一月和二月映穗，當(dāng)美國(guó)冠狀病毒在其始發(fā)地造成嚴(yán)重破壞時(shí)窖张，美國(guó)外科手術(shù)口罩，呼吸機(jī)和其他個(gè)人防護(hù)裝備對(duì)中國(guó)的出口激增蚁滋，而美國(guó)情報(bào)機(jī)構(gòu)警告說宿接，這種病毒很快就會(huì)傳播。

在今年的前兩個(gè)月中辕录，美國(guó)公司向中國(guó)售出了價(jià)值超過1750萬美元的口罩睦霎，超過1360萬美元的手術(shù)服和超過2720萬美元的呼吸機(jī)，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過過去十年中的任何其他類似時(shí)期走诞，根據(jù)美國(guó)人口普查局提供的最新外貿(mào)數(shù)據(jù)副女。?

《今日美國(guó)》對(duì)貿(mào)易數(shù)字的分析是在全國(guó)性危機(jī)前線的醫(yī)療專業(yè)人員表示，他們被迫重復(fù)使用或不使用個(gè)人防護(hù)設(shè)備（例如口罩和面罩）以彌補(bǔ)短缺的情況速梗。一些州還爭(zhēng)先恐后地尋找呼吸機(jī)肮塞，為可能需要呼吸機(jī)的患者做好準(zhǔn)備。

一月和二月姻锁，白宮和國(guó)會(huì)情報(bào)委員會(huì)聽取了有關(guān)冠狀病毒范圍和威脅的簡(jiǎn)報(bào)枕赵，但唐納德·特朗普總統(tǒng)仍未停止關(guān)鍵醫(yī)療設(shè)備的出口，到目前為止位隶，至少有54個(gè)其他國(guó)家采取了此舉拷窜。?

數(shù)據(jù)顯示，即使冠狀病毒的威脅已經(jīng)消除涧黄，美國(guó)制造商如何提高產(chǎn)量并清理庫(kù)存篮昧，以向中國(guó)供應(yīng)防護(hù)醫(yī)療設(shè)備數(shù)周。CDC于1月20日在美國(guó)報(bào)告了第一例病例笋妥。在接下來的兩周內(nèi)懊昨，世界衛(wèi)生組織和美國(guó)衛(wèi)生與公共服務(wù)部宣布該疾病為緊急公共衛(wèi)生事件。?

相關(guān)視頻：1M口罩抵達(dá)美國(guó)以協(xié)助抗擊病毒

1M口罩抵達(dá)美國(guó)以協(xié)助抗擊病毒

一架載有重要的個(gè)人防護(hù)設(shè)備用品的飛機(jī)抵達(dá)了馬薩諸塞州的波士頓春宣。（4月2日）酵颁。

疾病預(yù)防控制中心（CDC）報(bào)道，截至周四月帝，在美國(guó)已有213,000多人受到感染躏惋，5,600多人死亡。

杜克大學(xué)（Duke University）經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家米歇爾·康諾利（Michelle Connolly）說：“顯然嚷辅，中國(guó)的需求激增簿姨，從根本上講，這是一個(gè)自由市場(chǎng)簸搞。美國(guó)的情況顯然正在發(fā)生扁位，尤其是對(duì)中國(guó)的影響〕每。”?

僅在1月份贤牛，美國(guó)就向中國(guó)出口了價(jià)值超過170萬美元的口罩，是去年1月的兩倍多则酝。數(shù)據(jù)顯示殉簸，2月份的出貨量猛增至1580萬美元。

為美國(guó)在華居民提供運(yùn)輸服務(wù)的公司LuggEasy的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人王杰西（Jesse Wang）證實(shí)2月份口罩出口激增沽讹。僅在2020年初般卑，他的公司就從美國(guó)向中國(guó)出口了14,000至15,000磅的口罩。

口罩的零售價(jià)大約為50美分爽雄，可能要高于批發(fā)客戶的支付價(jià)格蝠检，根據(jù)貿(mào)易數(shù)據(jù)，這意味著在今年第二個(gè)月內(nèi)挚瘟，有3160萬口外科口罩被運(yùn)到了中國(guó)叹谁。?

總的來說，總數(shù)超過2850萬個(gè)口罩焰檩，美國(guó)近200個(gè)城市的市長(zhǎng)告訴一家貿(mào)易組織憔涉，他們需要與冠狀病毒的爆發(fā)作斗爭(zhēng)。?

通風(fēng)機(jī)也看到了峰值析苫。去年頭兩個(gè)月兜叨，美國(guó)向中國(guó)出口了價(jià)值1,140萬美元的呼吸機(jī)，而今年前兩個(gè)月衩侥，美國(guó)向中國(guó)出口了價(jià)值2,140萬美元的呼吸機(jī)国旷，就在幾周前，各州和醫(yī)院開始向聯(lián)邦政府求助茫死。

根據(jù)型號(hào)的不同跪但，呼吸機(jī)的價(jià)格從20,000美元到50,000美元不等，這意味著僅在1月和2月峦萎，美國(guó)就向中國(guó)派出了540至1,360臺(tái)呼吸機(jī)特漩。?

美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院還在2月向中國(guó)捐贈(zèng)了17.8噸醫(yī)療設(shè)備。大規(guī)模捐贈(zèng)包括“口罩骨杂，禮服涂身，紗布，呼吸器和其他重要材料”搓蚪。

人口普查局以代表產(chǎn)品銷售價(jià)格的美元價(jià)值收集數(shù)據(jù)蛤售。這些項(xiàng)目的總出口額可能會(huì)更大，因?yàn)槿丝谄詹閿?shù)據(jù)無法捕獲家庭成員可能寄往中國(guó)的小型私人貨物或不受某些歸檔要求限制的小型包裹妒潭。?

白宮沒有立即回應(yīng)置評(píng)請(qǐng)求悴能。

國(guó)內(nèi)需求猛增

全國(guó)各地的衛(wèi)生保健專業(yè)人員在社交媒體和新聞報(bào)道中表示，他們擔(dān)心自己的生命雳灾，因?yàn)樗麄儽黄仍谡麄€(gè)星期內(nèi)定量配給一次性防護(hù)設(shè)備漠酿。?

私人公民自己縫制口罩，作為臨時(shí)解決方案捐贈(zèng)給當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院谎亩，這樣工人就不必在頭上扎頭巾了炒嘲。自星期三爆發(fā)以來，一名新澤西州男子是第一位死于冠狀病毒的急診室醫(yī)生匈庭。休斯頓的一名護(hù)士也在與感染作斗爭(zhēng)夫凸。?

其他防護(hù)服（例如手術(shù)服）的出口也猛增。數(shù)據(jù)顯示阱持，1月份美國(guó)向中國(guó)出口了價(jià)值超過27.1萬美元的此類用品夭拌，是去年1月份的9倍。在二月份，這些出貨量達(dá)到了1,340萬美元鸽扁。?

佛羅里達(dá)州應(yīng)急管理總監(jiān)賈里德·莫斯科維茨（Jared Moskowitz）表示蒜绽，他的團(tuán)隊(duì)在一個(gè)多月前開始向私人供應(yīng)商訂購(gòu)呼吸器，口罩桶现，禮服和其他用品躲雅，但截至周四，僅收到了訂購(gòu)量的10％巩那。?

“我現(xiàn)在從分銷商那里聽說吏夯，外國(guó)政府正在這些工廠里出現(xiàn)現(xiàn)金此蜈，并使其他有待處理訂單的人望而卻步即横，” Moskowitz告訴《今日美國(guó)》，并參考了與作為供應(yīng)鏈中間商的經(jīng)紀(jì)人的對(duì)話裆赵。?

Moskowitz說：“必須對(duì)此進(jìn)行研究东囚，以弄清楚我們?nèi)绾卧试S一家可能是最重要的個(gè)人防護(hù)設(shè)備制造商的美國(guó)公司向全球而不是他們的祖國(guó)提供糧食≌绞冢”

莫斯科維茨并不孤單页藻。全國(guó)192個(gè)城市的市長(zhǎng)在周五發(fā)布的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查中說，他們沒有足夠的口罩供其第一反應(yīng)人員和醫(yī)務(wù)人員使用植兰，還有186個(gè)城市的市長(zhǎng)說份帐，他們面臨其他個(gè)人防護(hù)裝備短缺的問題。?

調(diào)查顯示噩凹，這些城市需要2850萬個(gè)口罩，2440萬個(gè)其他類型的個(gè)人防護(hù)設(shè)備和13.9萬個(gè)通風(fēng)機(jī)毡咏。受訪者不包括美國(guó)一些最大城市的市長(zhǎng)驮宴，例如紐約和芝加哥。?

特朗普周三表示呕缭，國(guó)家戰(zhàn)略儲(chǔ)備（幾乎是用于應(yīng)急的一系列疫苗和各種醫(yī)療用品）幾乎沒有個(gè)人防護(hù)設(shè)備堵泽。?

特朗普周三表示：“我們正在向50個(gè)州提供大量醫(yī)療設(shè)備和用品』肿埽”?他說：“我們也將相當(dāng)多的時(shí)間推遲了落恼。”他指的是為了滿足高峰需求而節(jié)省下來的呼吸機(jī)离熏。?

特朗普說：“即使在我們?yōu)閷淼哪承?zāi)難而儲(chǔ)存之后佳谦，我們很快將處于一個(gè)我們將無法使用的地方，我們希望不會(huì)發(fā)生滋戳∽昝铮”?“我們將向世界各國(guó)分發(fā)產(chǎn)品啥刻。我們要去意大利，我們要去法國(guó)咪笑，我們要去西班牙可帽。”

副總統(tǒng)邁克·彭斯（Mike Pence）周三表示窗怒，美國(guó)已在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)分發(fā)了“超過1160萬個(gè)N95口罩映跟，遍布全國(guó)的8100多個(gè)呼吸機(jī)以及數(shù)百萬個(gè)口罩，手術(shù)口罩和手套扬虚∨叮”

貿(mào)易問題?

由于國(guó)內(nèi)公司一直在向其他地方出口救生設(shè)備，特朗普政府一直在對(duì)類似進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品設(shè)置壁壘辜昵。

彼得森國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所高級(jí)研究員查德·鮑恩（Chad Bown）表示荸镊，即使冠狀病毒到達(dá)我們的海岸，政府仍繼續(xù)對(duì)中國(guó)從美國(guó)進(jìn)口的許多醫(yī)療產(chǎn)品征收關(guān)稅堪置。

特朗普政府在3月10日和3月12日宣布躬存，他們將放寬這些關(guān)稅。?

鮑恩稱此舉是承認(rèn)政府的貿(mào)易政策正在危害公共健康舀锨。他說岭洲，放寬關(guān)稅之前，關(guān)稅已經(jīng)影響到“美國(guó)從中國(guó)進(jìn)口的醫(yī)療用品近50億美元坎匿，約占從所有國(guó)家進(jìn)口的醫(yī)療用品的26％盾剩。”?

一周后碑诉，特朗普發(fā)布了一項(xiàng)行政命令彪腔，援引《國(guó)防生產(chǎn)法》，賦予聯(lián)邦政府權(quán)力进栽，迫使公司生產(chǎn)醫(yī)療設(shè)備并在與其他任何合同簽訂之前滿足國(guó)防相關(guān)需求德挣。?

該命令中的語(yǔ)言還允許主管部門控制“個(gè)人防護(hù)設(shè)備和通風(fēng)機(jī)”在民用市場(chǎng)的分配。目前尚不清楚總統(tǒng)將如何處理這一權(quán)力快毛。?

現(xiàn)在格嗅，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家警告說，各國(guó)正在使用諸如出口禁令和關(guān)稅之類的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義貿(mào)易政策唠帝，以將醫(yī)療用品保留在其本國(guó)屯掖，而這可能會(huì)給需要該用品的醫(yī)院和衛(wèi)生專業(yè)人士適得其反。?

瑞士圣加侖大學(xué)的一個(gè)小組在3月23日的一項(xiàng)研究中表示襟衰，對(duì)物品征收任何關(guān)稅將提高醫(yī)院和衛(wèi)生專業(yè)人員為這些產(chǎn)品支付的價(jià)格贴铜。該小組建議各國(guó)政府重新評(píng)估其限制，以應(yīng)對(duì)COVID-19的社會(huì)挑戰(zhàn)。?

鮑恩通常將自由貿(mào)易作為一項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策來支持绍坝，但他也表示這將有益于公共衛(wèi)生徘意。他說，關(guān)于冠狀病毒將對(duì)世界哪些地區(qū)造成嚴(yán)重影響轩褐，從而切斷世界上任何地區(qū)的生產(chǎn)椎咧，存在太多不確定性。?

鮑恩說：“大流行向世界揭示的是把介，沒有任何地方是安全的勤讽。”?“在大流行時(shí)期拗踢，立即開放國(guó)際貿(mào)易脚牍，為您提供了更多的選擇，供您選擇從何處采購(gòu)這種材料秒拔∧＃”

本文來自雅虎新聞

由網(wǎng)友晝夜顛翻譯

原文如下：

U.S. exported millions in masks and ventilators ahead of the coronavirus crisis

U.S. exports of surgical masks, ventilators and other personal protective gear to China skyrocketed in January and February, when the coronavirus was wreaking havoc in the country where it began and as U.S. intelligence agencies warned it would soon spread.

American companies sold more than $17.5 million worth of face masks, more than $13.6 million in surgical garments and more than $27.2 million in ventilators to China during the first two months of the year, far exceeding that of any other similar period in the past decade, according to the most recent foreign trade data available from the U.S. Census Bureau.?

USA TODAY’s analysis of the trade numbers comes as medical professionals on the front lines of the nationwide crisis say they are being forced to reuse or go without personal protective equipment like surgical masks and face shields to account for a shortage. Some states also are scrambling to find ventilators to prepare for a crush of patients expected to need them.

The White House and congressional intelligence committees were briefed on the scope and threat of the coronavirus in January and February, but President Donald Trump has not stopped exports of key medical equipment –?a move taken by at least 54 other countries so far.?

The data show how U.S. manufacturers stepped up production and cleared out inventory to supply protective medical equipment to China for weeks, even as the threat of the coronavirus became clear. The CDC reported its first case in the United States on Jan. 20. Within the next two weeks, the World Health Organization and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services had declared the disease a public health emergency.?

Related Video: 1M Masks Arrive in U.S. to Aid Fight Against Virus

1M masks arrive in US to aid fight against virus

A plane carrying supplies of vital personal protective equipment for health workers battling the coronavirus pandemic arrived in Boston, Massachusetts on Thursday. (April 2).

More than 213,000 people have been infected?and more than 5,600 have died in the U.S. as of Thursday, the CDC reported.

“Clearly there was a surge in demand going on in China, and fundamentally this was a free market" decision,?said Michelle Connolly, a Duke University economist. “What was in the U.S. was clearly going out, and specifically to China.”?

The U.S. exported more than $1.7 million worth of surgical masks to China in January alone – more than double the previous January. In February, shipments surged to $15.8 million, the data show.

Jesse Wang, co-founder of LuggEasy, a company that provides shipping services to Chinese residents in the U.S., confirmed the surge of masks exports in February. His company exported 14,000 to 15,000 pounds of masks from the U.S. to China in early 2020 alone.

At a retail price of roughly 50 cents a mask – which is likely higher than what wholesale customers would have paid – that meant more than 31.6 million surgical masks were shipped to China during the second month of the year, based on the trade data.?

Taken together, the numbers add up to well over the 28.5 million face masks that mayors of nearly 200 U.S. cities told a trade organization they need to combat the coronavirus outbreak.?

Ventilators, too, saw a spike. The U.S. exported $11.4 million worth of the breathing machines to China in the first two month of last year compared with $27.2 million in the first two months of this year, just weeks before states and hospitals started begging the federal government to send them more.

The price of ventilators vary from about $20,000 to $50,000 depending on the model, meaning the U.S. sent anywhere from 540 to 1,360 of them to China in January and February alone.?

The U.S. Department of State also donated 17.8 tons of medical equipment to China in February. The mass donation included “masks, gowns, gauze, respirators, and other vital materials.”

The Census Bureau collects the data as a dollar value representing the product’s sale price. The total exports of these items could be greater, because the Census data does not capture small, private shipments that family members may have sent to China, or small packages that are exempt from certain filing requirements.?

The White House did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

Domestic demand soars

Health care professionals across the nation have said on social media and in news reports that they fear for their lives because they are being forced to ration disposable protective equipment for the entire week.?

Private citizens are sewing masks themselves to donate to local hospitals as a makeshift solution so workers don’t have to tie bandanas around their faces. On Wednesday, a New Jersey man was the first emergency room doctor to die from the coronavirus since the outbreak. A nurse in Houston is also fighting the infection.?

Exports of other protective garments, like surgical suits, skyrocketed, too. The U.S. shipped more than $271,000 worth of such supplies to China in January – nine times more than the previous January, the data show. In February, those shipments reached $13.4 million.?

Jared Moskowitz, Florida’s emergency management director, said his team started placing orders for respirators, masks, gowns and other supplies from private vendors more than a month ago?but received only about 10%?of what it ordered as of Thursday.?

“I’m now hearing from distributors that foreign governments are showing up with cash at these factories and bumping everybody else down the line who had orders pending,” Moskowitz told USA TODAY, referencing conversations with brokers who serve as supply chain middlemen.?

"This is going to have to be looked at to figure out how we allowed a U.S. company, the maker of perhaps the most important pieces of personal protective equipment, to feed the globe but not their home country,” Moskowitz said.

Moskowitz is not alone. The mayors of 192 cities across the country said in a survey released Friday that they do not have sufficient face masks for their first responders and medical personnel, and 186 cities said they faced a shortage of other personal protective equipment.?

The survey said the cities need 28.5 million face masks, 24.4 million other types of personal protective equipment?and 139,000 ventilators. The respondents did not include mayors of some of the nation’s largest cities, like New York and Chicago.?

On Wednesday, Trump said the Strategic National Stockpile –?a collection of vaccines and various medical supplies kept for emergencies – is almost out?of personal protective equipment.?

“We’re giving massive amounts of medical equipment and supplies to the 50 states,” Trump said Wednesday. “We also are holding back quite a bit,” he said, referring to ventilators that are being saved to meet peak demand.?

“We will fairly soon be at a point where we have far more than we can use, even after we stockpile for some future catastrophe, which we hope doesn’t happen,” Trump said. “We’re going to be distributing to countries around the world. We’ll go to Italy, we’ll go to France, we’ll go to Spain.”

Vice President Mike Pence said Wednesday that the U.S. has distributed across the country “more than 11.6 million N95 masks, more than 8,100 ventilators around the nation, and millions of face shields, surgical masks and gloves.”

Trade issues?

As domestic firms kept exporting lifesaving equipment elsewhere, the Trump administration kept putting barriers on similar imports.

According to Chad Bown, a senior researcher at the Peterson Institute for International Economics, the government continued placing tariffs on Chinese imports of many medical products into the U.S. even as the coronavirus reached our shores.

The Trump administration announced on March 10 and March 12 that they would relax those tariffs.?

Bown called the move an acknowledgement that the administration’s trade policies were endangering public health. By the time they were relaxed, he said, tariffs already affected “nearly $5 billion of U.S. imports of medical goods from China, about 26% of all medical goods imported from all countries.”?

A week later, Trump issued an executive order invoking the Defense Production Act that gives the federal government the power to force companies to produce medical equipment and fulfill needs related to national defense before any other contracts.?

The language in the order also allows the administration to control distribution in civilian markets of “personal protective equipment and ventilators.” It’s not clear what the president will do with this authority.?

Economists are now warning that countries are using protectionist trade policies such as export bans and tariffs in an effort to keep medical supplies in their countries, and that these could backfire for hospitals and health professionals who need the supplies.?

A team at the University of St. Gallen in Switzerland said in a March 23 study that any tariffs on items will increase the prices that hospitals and health professionals pay for these products. The team recommended that governments reassess their restrictions to meet the social challenge of COVID-19.?

Bown generally supports free trade as an economic policy, but he also said it will benefit the public health response. There is too much uncertainty, he said, about which parts of the world will be hit hard by the coronavirus to cut off any areas of the world from production.?

“What the pandemic has revealed to the world is that nowhere is safe,” Bown said. “Keeping open to international trade right now, in a time of pandemic, gives you many, many more options about where you might be able to source this kind of material from.”

USA TODAY used the latest trade data published by the U.S. Census Bureau for the analysis and looked at each commodity’s trade value based on its Harmonized System Code, known as HS code. The HS codes for personal