英語(yǔ)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由兩個(gè)部分組成:一個(gè)部分表示人或者物已卷,另一個(gè)部分表示動(dòng)作或者狀態(tài)。兩個(gè)部分之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系鸣哀,就是第一部分的人或物是第二部分動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或承受者螟蒸,或者,第二部分所表示的狀態(tài)就是第一部分所表示的人或物所處的狀態(tài)。例如:
We think a good knowledge of English as necessary as an excellent ability to communicate in the work of a foreign affairs official. (英語(yǔ)必不可少)
With stepping stones along the road, you don’t have to walk in the mud. (沿路的是石頭)
英語(yǔ)中有四大復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):
1. 動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) ( for sb to do sth )
Please find some work for the children to do. (孩子們做工作)
The book is too difficult for me to read, (我讀不懂)
2. 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) ( sb’s / sb doing sth )
His being late again made the teacher angry. (他遲到)
Would you mind my / me smoking here? (我抽煙)
動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不在句首時(shí)可以用“賓格加動(dòng)名詞”。
以上兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中,一個(gè)只能用不定式表示動(dòng)作蝠检,一個(gè)只能用動(dòng)名詞;而在下面兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中挚瘟,可以有多種詞性的詞表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)叹谁。
3. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) (主格名詞或代詞+補(bǔ)足成分)
The work finished, we stopped for a drink. (分詞)
She looked angrily at the pretty girl, her face white and her eyes green. (形容詞)
Sword in hand, the man came at me. (介詞短語(yǔ))
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中做狀語(yǔ),表原因或伴隨狀態(tài)乘盖。
4. 復(fù)合賓語(yǔ) (賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
His speech made us laugh. (不定式)
When she woke up, she found herself in hospital. (介詞短語(yǔ))
I want the house painted white. (分詞)
Don’t keep the lights on all the night. (副詞焰檩。這類副詞還有:here, there, home, back, off, away, out, in, up, down等)
We consider him one of our best friends. (名詞)
We found the movie wonderful. (形容詞)
能夠接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞可分為三類:
(1). 感官類,如:see, notice, watch, observe, hear, feel 等
(2). 意識(shí)類订框,如:believe, think, suppose, consider, wish 等
(3). 使動(dòng)類析苫,如:keep, leave; make, have, let 等
除動(dòng)詞可以接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)外,介詞with也可以接復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)穿扳,在句子中做狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)衩侥。
The farmers found some stone with writing on it. (定語(yǔ))
With a lot of work to do, he got up early and hurried to the workshop. (狀語(yǔ))
與動(dòng)詞一樣,With復(fù)賓中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)也可以由各種結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)充當(dāng)矛物。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法With的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)用的較多,以下是用法:
表伴隨時(shí)茫死,既可用分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),也可用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)履羞。
with +名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語(yǔ)
舉例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raise.
典型例題:
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back峦萎。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名詞(代詞)+分詞+介詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)分詞表示伴隨狀況時(shí)忆首,其主語(yǔ)常常用with來(lái)引導(dǎo)爱榔。由于本句中名詞"手"與分詞"綁"是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此用過(guò)去分詞糙及,選D.
注意:
1) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)使用介詞的問(wèn)題:
當(dāng)介詞是in時(shí)详幽,其前后的兩個(gè)名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞),也不用復(fù)數(shù)丁鹉。但 with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)妒潭。
2) 當(dāng)表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí),及物動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在分 詞揣钦,不及物動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去分詞雳灾。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例題:
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本題中沒(méi)有連詞,它不是復(fù)合句冯凹,也不是并列句谎亩。 句中使用了逗號(hào),且we 小寫宇姚,可知其不是兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句匈庭。能夠這樣使用的只有獨(dú)立主格或with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。據(jù)此判斷浑劳,本句中使用的是獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)阱持, 其結(jié)構(gòu)為:名詞+分詞。 由于permit在這里翻譯為'天氣允許'魔熏,表主動(dòng)衷咽,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞,故選B蒜绽。
如果不會(huì)判斷獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)的形式镶骗,不妨將句子改為條件句,例如本句改為If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后將if 去掉躲雅,再將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞即可鼎姊。