本文是耶魯政治哲學(xué)導(dǎo)論第二課筆記。課中贺氓，Smith教授繼續(xù)引導(dǎo)對《申辯篇》的解讀蔚叨，并以《克里同篇》中截然相反的觀點來進行對比，進而討論人應(yīng)該遵從自己的法律掠归，還是遵從國家的法律缅叠？蘇格拉底應(yīng)該被容忍么？言論自由是最好的么虏冻？等等深刻問題。
一弹囚、How many of you believe Socrates is innocent and should be acquitted?
你們中有多少人蘇格拉底是無辜的厨相，應(yīng)該無罪開釋？
How many of you believe he is guity and more or less got what he deserved?
你們中有多少人認為他罪有應(yīng)得？
耶魯?shù)膶W(xué)生大部分支持蘇格拉底對抗城邦蛮穿，但教授卻提出庶骄，蘇格拉底的理論是對城邦無害的么？城邦應(yīng)該容忍么践磅？事實上嗎单刁，如果認為蘇格拉底無罪，反而是輕視了蘇格拉底的理論對城邦的影響府适，蘇格拉底的影響力是巨大的羔飞，而這種影響是顛覆性、革命性的檐春！
二逻淌、What it is to be a citizen?
公民的定義為何？
S opposes the traditional,you might say Homeric conception,of the citizen,certain notions of citizen loyalty and patriotism,created,shaped ?by the poetic tradition going back to Homer.
蘇氏反對傳統(tǒng)的疟暖，荷馬式的公民概念卡儒，即由源自荷馬的詩教傳統(tǒng)所培養(yǎng)出的公民忠誠心及愛國精神。
He wants to replace that with a new kind of rational citizenship,philosophical citizenship,which relies on one's own powers of independent reason and judgment and argument.
他想要以一種新型的理性的俐巴、達觀的公民社會取而代之骨望，人們依靠自身獨立進行推理、判斷與辯論欣舵。
蘇格拉底提出的理性的公民影響很深遠擎鸠，與我國歷史上的“愚民政策”截然不同，蘇格拉底希望公民能夠思考邻遏，自我檢視糠亩，對人事物有自己的判斷。
但這種判斷與法律的判斷發(fā)生沖突時准验，應(yīng)該怎么做呢赎线？
三、S says that he has spent his entire life pursuing private matters rather than pubulic ones,and has deliberately avoided pubulic issues,issues of politics.
蘇氏稱自己終其一生都在追求私人事件而非公共事務(wù)糊饱，甚至刻意避開公共問題垂寥，諸如政治。
That raises a question.How can?any kind of citizenship be devoted just to private matters and not public?Citizenship seems to require the public sphere.?
這就導(dǎo)致一個問題另锋。怎么可能有僅專注私人事件而忽視公共事務(wù)的公民社會滞项？公民社會似乎就應(yīng)該有公共領(lǐng)域。
When S says that,he means that he has pursued a policy ,let's call it "the principled abstience from pubulic life.
蘇格拉底這么說夭坪，其實是指他一直在追求一種文判，可以稱為“與公共生活原則性疏離”的策略。
S has abstained from participation in the collective actions of the city室梅。
蘇氏自我棄絕于城邦的集體活動中戏仓。
His own motto is "Do no harm.",and to do no harm,he has required of himself a kind of principled abstention from pubulic life.
他的座右銘是不傷害疚宇。為了做到不傷害，他要求自己原則性的疏離公共生活赏殃。
He has refused to join in the judgment ot condemn and execute the ten Athenian generals,who had failed to collect the corpses of the men lost in a particular battle during the Peloponnesian War.
他曾拒絕加入譴責和處決十名雅典將軍的審判敷待，他們未能運回在伯羅奔尼撒戰(zhàn)役中戰(zhàn)死的官兵們的遺體。
He has refused to participate in?an arrest of a man who was wanted by the Thirty Tyrants.
他曾拒絕參加三十僭主要求的對一個人的逮捕仁热。
S's point is that his own individual moral integrity stands an a kind of litmus test.
蘇氏的觀點是：他正直的個人道德經(jīng)得起任何檢驗榜揖。
很顯然，申辯篇中的蘇格拉底認為自己應(yīng)該遵守自己的道德判斷抗蠢，內(nèi)心法律举哟，而不是聽從城邦。這就提出下面的問題：
四物蝙、Can a citizen put his own conscience above the law as S seems to do?
公民是否能像蘇氏那樣炎滞，將自身的道義凌駕于法律之上？
This is a problem that vexes Hobbes.Wether?an individual can somehow put?their own sense of conscience?or moral integrity even above the law?
這是一個讓霍布斯為之困擾的問題:個人是否可以將自身的道義感或道德感置于法律之上诬乞？
What would a community of Socratic citizens look like?Each one picking and choosing the laws or the rules to obey or not to follow.
蘇格拉底式的公民社會是什么樣呢册赛？人人自己挑選法律，決定遵守還是不遵守震嫉。
S is so concerned with his individual,his private moral integrity.He says that he will not dirty his hands with public life.
蘇格拉底非常擔心他個人的道德正直森瘪，他聲稱不愿涉足公共生活，以免弄臟雙手票堵。
Machiavelli takes very seriously the question of wether or not politics,political life requires one to dirty his hands in the world.
馬基雅維利非常關(guān)心這一問題：政治及政治生活是否會弄臟參與者的雙手扼睬？
S seems to be in some respects an example of what Hegel in the nineteenth century described as a "beatiful soul",he used that term ironically.
蘇格拉底有點像是十九世紀黑格爾所描述的“漂亮的靈魂”那樣，那是諷刺的用詞悴势。
That is some one who puts their own private moral incorruptibility above all else.
這個詞指那些將個人道德廉潔置于一切之上的人窗宇。
我們會情不自禁的想到許由，堯想要禪讓天下給他特纤，許由卻嫌臟了耳朵军俊。中國歷史上喜歡推崇許由這樣的隱士，但我卻認為捧存，許由是一個無作用的人粪躬，他不如堯舜為人民做的貢獻。他正是黑格爾說的這種漂亮的靈魂昔穴，雖然漂亮镰官，但卻空洞的仿佛泡沫。
五吗货、S tries to defend his point of view by arguing that his policy of abstinence actually carries impotant benefits to the city.
蘇格拉底試圖說明自己的疏離策略其實能為城邦帶來顯著好處泳唠，以此來為自己的觀點辯解。
He defines himself as a gadfly,who improves the quality of life in the city.
他稱自己是牛虻宙搬，改善了城邦的生活質(zhì)量。
S writes,"If you kill me,?you will not easily discover another of my sort,who has simply been set upon the city by the God as though upon a great and well-born horse who is rather sluggish because of his great size,and needs to be awakend by some gadfly.Just so in fact the god seems to have set me upon the city?as someone of this sort.I awaken and persuade and reproach each one of you and I do not stop settling down everywhere upon you the whole day."
蘇格拉底說：“如果你們殺了我此改，將不太容易發(fā)現(xiàn)我這種人。這經(jīng)由上帝揀選的城邦好像一匹優(yōu)良的駿馬因其碩大而駑鈍，因而需要牛虻的叮咬使其警醒耕陷。依次實據(jù)觀來，上帝似已選中我套腹，作為與城邦等齊的人测蹲。我喚醒、說服并斥責諸位崭放，處處與你們意見相左哨苛，終日如此”疑埃”
S declares himself? not only to be the gift of the god who is brought,but also a great benefactor of the city.His example of individual moral conscience brings with it great public benefits.
蘇格拉底不僅宣城自己是上帝賜下的恩典建峭，更是城邦的恩人。他作為個體道德感的模范决摧，給公眾帶來巨大利益亿蒸。
六、It is not on his behalf,he tells the audience,but yours,his fellow citizens',that he does what he does.
他告訴聽眾掌桩，那不是為了他自己边锁，而是他們，他的同胞們波岛，才這樣做的茅坛。
And furthermore he claims that he has no choice in the matter.This is not something he has chosen to do,he has been commanded to do this.
他宣稱自己別無選擇。并非他做此選擇则拷，而是受到了（神的）指示贡蓖。
He seems to envelope himself and his way of life with a kind of religious imagery.He envelopes his conception of citizenship within this religious language.
他似乎將自己及生活方式包裹在一種宗教意象當中，將自己對公民社會的概念包裹上宗教般的語言煌茬。
七斥铺、What could be more ludicrous S declaring himself or anyone declaring themselves to be a gift of the divine.
還有什么比蘇格拉底自稱或任何人自稱是天賜恩典更加荒唐？
Should S be tolerated?Would a good society tolerate S?
蘇格拉底應(yīng)被容忍嗎宣旱？一個良善的社會能容忍蘇格拉底么仅父？
How far should freedom of speech be tolerated?
言論自由的容忍界限是多少？
S demands that the Athenians change not simply this or that aspect of their policy,but he demands nothing less than a drastic,even revolutionary change in their civic life,in their civic culture.
蘇格拉底不是僅僅要求雅典人改變其政策中的一些單一觀點浑吟，而是劇烈的笙纤，甚至是革命性的改變其公民生活及公民文化。
He tells his fellows citizens that their lives are not worth living,only the examined life is worth living.
他告訴同胞們组力，他們的生命毫無價值省容，只有經(jīng)過反省的人生才有價值。
八燎字、The Crito presents the city's case,makes the case for the dignity of the laws.
克里同篇展現(xiàn)了城邦的論點腥椒，即法律的尊嚴阿宅。
Crito is named for a friend and disciple of S,who at the outset of the dialogue is sitting as a watchful guardian over his mentor.He urges S to allow him to help him escape.
克里同篇得名于蘇格拉底的朋友，也是其信徒克里同笼蛛。他在對話之初就誠心守護著這位良師益友洒放，力勸蘇接受他的幫助逃脫。
But S says,No state can exist without rules.The first rule of any state is the rule that citizens are not free to set aside the rules,to choose among them which ones to obey and to disobey.
但蘇卻說滨砍，國家不可無法紀往湿。任何國家的第一條法規(guī)永遠是公民不能自由的逍遙法外，自由選擇法律來服從或違抗惋戏。
To question or disobey?a single?law is tantamount to destroying the authority of the law.
質(zhì)疑或違抗一條法律领追，等于摧毀法律的全部權(quán)威。
We are what we are,because of the power and authority of the laws,the customs,the traditions,the culture that has shaped us.
我們之所以存在响逢，是因為那些塑造我們的法律绒窑、習俗、傳統(tǒng)舔亭、文化的力量與權(quán)威些膨。
The laws have begat us.
法律促成了我們的存在。
九分歇、Why does S exhibit such proud defiance and independence of the laws in the Apology and such total,even kind of mouse-like acquiescence to the laws in the Crito?
為何蘇格拉底一方面在自辯篇中展現(xiàn)了自豪的反抗傀蓉，獨立于法律之外，一方面在克里同篇中卻又鼠輩一般的默認了全部法律职抡。
?The Apology?and ?the Crito represent a tension between two more or less permanent and irreconcilable moral codes.
申辯篇和克里同篇表現(xiàn)出一種張力葬燎，這種張力存在于兩種可以說是永恒且無法調(diào)和的道德規(guī)范間。
The one represent by S regards reason,that is to say the sovereign reason of the individual as the highest possible authority.
一種是蘇所代表的理性缚甩，即個體主權(quán)理性是最高的可能權(quán)威谱净。
It is the philosopher's reliance on his own reason that frees him from the dangerous authority of the state,and safeguards the individual from complicity in the injustice and evils that seem to be a necessary part of political life.
哲學(xué)家憑自己的理性使自己遠離危險的國家權(quán)威，并守衛(wèi)人們不與不義及邪惡同流合污擅威，那似乎已成為政治生活的必備部分壕探。
The other moral code is represented by the speech of the laws where it is the laws of the community,its oldest and deepest beliefs and institutions,its constitutions,its regime,that are fundamentally obligatory on the individual,and even take priority over the individual.
另一種道德規(guī)范是社會法律所代表的觀點。服從那些最古老郊丛、深沉的信仰及制度李请、憲法及政體，是每位公民的基本義務(wù)厉熟，凌駕于個體之上导盅。
十、由此揍瑟，蘇格拉底提供給我們兩個選擇
是作為哲學(xué)家白翻，將自己的思索凌駕于法律，還是作為公民绢片，服從那些基本義務(wù)滤馍。
蘇格拉底顯然是前者岛琼。
