the default config directory to your config file
sudo ln -s /path/to/your/mysite/mysite_uwsgi.ini /etc/uwsgi/vassals/
# run the emperor
uwsgi --emperor /etc/uwsgi/vassals --uid www-data --gid www-data

啟動(dòng)

sudo uwsgi --emperor /etc/uwsgi/vassals --uid www-data --gid www-data

在hello_django.service的配置文件中修改啟動(dòng)的shell命令

/usr/local/bin/uwsgi --emperor /etc/uwsgi/vassals --uid www-data --gid www-data --daemonize /var/log/uwsgi-emperor.log

參考文章
https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tutorials/Django_and_nginx.html