后續(xù)要補(bǔ)上“質(zhì)粒轉(zhuǎn)化、擴(kuò)增和鑒定的過(guò)程”
CRISPR = Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) :成簇規(guī)律間隔短回文重復(fù)序列主经;
II型CRISPR系統(tǒng)=核酸酶Cas9 + 編碼gRNA的crRNA array + 有助于將crRNA陣列加工成離散單元的所需輔助反式激活crRNA (tracrRNA)
The Type II CRISPR system is one of the best characterized consisting of the nuclease Cas9, the crRNA array that encodes the guide RNAs and a required auxiliary trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) that facilitates the processing of the crRNA array into discrete units.
gRNA用于引導(dǎo)货矮,tracrRNA用于結(jié)合靶點(diǎn)
Furthermore, the crRNA and tracrRNA can be fused together to create a chimeric, single-guide RNA (sgRNA).
Cas9 can thus be re-directed toward almost any target of interest in immediate vicinity of the PAM sequence by altering the 20-nt guide sequence within the sgRNA.
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PAM必須緊跟在20-nt對(duì)應(yīng)的靶向基因的下游——降低脫靶效應(yīng)
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1. Precise genome editing using engineered nucleases
簡(jiǎn)單的背景介紹伶氢,說(shuō)明精確編輯的重要性,有什么樣的核酸酶丁稀。
2. Cas9: an RNA-guided nuclease for genome editing
詳細(xì)介紹Cas9克握,并且介紹sgRNA。
3. Comparison with other genome editing technologies
簡(jiǎn)單的對(duì)比一下不同的基因編輯工具的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)螃诅,突出CRISPR-Cas9的優(yōu)點(diǎn)
4. Limitations of the Cas9 system
簡(jiǎn)述CRISPR-Cas9的缺點(diǎn)
5. Experimental design
實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)部分
(1) Target selection for sgRNA.
先確定要干嘛(敲除還是編輯)啡氢,然后設(shè)計(jì)sgRNA
(2) Approaches for sgRNA construction and delivery.
確定sgRNA的表達(dá)方式,既然Cas9是需要sgRNA幫助來(lái)識(shí)別靶點(diǎn)的术裸,那么sgRNA在細(xì)胞內(nèi)該如何產(chǎn)生呢倘是?這里提供了兩種辦法,PCR擴(kuò)增法還有質(zhì)粒表達(dá)法袭艺。
(3) Design of repair template.
這部分是設(shè)計(jì)模板搀崭,HDR(同源修復(fù))有兩種模板,一種是我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)好插入到質(zhì)粒中猾编,另外一種呢是ssODN门坷。想清楚選擇哪一種。
(4) Clonal isolation of cell lines.
將帶sgRNA表達(dá)的質(zhì)僚鄱疲或者載體+模板一起轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞,并且最后通過(guò)篩選標(biāo)記分離(抗生素抗性或者熒光篩選)冻晤。
(5) Functional testing.
驗(yàn)證基因編輯的效果苇羡。
Procedure——實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟
1. sgRNA or ssODN(單鏈DNA寡核苷酸)
sgRNA輔助Cas9識(shí)別靶點(diǎn),而Cas9造成DNA的雙鍵斷裂(DSB)切口之后鼻弧,DNA需要自我修復(fù)设江。
沒(méi)有模板的就是易出錯(cuò)的非同源末端連接修復(fù)(NHEJ),引入in-del(移碼突變和終止密碼子的過(guò)早出現(xiàn))實(shí)現(xiàn)敲除攘轩;有模板的叉存,這部分模板就會(huì)接上去,就造成了插入度帮,這就是我們常說(shuō)的(HDR)歼捏。
那么說(shuō)到HDR是需要模板的,模板又分為兩種笨篷,一種呢是在質(zhì)粒上的瞳秽,另一種比較簡(jiǎn)單,是ssODN率翅。
因此练俐,首先要確定的是,到底是想做敲除呢冕臭,還是想做插入腺晾。
1.1 Design of targeting components and the use of the CRISPR Design Tool
1.2 Design of the ssODN template (optional)
2. Preparation of sgRNA expression construct——knock down
(A) Generation of the sgRNA expression construct by PCR amplification
(B) Cloning sgRNA into the pSpCas9(BB) vector for co-expression with Cas9
3. Functional validation of sgRNAs
轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞
Co-transfection of CRISPR plasmids and HDR templates into HEK 293FT cells (optional)
這是我們前面提到的燕锥,如果要做HDR修復(fù)的話,那就需要模板悯蝉,需要將質(zhì)粒和模板共轉(zhuǎn)归形。
hESC (HUES 9) culture and transfection
因?yàn)槎嗄芨杉?xì)胞和普通細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)染是不一樣的,所以單獨(dú)放出來(lái)給大家參考泉粉。
篩選細(xì)胞
Isolation of clonal cell lines by FACS
通過(guò)熒光篩選細(xì)胞的實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟连霉。
Isolation of clonal cell lines by serial dilutions
通過(guò)挑單克隆的方法篩選
編輯效果
Functional testing: detection of indel mutations by the SURVEYOR nuclease assay
通過(guò)SURVEYOR核酸酶實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證效果,這部分我沒(méi)有用這個(gè)酶嗡靡,我們用的是T7 Endonuclease I跺撼,這個(gè)酶可以識(shí)別DNA上錯(cuò)配的地方,然后給切開(kāi)讨彼。
Functional testing: detection of genomic microdeletions by PCR
通過(guò)PCR實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證刪除和倒置歉井。
(A) Deletion or microdeletion analysis
(B) Inversion analysis
Functional testing: genotyping of HDR-mediated targeted modifications by restriction-fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis
限制性片段長(zhǎng)度多態(tài)性驗(yàn)證HDR介導(dǎo)的基因編輯結(jié)果。
Assessment of Cas9 cleavage or HDR-mediated target modi?cation ef?ciency by Sanger sequencing
測(cè)序驗(yàn)證
Deep sequencing and off-target analysis
脫靶效應(yīng)