金三銀四源葫,很多小伙伴都打算跳槽诗越。而多線程是面試必問的,給大家分享下 Thread 源碼解析息堂,也算是我自己的筆記整理嚷狞、思維復(fù)盤。學(xué)習(xí)的同時(shí)荣堰,順便留下點(diǎn)什么~
1床未、設(shè)置線程名
在使用多線程的時(shí)候,想要查看線程名是很簡單的振坚,調(diào)用 Thread.currentThread().getName() 即可薇搁。默認(rèn)情況下,主線程名是 main渡八,其他線程名是 Thread-x啃洋,x 代表第幾個(gè)線程传货。
我們點(diǎn)進(jìn)去構(gòu)造方法,看看它是怎么命名的:調(diào)用了 init 方法宏娄,init 方法內(nèi)部調(diào)用了 nextThreadNum 方法问裕。
public Thread() {
init(null, null, "Thread-" + nextThreadNum(), 0);
}
nextThreadNum 是一個(gè)線程安全的方法,同一時(shí)間只可能有一個(gè)線程修改孵坚,而 threadInitNumber 是一個(gè)靜態(tài)變量僻澎,它可以被類的所有對象訪問。所以十饥,每個(gè)線程在創(chuàng)建時(shí)直接 +1 作為子線程后綴。
/* For autonumbering anonymous threads. */
private static int threadInitNumber;
private static synchronized int nextThreadNum() {
return threadInitNumber++;
}
再看 init 方法祖乳,注意到最后有 this.name = name 賦值給 volatile 變量的 name逗堵,默認(rèn)就是用 Thread-x 作為子線程名。
private void init(ThreadGroup g, Runnable target, String name,long stackSize) {
init(g, target, name, stackSize, null, true);
}
private void init(ThreadGroup g, Runnable target, String name,
long stackSize, AccessControlContext acc,
boolean inheritThreadLocals) {
if (name == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("name cannot be null");
}
// 名稱賦值
this.name = name;
// 省略代碼
}
最終 getName 方法拿到的就是這個(gè) volatile 變量 name 的值眷昆。
private volatile String name;
public final String getName() {
return name;
}
注意到源碼中蜒秤,有帶 name 參數(shù)的構(gòu)造方法:
public Thread(Runnable target, String name) {
init(null, target, name, 0);
}
所以,我們可以初始化時(shí)就指定線程名
public class MyThread implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
// 打印當(dāng)前線程的名字
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
}
public class TestMain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread myThread = new MyThread();
//帶參構(gòu)造方法給線程起名字
Thread thread1 = new Thread(myThread, "一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的廢人");
Thread thread2 = new Thread(myThread, "在復(fù)習(xí)多線程");
// 啟動(dòng)線程
thread1.start();
thread2.start();
// 打印當(dāng)前線程的名字
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
}
2亚斋、線程優(yōu)先級
在 Thread 源碼中和線程優(yōu)先級相關(guān)的屬性有以下 3 個(gè):
// 線程可以擁有的最小優(yōu)先級
public final static int MIN_PRIORITY = 1;
// 線程默認(rèn)優(yōu)先級
public final static int NORM_PRIORITY = 5;
// 線程可以擁有的最大優(yōu)先級
public final static int MAX_PRIORITY = 10
線程的優(yōu)先級可以理解為線程搶占 CPU 時(shí)間片(也就是執(zhí)行權(quán))的概率作媚,優(yōu)先級越高幾率越大,但并不意味著優(yōu)先級高的線程就一定先執(zhí)行帅刊。
Thread 類中纸泡,設(shè)置優(yōu)先級的源碼如下:
public final void setPriority(int newPriority) {
ThreadGroup g;
checkAccess();
// 先驗(yàn)證優(yōu)先級的合理性,不能大于 10赖瞒,也不能小于 1
if (newPriority > MAX_PRIORITY || newPriority < MIN_PRIORITY) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
}
if((g = getThreadGroup()) != null) {
// 優(yōu)先級如果超過線程組的最高優(yōu)先級女揭,則把優(yōu)先級設(shè)置為線程組的最高優(yōu)先級(有種一人得道雞犬升天的感覺~)
if (newPriority > g.getMaxPriority()) {
newPriority = g.getMaxPriority();
}
// native 方法
setPriority0(priority = newPriority);
}
}
在 java 中,我們一般這樣設(shè)置線程的優(yōu)先級:
public class TestMain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread myThread = new MyThread();
//帶參構(gòu)造方法給線程起名字
Thread thread1 = new Thread(myThread, "一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的廢人");
Thread thread2 = new Thread(myThread, "在復(fù)習(xí)多線程");
// 設(shè)置優(yōu)先級
thread1.setPriority(1);
thread2.setPriority(10);
// 啟動(dòng)線程
thread1.start();
thread2.start();
// 打印當(dāng)前線程的名字
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
}
3栏饮、守護(hù)線程
守護(hù)線程是低優(yōu)先級的線程吧兔,專門為其他線程服務(wù)的,其他線程執(zhí)行完了袍嬉,它也就掛了境蔼。在 java 中,我們的垃圾回收線程就是典型的守護(hù)線程伺通。
它有兩個(gè)特點(diǎn):
- 當(dāng)別的非守護(hù)線程執(zhí)行完了记舆,虛擬機(jī)就會(huì)退出,守護(hù)線程也就會(huì)被停止掉霍殴。
- 守護(hù)線程作為一個(gè)服務(wù)線程单寂,沒有服務(wù)對象就沒有必要繼續(xù)運(yùn)行了。
舉個(gè)栗子:你可以把守護(hù)線程理解為公司食堂里面的員工笑诅,專門為辦公室員工提供飲食服務(wù)调缨,辦公室員工下班回家了疮鲫,它們也就都回家了。所以弦叶,不能使用守護(hù)線程訪問資源(比如修改數(shù)據(jù)俊犯、進(jìn)行I/O 操作等等),因?yàn)檫@貨隨時(shí)掛掉伤哺。反之燕侠,守護(hù)線程經(jīng)常被用來執(zhí)行一些后臺(tái)任務(wù),但是呢立莉,你又希望在程序退出時(shí)绢彤,或者說 JVM 退出時(shí),線程能夠自動(dòng)關(guān)閉蜓耻,此時(shí)茫舶,守護(hù)線程是你的首選。
在 java 中刹淌,可以通過 setDaemon 可以設(shè)置守護(hù)線程饶氏,源碼如下:
public final void setDaemon(boolean on) {
// 判斷是否有權(quán)限
checkAccess();
// 判斷是否活躍
if (isAlive()) {
throw new IllegalThreadStateException();
}
daemon = on;
}
從以上源碼,可以知道必須在線程啟動(dòng)之前就把目標(biāo)線程設(shè)置為守護(hù)線程有勾,否則報(bào)錯(cuò)疹启。
例子:新增一個(gè) DaemonThread,里面執(zhí)行的任務(wù)是死循環(huán)不斷打印自己的線程名字蔼卡。
public class DaemonThread implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
// 死循環(huán)
while(true) {
// 打印當(dāng)前線程的名字
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
}
}
測試:在啟動(dòng)之前先把 thread2 設(shè)置為守護(hù)線程喊崖,thread1 啟動(dòng),再啟動(dòng) thread2 雇逞。
public class TestMain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread myThread = new MyThread();
DaemonThread daemonThread = new DaemonThread();
//帶參構(gòu)造方法給線程起名字
Thread thread1 = new Thread(myThread, "一個(gè)優(yōu)秀的廢人");
Thread thread2 = new Thread(daemonThread, "在復(fù)習(xí)多線程");
// 設(shè)置 thread2 為守護(hù)線程
thread2.setDaemon(true);
// 啟動(dòng)線程
thread1.start();
thread2.start();
// 打印當(dāng)前線程的名字
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}
}
正常來說贷祈,如果 thread2 不是守護(hù)線程,JVM 不會(huì)退出喝峦,除非發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的異常势誊,thread2 會(huì)一直死循環(huán)在控制臺(tái)打印自己的名字。然而谣蠢,設(shè)置為守護(hù)線程之后粟耻,JVM 退出,thread2 也不再執(zhí)行:
4眉踱、start() 和 run() 有啥區(qū)別挤忙?
首先從 Thread 源碼來看,start () 方法屬于 Thread 自身的方法谈喳,并且使用了 synchronized 來保證線程安全册烈,源碼如下:
public synchronized void start() {
// 1、狀態(tài)驗(yàn)證婿禽,不等于 NEW 的狀態(tài)會(huì)拋出異常
if (threadStatus != 0)
throw new IllegalThreadStateException();
// 2赏僧、通知線程組大猛,此線程即將啟動(dòng)
group.add(this);
boolean started = false;
try {
start0();
started = true;
} finally {
try {
if (!started) {
group.threadStartFailed(this);
}
} catch (Throwable ignore) {
// 3、不處理任何異常淀零,如果 start0 拋出異常挽绩,則它將被傳遞到調(diào)用堆棧上
}
}
}
而 run () 方法為 Runnable 的抽象方法,必須由調(diào)用類重寫此方法驾中,重寫的 run () 方法其實(shí)就是此線程要執(zhí)行的業(yè)務(wù)方法唉堪,源碼如下:
public class Thread implements Runnable {
// 忽略其他方法......
private Runnable target;
@Override
public void run() {
if (target != null) {
target.run();
}
}
}
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Runnable {
public abstract void run();
}
關(guān)于兩者區(qū)別這個(gè)問題,其實(shí)上次寫多線程的開篇肩民,已經(jīng)說過了唠亚,有興趣的戳:
這里長話短說,它的區(qū)別是:
- run 方法里面定義的是線程執(zhí)行的任務(wù)邏輯持痰,直接調(diào)用跟普通方法沒啥區(qū)別
- start 方法啟動(dòng)線程灶搜,使線程由 NEW 狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)為 RUNNABLE,然后再由 jvm 去調(diào)用該線程的 run () 方法去執(zhí)行任務(wù)
- start 方法不能被多次調(diào)用共啃,否則會(huì)拋出 java.lang.IllegalStateException;而 run () 方法可以進(jìn)行多次調(diào)用暂题,因?yàn)樗莻€(gè)普通方法
5移剪、sleep 方法
sleep 方法的源碼入下,它是個(gè) native 方法薪者。我們沒法看源碼纵苛,只能通過注釋來理解它的含義,我配上了簡短的中文翻譯言津,總結(jié)下來有三點(diǎn)注意:
- 睡眠指定的毫秒數(shù)攻人,且在這過程中不釋放鎖
- 如果參數(shù)非法,報(bào) IllegalArgumentException
- 睡眠狀態(tài)下可以響應(yīng)中斷信號悬槽,并拋出 InterruptedException(后面會(huì)說)
- 調(diào)用 sleep 方法怀吻,即會(huì)從 RUNNABLE 狀態(tài)進(jìn)入 Timed Waiting(計(jì)時(shí)等待)狀態(tài)
/**
* Causes the currently executing thread to sleep (temporarily cease
* execution) for the specified number of milliseconds, subject to
* the precision and accuracy of system timers and schedulers. The thread
* does not lose ownership of any monitors.
// 1、睡眠指定的毫秒數(shù)初婆,且在這過程中不釋放鎖
* @param millis
* the length of time to sleep in milliseconds
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
* if the value of {@code millis} is negative
// 2蓬坡、如果參數(shù)非法,報(bào) IllegalArgumentException
* @throws InterruptedException
* if any thread has interrupted the current thread. The
* <i>interrupted status</i> of the current thread is
* cleared when this exception is thrown.
// 3磅叛、睡眠狀態(tài)下可以響應(yīng)中斷信號屑咳,并拋出 InterruptedException
*/
public static native void sleep(long millis) throws InterruptedException;
6、如何正確停止線程弊琴?
線程在不同的狀態(tài)下遇到中斷會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同的響應(yīng)兆龙,有點(diǎn)會(huì)拋出異常,有的則沒有變化敲董,有的則會(huì)結(jié)束線程紫皇。
如何正確停止線程慰安?有人說這不簡單嘛。直接 stop 方法坝橡,stop 方法強(qiáng)制終止線程泻帮,所以它是不行的。它已經(jīng)被 Java 設(shè)置為 @Deprecated 過時(shí)方法了计寇。
主要原因是stop 太暴力了锣杂,沒有給線程足夠的時(shí)間來處理在線程停止前保存數(shù)據(jù)的邏輯,任務(wù)就停止了番宁,會(huì)導(dǎo)致數(shù)據(jù)完整性的問題元莫。
舉個(gè)栗子:線程正在寫入一個(gè)文件,這時(shí)收到終止信號蝶押,它就需要根據(jù)自身業(yè)務(wù)判斷踱蠢,是選擇立即停止,還是將整個(gè)文件寫入成功后停止棋电,而如果選擇立即停止就可能造成數(shù)據(jù)不完整茎截,不管是中斷命令發(fā)起者,還是接收者都不希望數(shù)據(jù)出現(xiàn)問題赶盔。
一般情況下企锌,使用 interrupt 方法來請求停止線程,它并不是直接停止于未。它僅僅是給這個(gè)線程發(fā)了一個(gè)信號告訴它撕攒,它應(yīng)該要結(jié)束了 (明白這一點(diǎn)非常重要!)烘浦,而要不要馬上停止抖坪,或者過一段時(shí)間后停止,甚至壓根不停止都是由被停止的線程根據(jù)自己的業(yè)務(wù)邏輯來決定的闷叉。
要了解 interrupt 怎么使用擦俐,先來看看源碼(已經(jīng)給了清晰的注釋):
/**
* Interrupts this thread.
1、只能自己中斷自己握侧,不然會(huì)拋出 SecurityException
* <p> Unless the current thread is interrupting itself, which is
* always permitted, the {@link #checkAccess() checkAccess} method
* of this thread is invoked, which may cause a {@link
* SecurityException} to be thrown.
2捌肴、如果線程調(diào)用 wait、sleep藕咏、join 等方法状知,進(jìn)入了阻塞,
會(huì)造成調(diào)用中斷無效孽查,拋 InterruptedException 異常饥悴。
* <p> If this thread is blocked in an invocation of the {@link
* Object#wait() wait()}, {@link Object#wait(long) wait(long)}, or {@link
* Object#wait(long, int) wait(long, int)} methods of the {@link Object}
* class, or of the {@link #join()}, {@link #join(long)}, {@link
* #join(long, int)}, {@link #sleep(long)}, or {@link #sleep(long, int)},
* methods of this class, then its interrupt status will be cleared and it
* will receive an {@link InterruptedException}.
*
* <p> If this thread is blocked in an I/O operation upon an {@link
* java.nio.channels.InterruptibleChannel InterruptibleChannel}
* then the channel will be closed, the thread's interrupt
* status will be set, and the thread will receive a {@link
* java.nio.channels.ClosedByInterruptException}.
*
* <p> If this thread is blocked in a {@link java.nio.channels.Selector}
* then the thread's interrupt status will be set and it will return
* immediately from the selection operation, possibly with a non-zero
* value, just as if the selector's {@link
* java.nio.channels.Selector#wakeup wakeup} method were invoked.
3、以上三種情況都不會(huì)發(fā)生時(shí),才會(huì)把線程的中斷狀態(tài)改變
* <p> If none of the previous conditions hold then this thread's interrupt
* status will be set. </p>
4西设、中斷已經(jīng)掛了的線程是無效的
* <p> Interrupting a thread that is not alive need not have any effect.
*
* @throws SecurityException
* if the current thread cannot modify this thread
*
* @revised 6.0
* @spec JSR-51
*/
public void interrupt() {
// 檢查是否有權(quán)限
if (this != Thread.currentThread())
checkAccess();
synchronized (blockerLock) {
// 判斷是不是阻塞狀態(tài)的線程調(diào)用瓣铣,比如剛調(diào)用 sleep()
Interruptible b = blocker;
if (b != null) {
interrupt0(); // Just to set the interrupt flag
// 如果是,拋異常同時(shí)推出阻塞贷揽。將中斷標(biāo)志位改為 false
b.interrupt(this);
return;
}
}
// 否則棠笑,順利改變標(biāo)志位
interrupt0();
}
interrupt 方法提到了四個(gè)點(diǎn):
- 只能自己中斷自己,不然會(huì)拋出 SecurityException
- 如果線程調(diào)用 wait禽绪、sleep蓖救、join 等方法進(jìn)入了阻塞,會(huì)造成調(diào)用中斷無效印屁,拋 InterruptedException 異常循捺。
- 以上情況不會(huì)發(fā)生時(shí),才會(huì)把線程的中斷狀態(tài)改變
- 中斷已經(jīng)掛了的線程是無效的
除此以外雄人,java 中跟中斷有關(guān)的方法還有 interrupted()
和 isInterrupted()
从橘,看看源碼:
/**
* Tests whether the current thread has been interrupted. The
* <i>interrupted status</i> of the thread is cleared by this method. In
* other words, if this method were to be called twice in succession, the
* second call would return false (unless the current thread were
* interrupted again, after the first call had cleared its interrupted
* status and before the second call had examined it).
*
* <p>A thread interruption ignored because a thread was not alive
* at the time of the interrupt will be reflected by this method
* returning false.
*
* @return <code>true</code> if the current thread has been interrupted;
* <code>false</code> otherwise.
* @see #isInterrupted()
* @revised 6.0
*/
public static boolean interrupted() {
return currentThread().isInterrupted(true);
}
/**
* Tests whether this thread has been interrupted. The <i>interrupted
* status</i> of the thread is unaffected by this method.
*
* <p>A thread interruption ignored because a thread was not alive
* at the time of the interrupt will be reflected by this method
* returning false.
*
* @return <code>true</code> if this thread has been interrupted;
* <code>false</code> otherwise.
* @see #interrupted()
* @revised 6.0
*/
public boolean isInterrupted() {
return isInterrupted(false);
}
/**
* Tests if some Thread has been interrupted. The interrupted state
* is reset or not based on the value of ClearInterrupted that is
* passed.
*/
private native boolean isInterrupted(boolean ClearInterrupted);
兩個(gè)點(diǎn):
- isInterrupted() 用于判斷中斷標(biāo)志位,調(diào)用不會(huì)影響當(dāng)前標(biāo)志位
- interrupted() 用于清除中斷標(biāo)志位础钠,調(diào)用會(huì)清除標(biāo)志位
前面說了恰力,interrupt 只是發(fā)個(gè)信號給線程,視線程狀態(tài)把它的中斷標(biāo)志位設(shè)為 true 或者清除(設(shè)置為 false)旗吁,那它會(huì)改變線程狀態(tài)嗎踩萎?前文《線程的狀態(tài)》說過線程有 6 種狀態(tài),我們來驗(yàn)證每種狀態(tài)的中斷響應(yīng)以及狀態(tài)變更情況:
NEW & TERMINATED
public class StopThread implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
// do something
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Thread thread = new Thread(new StopThread());
System.out.println(thread.isInterrupted());
}
}
運(yùn)行結(jié)果:線程并沒啟動(dòng)阵漏,標(biāo)志不生效
public class StopThread implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
// do something
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Thread thread = new Thread(new StopThread());
thread.start();
thread.join();
System.out.println(thread.getState());
thread.interrupt();
System.out.println(thread.isInterrupted());
}
}
運(yùn)行結(jié)果:線程已掛驻民,標(biāo)志并不生效
RUNNABLE
public class StopThread implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
int count = 0;
while (true) {
if (count < 10) {
System.out.println(count++);
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Thread thread = new Thread(new StopThread());
thread.start();
// 查看狀態(tài)
System.out.println(thread.getState());
thread.interrupt();
// 等待 thread 中斷
Thread.sleep(500);
// 查看標(biāo)志位
System.out.println(thread.isInterrupted());
// 查看狀態(tài)
System.out.println(thread.getState());
}
}
運(yùn)行結(jié)果:僅僅設(shè)置中斷標(biāo)志位翻具,JVM 并沒有退出履怯,線程還是處于 RUNNABLE 狀態(tài)。
看到這里裆泳,有人可能說老子中斷了個(gè)寂寞叹洲??工禾?正確的中斷寫法應(yīng)該是這樣的:我們通過 Thread.currentThread ().isInterrupt () 判斷線程是否被中斷运提,隨后檢查是否還有工作要做。正確的停止線程寫法應(yīng)該是這樣的:
while (!Thread.currentThread().islnterrupted() && more work to do) {
do more work
}
在 while 中闻葵,通過 Thread.currentThread ().isInterrupt () 判斷線程是否被中斷民泵,隨后檢查是否還有工作要做。&& 表示只有當(dāng)兩個(gè)判斷條件同時(shí)滿足的情況下槽畔,才會(huì)去執(zhí)行線程的任務(wù)栈妆。實(shí)際例子:
public class StopThread implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
int count = 0;
while (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted() && count < 1000) {
System.out.println("count = " + count++);
}
System.out.println("響應(yīng)中斷退出線程");
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Thread thread = new Thread(new StopThread());
thread.start();
// 查看狀態(tài)
System.out.println(thread.getState());
// 中斷
thread.interrupt();
// 查看標(biāo)志位
System.out.println(thread.isInterrupted());
// 等待 thread 中斷
Thread.sleep(500);
// 查看標(biāo)志位
System.out.println(thread.isInterrupted());
// 查看狀態(tài)
System.out.println(thread.getState());
}
}
我的業(yè)務(wù)是從 0 開始計(jì)數(shù),大于 1000 或者線程接收到中斷信號就停止計(jì)數(shù)。調(diào)用 interrupt 鳞尔,該線程檢測到中斷信號嬉橙,中斷標(biāo)記位就會(huì)被設(shè)置成 true,于是在還沒打印完 1000 個(gè)數(shù)的時(shí)候就會(huì)停下來寥假。這樣就不會(huì)有安全問題市框。這種就屬于通過 interrupt 正確停止線程的情況
BLOCKED
首先,啟動(dòng)線程1糕韧、2枫振,調(diào)用 synchronized 修飾的方法,thread1 先啟動(dòng)占用鎖兔沃,thread2 將進(jìn)入 BLOCKED 狀態(tài)蒋得。
public class StopDuringSleep implements Runnable {
public synchronized static void doSomething(){
while(true){
//do something
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
doSomething();
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Thread thread1 = new Thread(new StopDuringSleep());
thread1.start();
Thread thread2 = new Thread(new StopDuringSleep());
thread2.start();
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(thread1.getState());
System.out.println(thread2.getState());
thread2.interrupt();
System.out.println(thread2.isInterrupted());
System.out.println(thread2.getState());
}
}
運(yùn)行結(jié)果:跟 RUNNABLE 一樣,能響應(yīng)中斷乒疏。
sleep 期間(WAITING 狀態(tài))能否感受到中斷额衙?
上面講 sleep 方法時(shí)說過, sleep 是可以響應(yīng)馬上中斷信號怕吴,并清除中斷標(biāo)志位(設(shè)置為 false)窍侧,同時(shí)拋出 InterruptedException 異常,退出計(jì)時(shí)等待狀態(tài)转绷∥凹看看例子:主線程休眠 5 毫秒后,通知子線程中斷议经,此時(shí)子線程仍在執(zhí)行 sleep 語句斧账,處于休眠中。
public class StopDuringSleep implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
int count = 0;
try {
while (!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted() && count < 1000) {
System.out.println("count = " + count++);
// 子線程 sleep
Thread.sleep(1000000);
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// 判斷該線程的中斷標(biāo)志位狀態(tài)
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted());
// 打印線程狀態(tài)
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getState());
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Thread thread = new Thread(new StopDuringSleep());
thread.start();
// 主線程 sleep
Thread.sleep(5);
thread.interrupt();
}
}
運(yùn)行結(jié)果:interrupt 會(huì)把處于 WAITING 狀態(tài)線程改為 RUNNABLE 狀態(tài)
僅僅 catch 異常就夠了嗎煞肾?
實(shí)際開發(fā)中往往是團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作咧织,互相調(diào)用。我們的方法中調(diào)用了 sleep 或者 wait 等能響應(yīng)中斷的方法時(shí)籍救,僅僅 catch 住異常而不處理是非常不友好的习绢。這種行為叫屏蔽了中斷請求。
那怎么做才能避免這種情況呢蝙昙?首先可以在方法簽名中拋出異常闪萄,比如:
void subTask2() throws InterruptedException {
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
Java中,異称娴撸肯定是有調(diào)用方處理的败去。調(diào)用方要么自己拋到上層,要么 try catch 處理烈拒。如果每層邏輯都遵守規(guī)范圆裕,將中斷信號傳遞到頂層三椿,最終讓 run () 方法可以捕獲到異常。雖然 run 方法本身沒有拋出 checkedException 的能力葫辐,但它可以通過 try/catch 根據(jù)業(yè)務(wù)邏輯來處理異常搜锰。
除此以外,還可以在 catch 語句中再次中斷線程耿战。比如上述例子中蛋叼,我們可以在 catch 中這樣寫:
try {
// 省略代碼
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// 判斷該線程的中斷標(biāo)志位狀態(tài)
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted());
// 打印線程狀態(tài)
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getState());
// 再次中斷
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
// 判斷該線程的中斷標(biāo)志位狀態(tài)
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted());
e.printStackTrace();
}
運(yùn)行結(jié)果:
sleep 期間被中斷,會(huì)清除中斷信號將其置為 false剂陡。這時(shí)就需要手動(dòng)在 catch 中再次設(shè)置中斷信號狈涮。如此,中斷信號依然可以被檢測鸭栖,后續(xù)方法仍可知道這里發(fā)生過中斷歌馍,并做出相應(yīng)邏輯處理。
結(jié)論:NEW 和 TERMINATED 狀態(tài)的線程不響應(yīng)中斷晕鹊,其他狀態(tài)可響應(yīng)松却;同時(shí) interrupt 會(huì)把 WAITING & TimeWAITING 狀態(tài)的線程改為 RUNNABLE
7、yield 方法
看 Thread 的源碼可以知道 yield () 為本地方法溅话,也就是說 yield () 是由 C 或 C++ 實(shí)現(xiàn)的晓锻,源碼如下:
/**
* A hint to the scheduler that the current thread is willing to yield
* its current use of a processor. The scheduler is free to ignore this
* hint.
*
* <p> Yield is a heuristic attempt to improve relative progression
* between threads that would otherwise over-utilise a CPU. Its use
* should be combined with detailed profiling and benchmarking to
* ensure that it actually has the desired effect.
*
* <p> It is rarely appropriate to use this method. It may be useful
* for debugging or testing purposes, where it may help to reproduce
* bugs due to race conditions. It may also be useful when designing
* concurrency control constructs such as the ones in the
* {@link java.util.concurrent.locks} package.
*/
public static native void yield();
看代碼注釋知道:
- 當(dāng)前線程調(diào)用 yield() 會(huì)讓出 CPU 使用權(quán),給別的線程執(zhí)行飞几,但是不確保真正讓出砚哆。誰先搶到 CPU 誰執(zhí)行。
- 當(dāng)前線程調(diào)用 yield() 方法屑墨,會(huì)將狀態(tài)從 RUNNABLE 轉(zhuǎn)換為 WAITING躁锁。
比如:
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Runnable runnable = new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println("線程:" +
Thread.currentThread().getName() + " I:" + i);
if (i == 5) {
Thread.yield();
}
}
}
};
Thread t1 = new Thread(runnable, "T1");
Thread t2 = new Thread(runnable, "T2");
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
執(zhí)行這段代碼會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),每次的執(zhí)行結(jié)果都不一樣卵史。那是因?yàn)?yield 方法非常不穩(wěn)定战转。
8、join 方法
調(diào)用 join 方法程腹,會(huì)等待該線程執(zhí)行完畢后才執(zhí)行別的線程匣吊。按照慣例儒拂,先來看看源碼:
/**
* Waits at most {@code millis} milliseconds for this thread to
* die. A timeout of {@code 0} means to wait forever.
*
* <p> This implementation uses a loop of {@code this.wait} calls
* conditioned on {@code this.isAlive}. As a thread terminates the
* {@code this.notifyAll} method is invoked. It is recommended that
* applications not use {@code wait}, {@code notify}, or
* {@code notifyAll} on {@code Thread} instances.
*
* @param millis
* the time to wait in milliseconds
*
* @throws IllegalArgumentException
* if the value of {@code millis} is negative
*
* @throws InterruptedException
* if any thread has interrupted the current thread. The
* <i>interrupted status</i> of the current thread is
* cleared when this exception is thrown.
*/
public final synchronized void join(long millis) throws InterruptedException {
long base = System.currentTimeMillis();
long now = 0;
// 超時(shí)時(shí)間不能小于 0
if (millis < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative");
}
// 等于 0 表示無限等待寸潦,直到線程執(zhí)行完為之
if (millis == 0) {
// 判斷子線程 (其他線程) 為活躍線程,則一直等待
while (isAlive()) {
wait(0);
}
} else {
// 循環(huán)判斷
while (isAlive()) {
long delay = millis - now;
if (delay <= 0) {
break;
}
wait(delay);
now = System.currentTimeMillis() - base;
}
}
}
從源碼知道幾點(diǎn):
- 從源碼中可以看出 join () 方法底層還是通過 wait () 方法來實(shí)現(xiàn)的社痛。
- 當(dāng)前線程終止见转,會(huì)調(diào)用當(dāng)前實(shí)例的 notifyAll 方法喚醒其他線程。
- 調(diào)用 join 方法蒜哀,會(huì)使當(dāng)前線程從 RUNNABLE 狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)至 WAITING 狀態(tài)斩箫。
總結(jié)
Thread 類中主要有 start、run、sleep乘客、yield狐血、join、interrupt 等方法易核,其中start匈织、sleep、yield牡直、join缀匕、interrupt(改變 sleep 狀態(tài))是會(huì)改變線程狀態(tài)的。最后碰逸,上一張完成版的線程狀態(tài)切換圖:
福利
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