Day 1-2 Deep Trouble

??標(biāo)題一語(yǔ)雙關(guān)：一方面deep表示問題的嚴(yán)重和程度之深益缎；另一方面the deep就是海洋的意思祖能。Deep trouble，用來表示于海洋相關(guān)的問題，真是再合適不過了另假。

The ocean provides 3bn people with almost a fifth of their protein (making fish a bigger source of the stuff than beef). Fishing and aquaculture assure the livelihoods of one in ten of the world’s people. Climate and weather systems depend on the temperature patterns of the ocean and its interactions with the atmosphere. If anything ought to be too big to fail, it is the ocean.

provide

If you provide something that someone needs or wants, or if you provide them with it, you give it to them or make it available to them.

[V n]I'll be glad to provide a copy of this...

[V n]They would not provide any details...

[V n with n]The government was not in a position to provide them with food.

assure

To assure someone of something means to make certain that they will get it.

[V n of n]Last night's resounding victory over Birmingham City has virtually assured them of promotion...

[V n n]Ways must be found to assure our children a decent start in life.

depend on

If you depend on someone or something, you need them in order to be able to survive physically, financially, or emotionally.

[V on/upon n/-ing]They may hate what he does but their survival depends on him…

??這一段中三個(gè)動(dòng)詞provide，assure怕犁，depend on的使用非常值得學(xué)習(xí)边篮，程度一個(gè)比一個(gè)深，逐步體現(xiàn)the ocean對(duì)人類的重要性奏甫。最后一句 “If anything ought to be too big to fail, it is the ocean” 巧妙化用經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)表達(dá)：too fail to fail戈轿。

Depths plumbed

plumb

1.verb?If you plumb something mysterious or difficult to understand, you succeed in understanding it.

LITERARY

(=fathom)

She never abandoned her attempts to plumb my innermost emotions...V n

2.verb?When someone plumbs a building, they put in all the pipes for carrying water.

She learned to wire and plumb the house herself.V n

3.If someone plumbs the depths of an unpleasant emotion or quality, they experience it or show it to an extreme degree. ?to plumb the depths?

phrase?V inflects, oft PHR of n

They frequently plumb the depths of loneliness, humiliation and despair...

4.If you say that something plumbs new depths, you mean that it is worse than all the things of its kind that have existed before, even though some of them have been very bad. ?to plumb new depths

phraseV inflects, oft PHR of n

Relations between the two countries have plumbed new depths…

The damage being done to its health is visible in a few liminal places—the Great Barrier Reef, say, or the oyster farms of Washington state. But for the most part, the sea is out of sight and out of mind. It is telling that there is only a single fleeting reference to the ocean in the Paris agreement on climate change.

fleeting [fli:t??]

[ADJ-GRADED: usu ADJ n] Fleeting is used to describe something which lasts only for a very short time.

The girls caught only a fleeting glimpse of the driver...

She wondered for a fleeting moment if he would put his arm around her.

A second problem is governance. The ocean is subject to a patchwork of laws and agreements. Enforcement is hard and incentives are often misaligned. Waters outside national jurisdictions—the high seas—are a global commons. Without defined property rights or a community invested in their upkeep, the interests of individual actors in exploiting such areas win out over the collective interest in husbanding them. Fish are particularly tricky because they move. Why observe quotas if you think your neighbor can haul in catches with impunity?

governance [g?v?(r)n?ns]

1.[N-UNCOUNT] The governance of a country is the way in which it is governed.[FORMAL]

They believe that a fundamental change in the governance of Britain is the key to all other necessary changes.

2.[N-UNCOUNT] The governance of a company or organization is the way in which it is managed.[FORMAL]

//...a dramatic move away from the traditional view of governance in American education.

patchwork [p?t?w?:(r)k]

1.[ADJ: ADJ n] A patchwork quilt, cushion, or piece of clothing is made by sewing together small pieces of material of different colours or patterns.

//...beds covered in patchwork quilts.

[N-UNCOUNT]Patchwork is also a noun.

For centuries, quilting and patchwork have been popular needlecrafts.

2.[N-SING: oft N of n] If you refer to something as a patchwork, you mean that it is made up of many different parts, pieces or colours.

The low mountains were a patchwork of green and brown.

//...this complex republic, a patchwork of cultures, religions and nationalities.

incentive [?nsent?v]

incentives

[N-VAR: oft N to-inf] If something is an incentive to do something, it encourages you to do it.

There is little or no incentive to adopt such measures...

Many companies in Britain are keen on the idea of tax incentives for R&D.

misaligned?

/?m?s??la?nd/ adj.

not in the correct position in relation to sth else 方向偏離的；未對(duì)準(zhǔn)的

a misaligned vertebra 錯(cuò)位的脊椎骨

misalignment?

/?m?s??la?nm?nt/ noun [U]

The tests revealed a slight misalignment of the eyes. 經(jīng)檢測(cè)發(fā)現(xiàn)有輕度斜視阵子。

upkeep [?pki:p]

1.[N-UNCOUNT: usu with poss] The upkeep of a building or place is the work of keeping it in good condition.

The money will be used for the estate's upkeep...

The maintenance department is responsible for the general upkeep of the park.

Syn:maintenance

2.[N-UNCOUNT: usu with poss] The upkeep of a group of people or services is the process of providing them with the things that they need.

He offered to pay ?100 a month towards his son's upkeep.

//...subsidies for the upkeep of kindergartens and orphanages.

husband [h?zb?nd] 熟詞生意

husbands, husbanding, husbanded

1.[N-COUNT: oft poss N] A woman's husband is the man she is married to.

Eva married her husband Jack in 1957...

Are they husband and wife?

2.[VERB] If you husband something valuable, you use it carefully and do not waste it.[LITERARY]

[V n]Husbanding precious resources was part of rural life.

impunity [?mpju:n?ti]

[PHRASE: PHR after v (disapproval)] If you say that someone does something with impunity, you disapprove of the fact that they are not punished for doing something bad.

Mr Cook said future aggressors would be able to act with impunity if the objectives of the UN weren't met...

These gangs operate with apparent impunity.

Transparency can also mitigate the second difficulty, of ocean governance. More scientific data ought to improve the oversight of nascent industries. As sea-floor soundings proliferate, the supervision of deep-sea mining, which is overseen by the International Seabed Authority in areas beyond national jurisdiction, should get better.

mitigate [m?t?ge?t]

mitigates, mitigating, mitigated

[VERB] To mitigate something means to make it less unpleasant, serious, or painful.[FORMAL]

[V n]//...ways of mitigating the effects of an explosion...

[V n]The cost of getting there is mitigated by Sydney's offer of a subsidy.

nascent [n?s(?)nt]

[ADJ: ADJ n] Nascent things or processes are just beginning, and are expected to become stronger or to grow bigger.[FORMAL]

Kenya's nascent democracy was threatened by conflict yesterday.

//...the still nascent science of psychology.

背景知識(shí)補(bǔ)充：

??Too big to fail 大而不倒

The?"too big to fail" theory asserts that certain corporations, particularly financial institutions, are so large and so interconnected that their failure would be disastrous to the greater economic system, and that they therefore must be supported by government when they face potential failure.?The colloquial term "too big to fail" was popularized by?U.S. Congressman?Stewart McKinney?in a 1984 Congressional hearing, discussing the?Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's intervention with?Continental Illinois.?The term had previously been used occasionally in the press.

Proponents of this theory believe that some institutions are so important that they should become recipients of beneficial financial and economic policies from governments or?central banks.?Some economists such as?Paul Krugman?hold that?economies of scale?in banks and in other businesses are worth preserving, so long as they are well regulated in proportion to their?economic clout, and therefore that "too big to fail" status can be acceptable. The global economic system must also deal with sovereign states being too big to fail.

??Tragedy of the commons

Cows on Selsley Common. The "tragedy of the commons" is one way of accounting for over-exploitation.

The tragedy of the commons is an economic theory of a situation within a shared-resource system where individual users acting independently according to their own self-interest behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling that resource through their collective action. The concept and name originate in an essay written in 1833 by the Victorian economist William Forster Lloyd, who used a hypothetical example of the effects of unregulated grazing on common land (then colloquially called "the commons") in the British Isles. The concept became widely known over a century later due to an article written by the ecologist Garrett Hardin in 1968. In this context, commons is taken to mean any shared and unregulated resource such as atmosphere, oceans, rivers, fish stocks, or even an office refrigerator.

It has been argued that the very term 'tragedy of the commons' is a misnomer per se, since 'the commons' originally referred to a resource owned by a community, and no individual outside the community had any access to the resource. However, the term is presently used when describing a problem where all individuals have equal and open access to a resource. Hence, 'tragedy of open access regimes' or simply 'the open access problem' are more apt terms.

The tragedy of the commons is often cited in connection with sustainable development, meshing economic growth and environmental protection, as well as in the debate over global warming. It has also been used in analyzing behavior in the fields of economics, evolutionary psychology, anthropology, game theory, politics, taxation and sociology.

Although commons have been known to collapse due to overuse (such as in over-fishing), abundant examples exist where communities cooperate or regulate to exploit common resources prudently without collapse. According to the political economist Elinor Ostrom, although it is often claimed that only private ownership or government regulation can prevent the "tragedy of the commons", prudent users of a commons have a natural incentive to voluntarily cooperate in self-regulation, and history exhibits many examples of complex social schemes to sustain common resources efficiently.

公地悲劇

1968年英國(guó)哈丁教授 (Garrett Hardin)在《The tragedy of the commons》一文中首先提出“公地悲劇”理論模型思杯。他說，作為理性人，每個(gè)牧羊者都希望自己的收益最大化色乾。在公共草地上誊册，每增加一只羊會(huì)有兩種結(jié)果：一是獲得增加一只羊的收入；二是加重草地的負(fù)擔(dān)暖璧，并有可能使草地過度放牧案怯。經(jīng)過思考，牧羊者決定不顧草地的承受能力而增加羊群數(shù)量澎办。于是他便會(huì)因羊只的增加而收益增多嘲碱。看到有利可圖局蚀。許多牧羊者也紛紛加入這一行列麦锯。由于羊群的進(jìn)入不受限制，所以牧場(chǎng)被過度使用琅绅，草地狀況迅速惡化扶欣，悲劇就這樣發(fā)生了。

Day 3-4 Terror and the internet

《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》封面文章的行文邏輯：

??介紹問題

??分析問題

??提出方案

Three jihadist attacks in Britain in as many months have led to a flood of suggestions about how to fight terrorism, from more police and harsher jail sentences to new legal powers. But one idea has gained momentum in both Europe and America—that internet firms are doing the jihadists’ work for them. Technology giants, such as Google and Facebook, are accused of turning a blind eye to violent online propaganda and other platforms of allowing terrorists to communicate with each other out of reach of the intelligence services.

??從大到星Х觥：suggestions ?? from more police and harsher jail sentences to new legal powers ?? one idea ?? that internet firms are doing the jihadists’ work for them ?? technology giants ?? Google and Facebook

??led to 表“因??果”關(guān)系宵蛀，cause someting to happen，類似的還有：bring about县貌，result in术陶，cause， create煤痕，make梧宫，produce， generate摆碉，enable 等等塘匣。

表示“果??因”關(guān)系：because of，be due to巷帝，be caused by忌卤，thanks to，...is the result of...

??gaints表示巨頭楞泼，與之相對(duì)的是 fledgling companies

technology giants = tech behemoths

fledgling?

(BrE also fledge?ling) /?fled?l??/ noun

1.a young bird that has just learnt to fly （剛會(huì)飛的）幼鳥

2. (usually before another noun 通常置于另一名詞前) a person, an organization or a system that is new and without experience 初出茅廬的人驰徊；無經(jīng)驗(yàn)的組織；新體系

fledgling democracies 新興的民主國(guó)家

It is only the latest such charge. The technology firms have also been condemned for allowing the spread of fake news and harbouring bullies, bigots and trolls in the pursuit of profit. In the past they were accused of enabling people to evade copyright and of hosting child pornography.

??be condemned for 和 be accused of是同義詞堕阔，在閱讀時(shí)積累和總結(jié)這些同義詞是一大樂趣棍厂。

??體會(huì)“host”用在這里的用意。host我們一般用作名詞超陆，但是這里我們用作了動(dòng)詞牺弹，host當(dāng)做動(dòng)詞的時(shí)候具體含義是：The person whohosts a radio or television show introduces it and talks to the people who appear in it.也就是說有主人、也有客人，主人提供場(chǎng)地供客人聚在一起交流张漂、娛樂晶默。但是這里網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺(tái)作為主人提供給客人（網(wǎng)民）的是什么呢——兒童色情（child pornography）。

bigot

THESAURUS

■ people who are prejudiced

? racist： someone who treats people of other races unfairly or badly:

? bigot： someone who has strong unreasonable opinions, especially about race or religion:

? sexist： someone, especially a man, who believes that their sex is better, more intelligent, more important etc than the other.

troll?

/tr?l; tr??l; NAmE tro?l?/ noun

1.(in Scandinavian stories) a creature that looks like an ugly person. Some trolls are very large and evil, others are small and friendly but like to trick people. （斯堪的納維亞傳說中的）山精航攒，巨怪荤胁，友善頑皮的侏儒

2.(informal) a message to a discussion group on the Internet that sb deliberately sends to make other people angry; a person who sends a message like this "投餌"，惡意挑釁的帖子（在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)討論組張貼的）屎债；"投餌"人；發(fā)挑釁帖子的人

troll /tr?l; tr??l; NAmE tro?l?/ verb

1. [V] ~ (for sth) (especially NAmE) to catch fish by pulling a line with ?BAIT?on it through the water behind a boat 曳繩釣（魚）垢油；拖釣

2. [V, VN] ~ (sth) for sth (informal) to search for or try to get sth 搜查盆驹；搜索；設(shè)法得到

He trolled the Internet for advice on the disease. 他搜索互聯(lián)網(wǎng)尋求治療這種病的建議滩愁。

Both candidates have been trolling for votes. 兩個(gè)候選人一直都在拉票躯喇。

Shooting the messenger app?

??Shooting the messenger

"Shooting the messenger" is a metaphoric phrase used to describe the act of blaming the bearer of bad news.

Until the advent of modern telecommunication, messages were usually delivered by human envoys. For example, in war, amessenger would be sent from one camp to another. If the message was unfitting, the receiver might blame the messenger for such bad news and take their anger out on them.

"Shooting the messenger" is a subdivision of the ad hominem logical fallacy.

For as long as there have been data networks, people have exploited them to cause harm. The French mechanical telegraph system was subverted in 1834 in a bond-trading scam that went undetected for two years. Cold-callers run cons by telephone. The internet, with billions of users and unlimited processing power, is the most powerful network of all. It was bound to become the focus of wrongdoers.

???第一句話中的重點(diǎn)要放在have been，因?yàn)檫@句話強(qiáng)調(diào)的不是data networks硝枉，而是說從廉丽。。妻味。以來正压，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)。并且這句話是一個(gè)很典型的抽象化表達(dá)责球，讀完以后焦履，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)每一個(gè)詞你都認(rèn)識(shí)，但是你還是不明白它在說什么雏逾。比如嘉裤，data networks，你不知道是什么data networks栖博，cause harm屑宠，你也不知道到底產(chǎn)生了什么harm。通常這樣的表達(dá)之后都會(huì)跟著具體化的表達(dá)仇让。

從抽象到具體：

data networks ?? the French mechanical telegraph system典奉，Cold-callers，the internet

cause harm ?? subverted丧叽，run cons秋柄，wrongdoers

從古到今：

1843 ?? telephone ?? internet

這也就是為什么第一句話的中心是have been了。

??這段話中有一個(gè)特別精妙的表達(dá)就是：RUN

在讀這段的時(shí)候很多時(shí)候我們的注意力都只會(huì)放在subvert這個(gè)詞上蠢正，對(duì)于run這樣的表達(dá)估計(jì)只是一掃而過而已骇笔。如果我們給這兩個(gè)詞都分別歸類的話，那么subvert這個(gè)詞就屬于“你不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞”，而run就屬于“你以為你認(rèn)識(shí)笨触，但其實(shí)你不認(rèn)識(shí)”的詞懦傍。

但其實(shí)像subvert這樣的詞查一下詞典，知道解釋就可以學(xué)會(huì)了芦劣，以后看到就知道什么意思粗俱，記住了就可以用了。但至于這里為什么con的動(dòng)詞要用run你卻解釋不出來虚吟。而這樣的詞往往用得都特別精妙寸认，反而是更加需要學(xué)習(xí)和積累的。

subvert

/s?b?v?:t;NAmE-?v?:rt?/verb(formal)

1.[VN,V]to try to destroy the authority of apolitical, religious, etc. system by attacking it secretly or indirectly顛覆串慰；暗中破壞SYNUNDERMINE

2.[VN]to try to destroy a person's belief in sth orsb使背叛偏塞；使變節(jié)；策反SYNUNDERMINE

subversion

/s?b?v?:?n;NAmE-?v?:r?n?/noun[U]

That does not mean it should be wrapped in red tape. Openness online is especially valuable because it allows “permissionless” innovation. Anyone can publish an article, upload a video or distribute a piece of software to a global audience. Freedom from the responsibilities that burden other media companies has served as a boost for a nascent industry.

Red tape

Red tape is an idiom that refers to excessive regulation or rigid conformity to formal rules that is considered redundant or bureaucratic and hinders or prevents action or decision-making. It is usually applied to governments, corporations, and other large organizations.

One definition is the "collection or sequence of forms and procedures required to gain bureaucratic approval for something, especially when oppressively complex and time-consuming". Another definition is the "bureaucratic practice of hair splitting or foot dragging, blamed by its practitioners on the system that forces them to follow prescribed procedures to the letter".

Things often described as "red tape” include filling out paperwork, obtaining licenses, having multiple people or committees approve a decision and various low-level rules that make conducting one's affairs slower, more difficult, or both. Red tape can also include"filing and certification requirements, reporting, investigation,inspection and enforcement practices, and procedures".

Red tape reduction

The "cutting of red tape" - meaning a reduction of bureaucratic obstacles to action.

Business representatives often claim red tape is a barrier to business, particularly small business. In Canada, the Canadian Federation of Independent Business has done extensive research into the impact of red tape on small businesses.

The European Commission has a competition that offers an award for the "Best Idea for Red Tape Reduction". The competition is "aimed at identifying innovative suggestions for reducing unnecessary bureaucracy stemming from European law". In 2008, the European Commission held aconference entitled 'Cutting Red Tape for Europe'. The goal of the conference was "reducing red tape and overbearing bureaucracy," in order to help "business people and entrepreneurs improve competitiveness”.

Technology firms complain that this combination of novelty and commercial success makes them a convenient target for politicians, some of whom seem to regard regulating the internet as a shortcut to solving complex social problems such as hate speech. Eager to protect their special status, technology firms have emphasised that online recruitment is only part of the terrorist threat. Besides, they say, they are platforms, not publishers, and that they cannot possibly monitor everything.

??"Technology firms complain that this combination of novelty and commercial success makes them a convenient target for politicians, some of whom seem to regard regulating the internet as a shortcut to solving complex social problems such as hate speech.”這句話雖然比較長(zhǎng)邦鲫，但是讀來一氣呵成灸叼，寫得非常漂亮，而且邏輯清晰庆捺，是我們現(xiàn)在就可以模仿學(xué)習(xí)的對(duì)象古今。

Mark Twain described how a good writer treats sentences: “At times he may indulge himself with a long one, but he will make sure there are no folds in it, no vaguenesses, no parenthetical interruptions of its view as a whole; when he has done with it, it won’t be a sea-serpent with half of its arches under the water; it will be a torch-light procession.”

讀書就是尋求和作者的對(duì)話，我們?cè)谄瘘c(diǎn)滔以，作者在終點(diǎn)等我們捉腥。作者的每一個(gè)詞就是一塊磚，每一句話就是一條路你画。a torch-light procession就是一條由火炬指引的道路但狭，引導(dǎo)你一步步走向作者所在的彼岸。

??cannot VS can not

cannot [?k?nɑ?t] be not able to do something 沒有能力做某事

can not [k??nɑ?t] be able not to do something 關(guān)乎選擇撬即，選擇不做某事

As with car accidents or cyber-attacks, perfect security is unattainable. But an approach based on “defence in depth”, combining technology, policy, education and human oversight, can minimise risk and harm.

Defense in depth 縱深防御

Defense in depth (also known as Castle Approach) is an information assurance (IA) concept in which multiple layers of security controls (defense) are placed throughout an information technology (IT) system. Its intent is to provide redundancy in the event a security control fails or a vulnerability is exploited that can cover aspects of personnel, procedural, technical and physical security for the duration of the system's life cycle.

Background

The idea behind the defense in depth approach is to defend a system against any particular attack using several independent methods. It is a layering tactic, conceived by the National Security Agency (NSA) as a comprehensive approach to information and electronic security.

Defense in depth is originally a military strategy that seeks to delay rather than prevent the advance of an attacker by yielding space to buy time. The placement of protection mechanisms, procedures and policies is intended to increase the dependability of an IT system, where multiple layers of defense prevent espionage and direct attacks against critical systems. Interms of computer network defense, defense in depth measures should not only prevent security breaches but also buy an organization time to detect and respond to an attack and so reduce and mitigate the consequences of a breach.

Although?fake news is popular and?engaging, and provides opportunities to fill advertising slots, it is bad for the technology giants’?reputations. Accordingly, Google and Facebook are doing more to cut off fake-news sites from their advertising networks, build new tools to flag dubious stories and warn readers of them, and establish links with fact-checking organisations.

dubious?

/?dju:bi?s; NAmE ?du:-?/ adj.

1. [not usually before noun] ~ (about sth)/ (about doing sth) (of a person 人) not certain and slightly suspicious about sth; not knowing whether sth is good or bad 懷疑立磁；無把握；拿不準(zhǔn) SYNDOUBTFUL

I was rather dubious about the whole idea. 我對(duì)這整個(gè)想法持懷疑態(tài)度剥槐。

2.(disapproving) probably not honest 可疑的唱歧；不可信的；靠不住的粒竖；不誠(chéng)實(shí)的 SYNSUSPICIOUS

They indulged in some highly dubious business practices to obtain their current position in the market. 他們采取了一些極為可疑的商業(yè)手段才取得目前在市場(chǎng)上的地位颅崩。

3.that you cannot be sure about; that is probably not good 不確定的；不一定好的

They consider the plan to be of dubious benefit to most families. 他們認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃對(duì)大多數(shù)家庭不一定有好處蕊苗。

(ironic) She had the dubious honour of being the last woman to be hanged in England (= it was not an honour at all). 她成為英國(guó)最后一個(gè)受絞刑的女子沿后，這或許也算得上是榮幸之至吧。

dubiously adv.

establish links=forge links

??閱讀這一段會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)問題就是很有可能讀完以后發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)容大概都能明白朽砰，也沒有什么難的詞匯尖滚，但是卻感覺讀得不是特別透徹喉刘。是為什么呢？關(guān)鍵就在于信息漆弄。因?yàn)楸澈蟮男畔⒄莆盏貌粔蚰郎眩詫?dǎo)致文章內(nèi)容理解得不透徹。

那么撼唾，對(duì)于這一段我們需要掌握哪些信息呢廉邑？

據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)像Google，F(xiàn)acebook這樣的technology giants倒谷，他們的廣告收入可以占到總收入的近九成蛛蒙，所以廣告收入對(duì)于他們來說絕對(duì)不是蠅頭小利，而是很重要的一部分渤愁。這也是為什么文章會(huì)反復(fù)拿廣告收入來說事兒脚粟。

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Google的廣告平臺(tái)??

??“Under a voluntary agreement with European regulators, the big firms have set a target of reviewing (and, when appropriate, removing) within a day at least 50% of content flagged by users as hateful or xenophobic.”

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?The Guardian對(duì)這件事的報(bào)道? ? ??

可能不去了解這些背景信息梅肤，我們依然能夠讀懂這篇文章掏颊，但是掌握和了解這些補(bǔ)充信息絕對(duì)能讓我們讀得更有底氣邪媳。不同的媒體對(duì)同一件事的報(bào)道會(huì)有不同的角度柜砾，而當(dāng)我們了解更多的角度和信息以后蛙紫，我們對(duì)這件事的內(nèi)容本身就加深了了解毒费，而當(dāng)我們了解了內(nèi)容了界弧，我們對(duì)語(yǔ)言也加深了了解捡需。

The strongest measure is new laws.?In 2002, for example,?Britain?made internet service providers (or ISPs) liable for child pornography if they did not take it down “expeditiously”. The ISPs used a charity to compile a list of blocked URLs that it updated twice daily. The charity works closely with?law-enforcement agencies?in Britain and abroad.?Similarly,?American lawmakers?have?clamped down on?copyright infringement.

expeditiously

/??ksp??d???sl?; ?eksp%?d???sli/ ADV formal

in a quick and effective way 【正式】迅速而有效地办桨；

同efficiently :

All issues presented to the court are considered as fairly and expeditiously as possible. 向法庭提交的所有問題都得到了盡可能公正和迅速有效的審議。

— expeditious ADJ:

an expeditious system for examining claims for refugee status 快捷高效的難民身份申請(qǐng)審查制度

clamp down?

Phrasal Verbs

clamp down | clamp down on somebody | clamp down on something

to take strict action in order to prevent something, especially crime

a campaign by police to clamp down on street crime

The US government is clamping down on drugs.

crack down

[PHRASAL VERB]If people in authority crack down on a group of people, they become stricter in making the group obey rules or laws.

See also:crackdown

[V P on n]The government has cracked down hard on those campaigning for greater democracy...

[V P]There has been a lot of drinking. We are cracking down now. Anyone who gets caught is fired.

Syn: clamp down

Miller was speaking after a summit with some of the world's largest internet service providers (ISPs), which were summoned by the culture secretary because of concerns in government that they are failing to take adequate steps to crack down on images of child abuse.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?——The Guardian

infringement

infringements

1.[N-VAR: usu N of/on n]An infringement is an action or situation that interferes with your rights and the freedom you are entitled to.

//...infringement of privacy...

They see it as an infringement on their own freedom of action.

2.[N-VAR: usu N of n]An infringement of a law or rule is the act of breaking it or disobeying it.

There might have been an infringement of the rules...

Infringement of the regulation is punishable by a fine.

??“Britain made internet service providers (or ISPs) liable for child pornography if they did not take it down ‘expeditiously’.”

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?The Guardian對(duì)這件事的報(bào)道? ? ??