????????A SPECTRE is haunting workers—the rise of artificial intelligence (AI). The fear is that smart computer programs will eliminate millions of jobs, condemning a generation to minimum-wage?drudgery?or enforced?idleness. Never mind the robots, fear the software.
????????人工智能（AI）的興起娄蔼，讓工人們倍感危機怖喻。大家擔心智能計算機程序?qū)⑻蕴瓟?shù)以百萬計的就業(yè)崗位，一代人被迫淪為低薪苦役或無所事事岁诉。"別管機器人了罢防，要擔心程序"。
????There is no need to be so gloomy, say Ken Goldberg of the University of California, Berkeley, and Vinod Kumar, the chief executive of Tata Communications, a unit of India’s biggest business house(which stands to profit from the spread of AI). They have produced a report? that is much more optimistic about the outlook for ordinary employees.
????????加州大學伯克利分校的Ken Goldberg和印度最大商業(yè)公司Tata Communications（該公司從人工智能的傳播中獲利）的首席執(zhí)行官Vinod Kumar表示唉侄，沒有必要如此悲觀：他們的一份報告顯示咒吐，普通員工的前景會更加樂觀。
?????In many cases,it says, job satisfaction will be enhanced by the elimination of?mundane?tasks,giving people time to be more creative. Their views are backed up by a survey of 120 senior executives,?conducted for?the report, which found that more of them (77%) thought that AI would create new roles than believed it would replace existing positions (57% respondents could choose both options). Extra skills may be needed to cope with the new technology and more than half of the bosses are already taking steps to train their work forces.
????????報告指出，多數(shù)情況下減少尋常的工作會讓人們把時間用在更具創(chuàng)造性的事務(wù)上恬叹，以此提升工作滿意度候生。此觀點得到一項針對120名高級管理人員的調(diào)查的支持。調(diào)查顯示绽昼，大部分高管(77%)認為AI會創(chuàng)造新的職位唯鸭，而不是會取代現(xiàn)有職位(57%的受訪者同時選擇了這兩個選項)。新技術(shù)需要學習額外的技能去操作硅确，半數(shù)以上老板已經(jīng)在采取措施培訓他們的員工目溉。
????????Previous technology shifts have not had as negative effects on employment as was first feared. The authors note some well-known examples. The authors note some well known examples. Barcode scanners did not eliminate the role of cashiers in America; jobs in the retail industry grew at an annual rate of more than 2% between 1980 and 2013. The arrival of automated teller machines (ATMs)?spared?bank employees the job of doling out cash and freed them to offer financial advice to customers.
????????歷史上的技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)變對就業(yè)的負面影響沒有人們最初擔心的那么大。筆者想到一些眾所周知的例子：條形碼掃描儀并沒有取代美國收銀員的角色菱农，在1980年至2013年間缭付，零售業(yè)的就業(yè)崗位以每年2%的速度增長；自動柜員機（ATM）的到來使銀行雇員不用承擔發(fā)放現(xiàn)金的工作循未，他們因此能夠向客戶提供財務(wù)建議陷猫。
?????????Some jobs could be made a lot easier by AI. One example is lorry-driving .Some fear that truckdrivers will be replaced by autonomous vehicles. But?manoeuvring?a lorry around busy streets is far harder than driving down the motorway. So the driver could switch into automatic mode (and get some rest) when outside the big cities, and take over the wheel once again when nearing the destination.?The obvious analogy is with jetliners, where the pilots handle take-off and landing but turn on the computer to cruise at 35,000 feet.
????????人工智能簡化了一些工作。駕駛卡車就是一個例子的妖。 有些人擔心卡車司機會被自動駕駛汽車取代. 但是在繁忙的街道上駕駛卡車要比在高速公路上困難得多绣檬，所以司機就可以在大城市外切換到自動模式(并得到休息)，在快到目的地時再一次操作方向盤嫂粟。明顯和噴氣式客機類似：飛行員負責起飛和降落娇未，但是在35000英尺處就打開電腦巡航。
????????Using AI may prevent tired drivers from causing accidents. Turning to office life, AI can help with complex and?fiddly?tasks like managing supply chains, allocating deskspace and keeping records of meetings. All this?can free up time for people?to work on more important strategic decisions. The authors also think that AI could help collaboration within companies. One obvious example is the elimination of language barriers. Multinational companies may have employees who lack a common language; AI can handle translation in real time so that dialogue is easier.
????????人工智能可以防止疲勞駕駛醞釀事故;在工作中星虹，人工智能可以幫助人們完成復雜而繁瑣的任務(wù)零抬，如管理供應(yīng)鏈、分配桌面空間和存儲會議記錄……這些都可以讓人們騰出時間做更重要的戰(zhàn)略決策搁凸。作者還認為AI可以幫助公司內(nèi)部提升合作媚值，一個顯著的例子就是消除語言障礙——跨國公司可能有來自全球的員工狠毯；人工智能可以實時翻譯护糖，員工交流更加方便。
????????And the report argues that AI can produce better decision-making by offering a contrarian opinion so that teams can avoid the danger of groupthink. A program could analyse e-mails and meeting transcripts and issue alerts when potentially false assumptions are being made (rather like the boy in the Hans Christian Andersen tale who notices that the Emperor has no clothes). Or it can warn a team when it is getting distracted from the task in hand.????????
????????報告指出嚼松，人工智能可以提出相反的建議嫡良，團以此避免陷入群體思維的情形，從而做出更好的決策献酗。一個程序可以分析電子郵件和會議記錄寝受，并在有錯誤傾向的時候發(fā)出警報（就像安徒生童話中喊著皇帝沒穿衣服的那個男孩）或者它可以在團隊從眼前的任務(wù)中分心時發(fā)出警告。
????????When a firm is starting a new project, AI can also suggest experts from other parts of the organisation who could contribute. In?recruitment, managers could set?criteria for“cognitive?diversity”(seeking people with different academic and cultural backgrounds) when conducting a job search and allow AI to suggest candidates.This could eliminate remaining hiring biases in favour of white males. Helen Poitevin of Gartner, a research company, says that some firms are using AI to suggest training possibilities to existing workers, based on the career paths of similar staff, as an aid to their career development. And programs are also being used to analyse individual employees’feedback so that managers can be aware of specific areas where a lot of people are unhappy. If they react in the right way, this should make workers’ lives better.
? ??????????當公司開始新的項目時罕偎，人工智能還可以推薦來自組織其他部門的專家提供幫助很澄。在招聘過程中，管理人員可以在求職時為“認知多樣性”(尋找具有不同學術(shù)和文化背景的人)設(shè)定標準，并允許人工智能推薦應(yīng)聘者甩苛，這可以消除白人男性殘余的雇傭偏見蹂楣。此外，項目還被用來分析個別員工的反饋讯蒲，以便管理者了解很多下屬不喜歡的事物痊土。如果員工們的反應(yīng)正確（組長注：AI可以識別員工不開心的肢體語言，這樣不開心時AI可以識別出來）墨林，這將使雇員的生活更好赁酝。研究公司Gartner的Helen Poitevin說，一些公司利用人工智能來根據(jù)相似員工群的職業(yè)發(fā)展路徑旭等，為現(xiàn)有的員工提供培訓機會酌呆，來幫助他們的職業(yè)發(fā)展。同時辆雾，項目也被用來分析員工的個人反饋肪笋，以便管理者能夠了解到很多人厭惡的東西。如果他們的表現(xiàn)正常度迂，就對工人的生活有很大提升藤乙。
????????All of which is a useful corrective to some of the more alarming predictions about the potential effects of AI.?But as ever, it needs to be remembered that programs are only as good as the data they are given. If those who input the data have biases, they may show up in the suggestions that it generates.As Ms Poitevin says, AI can help improve diversity in the workforce“if we want it to”，“The best employers should be able to turn AI into a positive for workers.“????????
????????以上這些都是對人工智能潛在可怕預(yù)測的有益修正惭墓。但與以往一樣坛梁，需要知道程序只能與給定的數(shù)據(jù)一樣好。如果輸入數(shù)據(jù)的人出現(xiàn)失誤腊凶，就可能會體現(xiàn)在人工智能給出的決策中划咐。正如Poitevin女士所說，人工智能可以提升勞動力的多樣性钧萍，“如果我們愿意的話”褐缠， 最好的老板應(yīng)該能夠把人工智能變成對雇員有利的東西。
