一箕慧、I/O重定向基本概念
I/O重定向有三種定義打開(kāi)文件:stdin (the keyboard), stdout (the screen), and stderr (error messages output to the screen)躯泰。每個(gè)打開(kāi)的文件都是通過(guò)文件描述符(File Descriptor)來(lái)標(biāo)識(shí)的唧躲,內(nèi)核為每個(gè)進(jìn)程維護(hù)了一個(gè)文件描述符表挟秤,這個(gè)表以FD為索引,再進(jìn)一步指向文件的詳細(xì)信息挤渔。在進(jìn)程創(chuàng)建時(shí)栗菜,內(nèi)核為進(jìn)程默認(rèn)創(chuàng)建了0、1钩杰、2三個(gè)特殊的FD纫塌,這就是stdin、stdout和stderr讲弄。
二措左、stdout和stderr
查看文件File Descriptor
[root@localhost/dev/fd]#ll /dev/fd/
total 0
lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Jul 16 07:18 0 -> /dev/pts/2
lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Jul 16 07:18 1 -> /dev/pts/2
lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Jul 16 07:18 2 -> /dev/pts/2
lr-x------ 1 root root 64 Jul 16 07:18 3 -> /proc/5696/fd
支持的操作符號(hào)包括:
- 1>或 > 把stdout重定向到文件中,并覆蓋文件中的內(nèi)容
示例1
[root@localhost~]#touch a.txt
[root@localhost~]#ls > a.txt
[root@localhost~]#cat a.txt
a
anaconda-ks.cfg
Desktop
Documents
Downloads
...
示例2
[root@localhost~]#touch b.txt
[root@localhost~]#cat /etc/passwd b.txt
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
...
- 2> 把stderr重定向到文件中并覆蓋文件中的內(nèi)容
示例1
[root@localhost~]#lss 2> c.txt
[root@localhost~]#cat c.txt
bash: lss: command not found...
Similar command is: 'ls'
示例2
[root@localhost~]#ls /ett 2> c.txt
[root@localhost~]#cat c.txt
ls: cannot access /ett: No such file or directory
- &> 把所有輸出重定向到文件中并覆蓋文件中的內(nèi)容
示例1
[root@localhost~]#touch d.txt
[root@localhost~]#ls /etc /err &> d.txt
[root@localhost~]#cat d.txt
ls: cannot access /err: No such file or directory
/etc:
abrt
adjtime
aliases
aliases.db
...
追加重定向(>>),不會(huì)覆蓋文件內(nèi)容
示例1
[root@localhost~]#cat a.txt
/etc/drirc
[root@localhost~]#ls /etc/issue >> a.txt
[root@localhost~]#cat a.txt
/etc/drirc
/etc/issue
示例2
[root@localhost~]#cat b.txt
/etc/dnsmasq.conf
[root@localhost~]#ls /ett 2>>b.txt
[root@localhost~]#cat b.txt
/etc/dnsmasq.conf
ls: cannot access /ett: No such file or directory
示例3
[root@localhost~]#cat c.txt
ls: cannot access /ett: No such file or directory
[root@localhost~]#ls /etc/d
dbus-1/ dnsmasq.conf
dconf/ dnsmasq.d/
default/ dracut.conf
depmod.d/ dracut.conf.d/
dhcp/ drirc
dleyna-server-service.conf
[root@localhost~]#ls /etc/drirc /ett &> c.txt
[root@localhost~]#cat c.txt
ls: cannot access /ett: No such file or directory
/etc/drirc
- 2>&1 將錯(cuò)誤和正確的信息放到同一個(gè)文件中,與>&和1>&2等價(jià)
[root@localhost~]#ls /etc/issue /stt > d.txt 2>&1
[root@localhost~]#cat d.txt
ls: cannot access /stt: No such file or directory
/etc/issue
set -C :禁止將內(nèi)容覆蓋已有文件避除,但可追加強(qiáng)制覆蓋:“>|”
set +C :允許覆蓋
示例1
[root@localhost~]#set -C
[root@localhost~]#ls /etc/issue > a.txt
-bash: a.txt: cannot overwrite existing file
[root@localhost~]#ls /ett 2> a.txt
-bash: a.txt: cannot overwrite existing file
()合并多個(gè)程序的stdout
[root@localhost~]#(ls /etc/issue ; cat a.txt) > c.txt
[root@localhost~]#cat c.txt
/etc/issue
/etc/drirc
/etc/issue
/etc/issue
三怎披、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸入
示例1
[root@localhost~]#cat </etc/issue
\S
Kernel \r on an \m
示例2
[root@localhost~]#cat >f1 <<eof
> aaa
> bbb
> ccc
> eof
<<終止詞必須相等,最后一個(gè)輸入相同即退出瓶摆;
四凉逛、其他
管道:
COMMAND1 | COMMAND2
將錯(cuò)誤和正確標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸出
ls /boot /err 2>&1 |tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
ls /boot /err |& tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
less 命令可以上下翻 直接退出
more 命令不可以上翻 退出按q
‘- ’符號(hào)
示例
將/home里面的文件打包,但打包的數(shù)據(jù)不是記錄到文件群井,而是傳遞到stdout状飞,經(jīng)過(guò)管道后,將tar - CVF - /home傳遞給后面的tar -xvg -,后面的這個(gè) - 則是天譴一個(gè)命令的stdout,因此诬辈,就不需要使用臨時(shí)file了
tar -cvf - /home |tar -xvf -
tee命令
-a append 附加 ;不覆蓋原文件
示例
ls /boot |tee ls.out