英語名詞可分專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類:
- 專有名詞是個(gè)別的人滴某、地、物滋迈、團(tuán)體霎奢、機(jī)構(gòu)等的專用名稱。
專有名詞中實(shí)詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫饼灿。如:Beijing,?Tom,?the?People’s?Republic?of?China(中華人民共和國)
專有名詞如果是含有普通名詞的短語,則必須使用定冠詞the幕侠。如:the?Great?Wall(長城)。
姓氏名如果采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,則表示該姓氏一家人(復(fù)數(shù)含義),如:the?Greens(?格林一家人)碍彭。- 普通名詞是許多人或事物的共有名稱晤硕。如:pupil,?family,?man,?foot.
普通名詞又分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。
可數(shù)名詞是可以用簡單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如:?box,?child,?orange.
不可數(shù)名詞是不可以用簡單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞庇忌。如:water,?news,?oil,?population,?information.
英語可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù):
英語可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式舞箍。
- 名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下:
①在單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s。如:map→?maps, boy→?boys, horse→?horses,?table→?tables.
②s,o,x,sh,ch結(jié)尾的詞加es皆疹。如:class→classes,?box→boxes,?hero→heroes,?dish→dishes,bench→benches.
[注]:少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加s疏橄。如:photo→photos,?piano→pianos.
③以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如:family→families,?city→cities,?party→parties.
④以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es略就。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→
lives, knife→knives.- 不規(guī)則變化:
man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child
→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese
不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞捎迫。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.
名詞所有格:
- 名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語、賓語或主語表牢。其構(gòu)成法
如下:
(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加’s窄绒。如:Childern’s Day(兒童節(jié)), my
sister’s book(我姐姐的書)
(2)以 s 或 es 結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加’初茶。如:Teachers’ Day(教師節(jié))
(3)有些表示時(shí)間颗祝、距離以及世界、國家恼布、城鎮(zhèn)等無生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加’s. 如:
today’s newspaper(今天的報(bào)紙), ten minutes’ break(十分鐘的課間休息),
China’s population(中國的人口).
(4)無論表示有生命還是無生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞 of 短語來表示所有關(guān)系螺戳。如:a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).- [注解]:
① ‘s 還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如:my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(診所)
② 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室)
③ “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如:a friend of my father’s(我
父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)
名詞或代詞作主語時(shí)和謂語之間的單復(fù)數(shù)的一致問題:
- 謂語和謂語基本保持單復(fù)數(shù)的一致,即:主語是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(計(jì)算機(jī)是個(gè)了不起的發(fā)明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)
- 集體名詞(如 family, class, team, group, row, police, school 等)做句子主語時(shí),
①如果表示整體概念,則謂語用單數(shù)形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)
②如果表示其中的所有成員時(shí),則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:Class Three have a map of
China.(三班有張中國地圖)- Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people 等表示單個(gè)時(shí)謂語用單數(shù),表示許多時(shí),謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只綿羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些綿羊)
- maths, news 等雖然有 s 結(jié)尾,但不是復(fù)數(shù),因此謂語仍用單數(shù):The news is very exciting.(這個(gè)消息令人興奮)
- glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves 等名詞往往用復(fù)數(shù)形式,故謂語用復(fù)數(shù)折汞。如:The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(褲子很便宜,我想買)
- a lot of 后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式,跟不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式倔幼。如:A lot of students are playing baseball now.(現(xiàn)在有許多學(xué)生在打壘球) A lot of time was
wasted on that work.(大量的時(shí)間花在了那個(gè)工作上)(被動(dòng)句)- and 連接兩個(gè)名詞做主語時(shí),謂語原則上用復(fù)數(shù),但是兩個(gè)名詞若構(gòu)成一個(gè)整體事物時(shí),謂語則用單數(shù)。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老師和他的兒子在摘蘋果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (魚和薯?xiàng)l是一種出名的食品)
- there be 句型中 be 的單復(fù)數(shù)一般由靠近的名詞決定爽待。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房間里有一張桌子和四張椅子)
- 用 both…and…連接兩個(gè)事物做主語時(shí),謂語一般用復(fù)數(shù)损同。如:Both you and I are
required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都來)- 主語中含有 with 的短語時(shí),謂語單復(fù)數(shù)由 with 之前的人物決定翩腐。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名婦女帶著一個(gè)七歲的孩子(當(dāng)時(shí))就站在路邊)
- either…or…或者 neither…nor…連接兩個(gè)人物做句子主語時(shí),謂語采用就近原則。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你對,要么是他對膏燃。/你和他有一個(gè)人是對的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)
- 表示一段時(shí)間或長度概念的復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語時(shí),謂語一般用單數(shù)茂卦。如:Two months is not a short time.(兩個(gè)月不是個(gè)短時(shí)間)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距離).(兩千千米是相當(dāng)長的一段距離)
- 主語中含有 half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等詞語時(shí),謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)由名詞確定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特網(wǎng)上四分之三以上的信息是用英語寫的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(學(xué)生的三分之一(當(dāng)時(shí))正在湖邊玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(這些河流中的水已經(jīng)被污染了)(被動(dòng)句)
但是population 一詞又有特殊情況: What’s the population of China?(中國人口是多少?)(句子用單數(shù)) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(這個(gè)城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用復(fù)數(shù))
部分名詞用法辨析:
- sport组哩、game等龙、match、race 的區(qū)別:
sport 通常指“戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)”,以鍛煉為主,概念較大伶贰;
game 意思是“運(yùn)動(dòng)蛛砰、比賽”,不管戶內(nèi)戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負(fù)為主的運(yùn)動(dòng);
match 意為“競賽黍衙、比賽”,多指正式比賽泥畅;
race 主要表示“賽跑、賽馬琅翻、賽車”位仁。
如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛運(yùn)動(dòng)) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008 奧運(yùn)會將在北京舉行)(被動(dòng)句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯(lián)賽).(我們學(xué)校足球隊(duì)取得了聯(lián)賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了劃艇比賽)- festival、holiday望迎、vacation 的區(qū)別:
festival“節(jié)日”,指喜慶的日子或持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的文娛活動(dòng)障癌;
holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,復(fù)數(shù)可以表示一個(gè)較長的假期辩尊;vacation“假期”,指學(xué)習(xí)或工作中一段長時(shí)間的休息。
如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節(jié)將在下個(gè)月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個(gè)假日,多數(shù)人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情康辑?)- journey摄欲、tour、trip疮薇、travel 的區(qū)別:
journey 指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進(jìn)行的長途旅行,不知終點(diǎn),含有辛苦的意思胸墙;
tour 指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,強(qiáng)調(diào)游覽多處,常用來指觀光等;
trip 通常指往返定時(shí)的短途旅行,如出差度假等按咒;
travel 多指長期或長途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數(shù)名詞,指旅行這一行為迟隅。
如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亞哥) during your travels?( 旅 行期 間你去圣 地亞 哥了嗎 ? ) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里邊穿行是很危險(xiǎn)的)- sound励七、noise智袭、voice 的區(qū)別:
sound 指各種聲音;
noise 主要指“噪音”掠抬;
voice 指人的“嗓音”吼野。
如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因?yàn)楦忻暗木壒?這個(gè)歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)- fish 的問題:指許多條魚且不管種類時(shí),用 fish,單復(fù)數(shù)相同;
fishes 指許多種類的魚两波;
fish 指“魚肉”時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞瞳步。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)