Obituary||柬埔寨紅色高棉時(shí)期的典獄長(zhǎng)杜赫同志（康克由）于2020年9月2日辭世，終年77歲
Obituary: Comrade Duch
訃告：杜赫同志
The mathematics of death
死亡數(shù)學(xué)
Comrade Duch (Kaing Guek Eav), supervisor of killings for Cambodia’s Khmers Rouges, died on September 2nd, aged 77
柬埔寨紅色高棉時(shí)期的典獄長(zhǎng)杜赫同志（康克由）于2020年9月2日辭世，終年77歲惰蜜。
As the Vietnamese army closed in on Phnom Penh in January 1979, Comrade Duch was ordered to kill the prisoners remaining in his charge. He just about had time to supervise that. (Killing was not usually done in his prison, only in the fields he had designated at Choeung Ek, seven kilometres away. Unless someone slipped up.) He also started to destroy his archive, but did not get far. The orders from Brother Number Two, Nuon Chea, had not specifically requested that. Besides, he did not greatly want to.
1979年1月，當(dāng)越南軍隊(duì)逼近金邊（Phnom Penh）時(shí)受神，杜赫同志（Comrade Duch）奉命殺死仍由他看守的囚犯抛猖。當(dāng)時(shí)，他剛好有時(shí)間來(lái)監(jiān)督行刑鼻听。(通常不在杜赫的監(jiān)獄里行刑财著，而在七公里外他指定的瓊邑克（Choeung Ek）刑場(chǎng)進(jìn)行。除非有人搞錯(cuò)了撑碴。)此外撑教，杜赫也開(kāi)始銷(xiāo)毀自己持有的檔案，但并沒(méi)有銷(xiāo)毀多少醉拓。紅色高棉二號(hào)大哥農(nóng)謝（Nuon Chea）對(duì)此也沒(méi)有明確要求伟姐。再說(shuō)，他也不大愿意這樣做亿卤。（by Virginia, Gai）
The archive was well over 100,000 pages, containing meticulous details of the detainees who had passed to death through his prison, Tuol Sleng, or S-21, over the previous four years. (The most exact figure given later was 15,101, but the archive was by then incomplete.) Prisoners’ weight on entering. Their photographs, with the blank look of people at the end of the line. And their confessions, in as many versions as were needed to condemn them. He kept all the versions, with defective parts crossed out in red. In the margins, neatly, he put comments. “Do not write these words.” “Do not play tricks.” The final acceptable confession was typed and sent to “Angkar”, the high leadership of the Communist Party of Cambodia, to Brother Number Two and Brother Number One, Pol Pot himself. That was the rule. He kept at least two copies. Each carried his decision about the prisoner: “Can be destroyed.” “Take away.” “Keep for medical experiment.” His preferred word was “smash”. That too was the party rule. At once, or later.
這些檔案足足有10萬(wàn)多頁(yè)玫镐，記錄了過(guò)去四年在吐斯廉監(jiān)獄（Tuol Sleng）（或稱(chēng)S-21監(jiān)獄）被處死囚犯的詳細(xì)資料。（后來(lái)官方給出的精確數(shù)字是15101怠噪，但當(dāng)時(shí)的檔案還不完整恐似。）檔案里記錄了囚犯入獄時(shí)的體重；囚犯的照片——他們走在隊(duì)伍后面傍念，表情空洞矫夷；以及囚犯的供詞葛闷，供詞有多種版本，足以定罪判刑双藕。杜赫收集了所有版本的供詞淑趾，并將其中的不足之處用紅筆刪去，還在頁(yè)邊空白處工整地寫(xiě)下評(píng)語(yǔ)：“不要寫(xiě)這些話”忧陪、“不要丝鄄矗花招”。他會(huì)把合意的終版打印出來(lái)嘶摊，呈遞給柬埔寨共產(chǎn)黨的最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層“安卡”（Angkar）延蟹，最后交到二號(hào)大哥農(nóng)謝甚至是一號(hào)大哥波爾布特（Pol Pot）本人手中，這是規(guī)矩叶堆。此外阱飘，杜赫手中還持有至少兩份副本，每份上面都寫(xiě)有他對(duì)囚犯的判決：“可殺”虱颗、“帶走”沥匈、“留作醫(yī)學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)”。他最喜歡的字眼是“摧毀”忘渔。這個(gè)做法同樣也是黨內(nèi)的規(guī)矩高帖。立即執(zhí)行，或是延后執(zhí)行畦粮。（by Choesia, Gai）
The system he had devised at S-21 was simple, logical and perpetual. It could feed unceasingly Comrade Pol Pot’s hunger (which had become his own hunger) to root out the bourgeois oppressor class and purge the country of traitorous elements. Each prisoner was made to incriminate in writing between eight and 11 others. Those others were arrested. They, in turn, incriminated at least eight people. So it went on at the most important and most feared prison in the country: a sequence relentlessly reproducing.
杜赫在S-21監(jiān)獄所設(shè)計(jì)的檔案系統(tǒng)邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)又簡(jiǎn)單明了棋恼，且可長(zhǎng)期沿用。它滿足了一號(hào)大哥波爾布特同志對(duì)鏟除資產(chǎn)階級(jí)壓迫者和清除國(guó)內(nèi)叛變分子的野心锈玉，后來(lái)這也成了杜赫本人的野心。每個(gè)囚犯都牽連著8至11個(gè)其他已逮捕囚犯义起，而這些被逮捕囚犯又各自牽連了其他至少8個(gè)人拉背。由此，S-21監(jiān)獄有了“血腥蜘蛛網(wǎng)”的稱(chēng)號(hào)默终，一躍成為柬埔寨級(jí)別最高的監(jiān)獄，令人聞風(fēng)喪膽。（by Lili, Gai）
He felt proud of this system. It appealed to him as a mathematician. He had been a star in the subject at school, brilliant enough to get to the Lycée Sisowath in Phnom Penh, even though his family was poor and he was mocked as half-Chinese. His graduation marks in the Baccalaureate were the second-highest in the country. He became a maths teacher, quiet but firm, until communist revolution distracted him. And when that failed he returned. He taught maths and English in refugee camps, maths and Khmer in China, and when he emerged from hiding in 1999 presented himself as a maths teacher. As though he had never diverted.
杜赫對(duì)自己設(shè)計(jì)的這個(gè)系統(tǒng)感到自豪婶熬，因?yàn)檫@讓他覺(jué)得自己像一位數(shù)學(xué)家派歌。盡管他家境貧寒，還被人嘲笑是半個(gè)中國(guó)人含滴，杜赫卻是學(xué)校里的數(shù)學(xué)“明星”诱渤，成績(jī)出色到可以去金邊的西索瓦（LycéeSisowath）中學(xué)就讀。他的畢業(yè)考成績(jī)位列當(dāng)年全國(guó)第二谈况。大學(xué)畢業(yè)后勺美，他成為一名數(shù)學(xué)老師递胧，不張揚(yáng)卻很堅(jiān)定，直到共產(chǎn)主義革命轉(zhuǎn)移他的注意力赡茸。紅色高棉政權(quán)倒臺(tái)后缎脾，他又回來(lái)繼續(xù)做老師——在難民營(yíng)中教授數(shù)學(xué)和英語(yǔ)，也曾在中國(guó)教授數(shù)學(xué)和高棉語(yǔ)占卧。1999年杜赫被捕時(shí)自稱(chēng)是一位數(shù)學(xué)老師遗菠，好像他從來(lái)沒(méi)加入過(guò)柬共一樣。（By Jessica, Muke）
Teaching, too, was his natural bent. At S-21 he rarely did interrogations himself, but trained the interrogators. Many came with him from the first prison he had ever run, M-13 in the maquis. They were mostly young peasants with a low level of culture, but he trusted them. At S-21 he would telephone them every 20 minutes to check on progress. Most prisoners could be bullied verbally into “confessing” with threats, or “evidence” against them, or even with the steady humiliation of being called “Monsieur”, as if they were colonialists. He kept his usual neat record of what was done to resisters. “About 20 whippings with fine rattan.” “20-30 whippings with electrical wire.” “Stuffing with water.”
當(dāng)然华蜒，杜赫也熱愛(ài)“教學(xué)”辙纬。在S-21監(jiān)獄，他很少親自審訊犯人友多，而是訓(xùn)練審訊人員牲平。很多審訊人員都是從他管理的第一個(gè)監(jiān)獄跟隨他過(guò)來(lái)的，他們之中大部分人是年輕農(nóng)民域滥，受教育程度較低纵柿，但杜赫信任他們。在S-21監(jiān)獄启绰，杜赫每20分鐘就會(huì)給審訊人員打電話昂儒，跟進(jìn)審訊進(jìn)度。審訊人員通過(guò)各種手段來(lái)逼近囚犯“招供”委可≡ò希或是言語(yǔ)威脅，或是編造對(duì)他們不利的“證據(jù)”着倾，或是不斷羞辱他們是殖民者拾酝，稱(chēng)囚犯為“先生（Monsieur）”。杜赫一如既往清清楚楚地記錄下對(duì)反抗者所做的一切：“用細(xì)藤條抽打20下左右卡者≥锒冢“用電線抽打20-30下〕缇觯”“灌水”材诽。（by Evelyn, Muke）
He claimed later that he had hated running the prison. He had tried to get sent to the Industry Ministry instead. It was not the torture that troubled him, though he tried to play that down. Nor was it the deaths. He did not see those; the slit throats, the hoe severing the neck, happened elsewhere. His sleep was untroubled by his victims’ faces. What bothered him was that S-21 was meant to be a tool to find out truth. Or so he had convinced himself. Yet perhaps 60% of each “confession” was false, and perhaps 80% of those he sent to death did not oppose the regime. He knew this at the time. Everyone knew it, Angkar included. No one dared say it, for sheer fear. He got through the days, he said later, by quoting Alfred de Vigny: “Energetically perform your long and heavy task/On the path to which Fate has called you/Then…suffer and die without a word.”
杜赫后來(lái)聲稱(chēng)自己當(dāng)時(shí)厭惡管理S－21監(jiān)獄。他也試過(guò)要調(diào)往工業(yè)部恒傻，但沒(méi)成功脸侥。酷刑（雖然他試圖淡化這點(diǎn)）與那些死去的階下囚并不會(huì)讓杜赫感到不安盈厘。被割斷的喉嚨睁枕，切斷頸項(xiàng)的鋤刃，隨處可見(jiàn)，但杜赫對(duì)這些都熟視無(wú)睹譬重，依舊高枕無(wú)憂拒逮，受害者們的臉龐也不曾入夢(mèng)。真正困擾他的是臀规，S-21監(jiān)獄本應(yīng)是一個(gè)尋找真相的工具滩援，至少他是這么說(shuō)服過(guò)自己的。然而60%的“供詞”都是假的塔嬉，也許還有80%被他送上絕路的人并沒(méi)有反對(duì)高棉政權(quán)玩徊。他那時(shí)候就知道了，所有人都知道谨究，包括高棉政權(quán)恩袱。但出于極度的恐懼，沒(méi)有人敢說(shuō)出真相胶哲。他后來(lái)引用阿爾弗雷·德·維尼的詩(shī)來(lái)描繪那段日子畔塔，“不辭任重道遠(yuǎn)，剛毅地奮斗到結(jié)局鸯屿。然后……默默地忍痛而死澈吨。”（by komorebi, Muke）
To poetry he could add another salve: complete identification with the revolutionary struggle. He had fallen for communism Chinese-style at the Institut de Pédagogie, teacher-training college. That promise of progress and change was irresistible. By the early 1970s he was in the maquis with the Khmers Rouges, learning to fight for a Democratic Kampuchea that would be agrarian, classless and untainted by the West. His nom de guerre, Duch, meant the schoolboy who stood up when his master asked him to. He may have hated the prison work, but he faithfully repeated the slogans. “Our party makes absolutely no mistakes.” “Angkar knows who is good and who is bad.” They did not quite smother the rising fear that his perpetual system might swallow him, too.
這首詩(shī)還提供了另一種意義上的寬慰——詩(shī)中所寫(xiě)完全符合杜赫在革命道路上的歷程寄摆。他曾在教育學(xué)院（一所教師培訓(xùn)學(xué)校）上學(xué)時(shí)迷上了中國(guó)共產(chǎn)主義谅辣。其承諾進(jìn)步和改變的宣言對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)極其誘人。于是在20世紀(jì)70年代早期婶恼，杜赫進(jìn)入了紅色高棉的游擊隊(duì)桑阶，學(xué)習(xí)為建立一個(gè)土地均分、無(wú)階級(jí)勾邦、不受西方壓迫的民主柬埔寨而斗爭(zhēng)蚣录。杜赫是他的化名，意為被老師指名站起來(lái)的男生眷篇∥樱或許他厭惡監(jiān)獄工作，但他虔誠(chéng)地重復(fù)著紅色高棉的口號(hào)铅歼，“黨絕不會(huì)出錯(cuò)”，“安卡（柬埔寨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人）分得清誰(shuí)好誰(shuí)壞”换可。而這些口號(hào)并沒(méi)有完全扼殺杜赫不斷擴(kuò)大的恐懼椎椰，他也害怕自己最終會(huì)被自己無(wú)休止地屠殺吞沒(méi)。(by Gai, Pamela)
Was he sorry? In 1999, when a journalist found him, he wanted to talk. By then he had become a Christian, another ideology in which he could immerse himself. He knew about sins and forgiveness now. Occasionally he shed tears. He was the first high Khmer Rouge official to go on trial, in 2009. There, often dressed in pure white, his soft voice demanding exact dates and transcripts, he explained himself. But what he said one day he might retract the next. He played with truth, as he had done before. Uniquely among Khmer Rouge leaders, he accepted responsibility for his actions at S-21. But his superiors had given the orders, so he was bound to obey. And he hoped, having been useful, that he might be released.
他對(duì)自己所作的一切感到抱歉嗎沾鳄？1999年慨飘，當(dāng)有記者采訪他時(shí)，他就此有話想說(shuō)。那時(shí)他已經(jīng)信奉了基督教——又一個(gè)可以讓他全身心信奉的意識(shí)形態(tài)瓤的。如今休弃，他明白了什么是罪惡，什么是寬恕圈膏，也時(shí)不時(shí)落淚塔猾。2009年，他成了紅色高棉首個(gè)受審的高官稽坤。在法庭上丈甸，他常常身著素白衣服，不緊不慢的細(xì)細(xì)詢(xún)問(wèn)具體日期和對(duì)話記錄來(lái)為自己辯護(hù)尿褪。但他說(shuō)的話前后不符睦擂，之前說(shuō)過(guò)的話在下一次審訊時(shí)可能又變了樣。他還是和以前一樣在顛倒是非杖玲。與高棉其他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者不同的是顿仇，他愿意為自己在Ｓ-21監(jiān)獄的行為負(fù)責(zé)。但事實(shí)上他只不過(guò)是接到了上級(jí)的命令摆马，不得不這么做臼闻。杜赫畢竟也曾對(duì)高棉做出過(guò)貢獻(xiàn)，他希望自己能得到釋放今膊。（by Rosy, Pamela）
He was not. In 2012 his original sentence of 35 years for torture, murder and crimes against humanity was extended to life. He was not surprised, or did not let it show. He had learned young the most pertinent of Khmer Rouge mottoes for him, “Extinguish your heart.” And he had not thrown off the motivations of those days. Given the chance, he would discuss Marxism for hours. He clung tightly, too, to his nom de guerre. “Kaing Guek Eav” was the quiet teacher’s name he could have reverted to. But “Duch” was still who he was, the diligent boy who pleased his master. And wrote daily, for years, above that name, “Smash.” “Keep.” “Grind to dust.”
但杜赫并沒(méi)有等到釋放的判決些阅。他原本因虐待，謀殺以及反人類(lèi)的罪行被判35年監(jiān)禁斑唬，在2012年又改為無(wú)期徒刑市埋。他對(duì)這個(gè)判決結(jié)果并不感到意外，又或者他只是沒(méi)有流露出詫異之情恕刘。年輕的時(shí)候他早已領(lǐng)會(huì)紅色高棉政權(quán)座右銘的核心“消滅你的內(nèi)心”缤谎。當(dāng)時(shí)他也還保有干勁。一有機(jī)會(huì)褐着，他就會(huì)花好幾個(gè)小時(shí)討論馬克思主義坷澡。他還始終堅(jiān)持用他的假名。他本可以做回那個(gè)名叫康克由的默默無(wú)聞的老師含蓉。但是他始終都還是杜赫频敛，那個(gè)勤奮的、努力取悅老師的男孩馅扣。多年以來(lái)斟赚，他也是在用這個(gè)名字寫(xiě)下對(duì)囚犯的命運(yùn)裁決：“粉碎”“留下（用作醫(yī)療實(shí)驗(yàn)）”“研磨成末”。（by Sarah, Pamela）
全文二校：Evelyn
