The history of our world 3
Now, the going gets tougher.?
The next stage introduces entities that are significantly more fragile, significantly more vulnerable, but they're also much more creative and much more capable of generating further complexity.?
ps;下一階段將引入明顯更脆弱汉规、更脆弱的實體耻矮，但它們也更具創(chuàng)造性忧吟，更能產(chǎn)生進(jìn)一步的復(fù)雜性被啼。
introduces把…介紹;?引見;?介紹;?主持;?使初次了解;?使嘗試;?introduce的第三人稱單數(shù)
entities獨立存在物;?實體;?entity的復(fù)數(shù)
significantly有重大意義地;?顯著地;?明顯地;?有某種意義;?別有含義地;?意味深長地
fragile易碎的;?易損的;?不牢固的;?脆弱的;?纖巧的;?精細(xì)的;?纖巧美麗的
vulnerable脆弱的，易受…傷害的
much more更;?何況
creative創(chuàng)造的;?創(chuàng)作的;?有創(chuàng)造力的;?表現(xiàn)創(chuàng)造力的;?富于創(chuàng)造力的人;?搞創(chuàng)作的人;?創(chuàng)意;?創(chuàng)作素材
capable of可以…的;?能…的;?易…的;?敢于…的
generating產(chǎn)生;?引起;?generate的現(xiàn)在分詞
complexity復(fù)雜性;?難懂;?難題;?難以理解的局勢
I'm talking, of course, about living organisms.?
ps:當(dāng)然，我說的是生物。
talking說話;?講話;?談話;?討論挤悉，談?wù)摚陶勚觯⒄??講，說;?talk的現(xiàn)在分詞
of course當(dāng)然椅您，自然;?當(dāng)然;?當(dāng)然不
about大約;?左右;?將近;?幾乎;?到處;?處處;?各處;?關(guān)于;?對于;?目的是;?為了;?涉及…方面;?忙于;?從事于;?在附近的;?四處走動的;?在起作用的;?在流行中的
living活著的;?活的;?在使用的;?在實施的;?生計;?謀生;?收入;?生活方式;?活著的人;?住;?居住;?生存;?活著;?live的現(xiàn)在分詞
organisms有機體;?生物;?微生物;?有機組織;?有機體系;?organism的復(fù)數(shù)
Living organisms are created by chemistry. We are huge packages of chemicals.?
So, chemistry is dominated by the electromagnetic force.?
ps:所以外冀，化學(xué)是由電磁力控制的。
chemistry化學(xué);?物質(zhì)的化學(xué)組成;?兩人間的關(guān)系
dominated支配;?控制;?左右;?影響;?在…中具有最重要的特色;?在…中擁有最重要的位置;?俯視;?高聳于;?dominate的過去分詞和過去式
That operates over smaller scales than gravity, which explains why you and I are smaller than stars or planets.?
Now, what are the ideal conditions for chemistry??
What are the Goldilocks conditions? Well, first, you need energy, but not too much.?
In the center of a star, there's so much energy that any atoms that combine will just get busted apart again.?
ps:在一顆恒星的中心掀泳，有如此多的能量雪隧，任何結(jié)合在一起的原子都會再次被碎裂。
In the center of在中間员舵，在中央
so much和…一樣多;?就只那么多;?多少
energy精力;?活力;?干勁;?力量;?能源
any(與不可數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用脑沿，用于否定句和疑問句，也用于if或whether之后固灵，或緊接某些動詞如prevent捅伤、ban、forbid等)任何的巫玻，任一的;?任一;?非一般的;?不尋常的;?(用于否定句和疑問句中或if、whether后)任何數(shù)量祠汇，任一數(shù)額;?任何一些;?一點兒也仍秤，完全，絲毫;?根本
atoms原子;?atom的復(fù)數(shù)
combine結(jié)合可很，組合诗力，聯(lián)合，混合;?兼有;?兼?zhèn)??使融合;?同時做;?兼做;?兼辦;?聯(lián)合收割機;?集團;?聯(lián)合企業(yè)
busted被當(dāng)場逮住;?打破;?摔碎;?突擊搜查;?降級，降低軍階;?bust的過去分詞和過去式
apart相隔苇本，相距;?不在一起;?分離;?分開;?成碎片
again再一次;?又一次;?返回原處;?復(fù)原;?增加;?多
But not too little.?
In intergalactic space, there's so little energy that atoms can't combine.?
ps:在星系際空間袜茧，能量太少，原子無法結(jié)合
energy精力;?活力;?干勁;?力量;?能源
atoms原子;?atom的復(fù)數(shù)
combine結(jié)合瓣窄，組合笛厦，聯(lián)合，混合;?兼有;?兼?zhèn)??使融合;?同時做;?兼做;?兼辦;?聯(lián)合收割
What you want is just the right amount, and planets, it turns out, are just right, because they're close to stars, but not too close.
ps:你想要的只是正確的數(shù)量俺夕，而行星裳凸，事實證明，是正確的劝贸，因為它們離恒星很近姨谷，但不太近。
want要;?想要;?希望;?需要;?需要…在場;?需要的東西;?想望的東西;?缺少;?缺乏;?不足;?貧窮;?貧困;?匱乏
planets行星;?地球;?planet的復(fù)數(shù)
turns轉(zhuǎn)動映九，旋轉(zhuǎn);?轉(zhuǎn)身;?扭轉(zhuǎn);?翻轉(zhuǎn);?翻動;?把…翻過來;?turn的第三人稱單數(shù)
just right恰好梦湘，正好;?不失毫厘
because因為
close to在近處;湊近地
stars恒星;?星;?星狀物;?星形飾物;?星號;?星級;?主演;?擔(dān)任主角;?使主演;?由…擔(dān)任主角;?標(biāo)星號;?star的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
too太，過于件甥，過度;?也;?又;?還;?而且
close關(guān);?關(guān)閉;?閉上;?合上;?合攏;?關(guān)門践叠，關(guān)閉;?不開放;?結(jié)束，終結(jié)嚼蚀，終了;?接近;?幾乎
You also need a great diversity of chemical elements, and you need liquids, such as water. Why??
Well, in gases, atoms move past each other so fast that they can't hitch up.?
ps:好吧禁灼，在氣體中，原子之間的移動速度非辰问铮快弄捕，以至于它們無法相互連接。
Well好;?對;?令人滿意地;?完全地;?徹底地;?全部地;?很;?相當(dāng);?大大地;?遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地;?健康;?身體好;?狀態(tài)良好;?情況良好;?明智;?可取;?好主意;?哎呀导帝，喲守谓，啊，好啦;?唉您单，好吧;?嗯;?井;?水井;?樓梯井;?電梯井道;?律師席;?涌出;?冒出;?流出;?溢出;?涌起;?迸發(fā)
atoms原子;?atom的復(fù)數(shù)
move改變位置斋荞，移動;?變化;?改變;?轉(zhuǎn)變;?前進(jìn);?進(jìn)步;?進(jìn)展;?行動;?移動;?活動;?動搖
past過去的;?昔日的;?剛過去的;?剛結(jié)束的;?從前的;?以往的;?過去;?昔日;?過去的事情;?過去的經(jīng)歷;?晚于;?在…之后;?在另一邊;?到另一側(cè);?多于;?超過;?從一側(cè)到另一側(cè);?經(jīng)過;?過去，逝去
each other互相虐秦，彼此
fast快的;?迅速的;?敏捷的;?迅速發(fā)生的;?立即發(fā)生的;?動作迅速的;?頭腦靈活的;?快;?快速;?迅速;?不久;?立即;?牢固地;?完全地;?節(jié)食;?禁食;?齋戒;?禁食期;?齋戒期
they他們;?她們;?它們;?用以代替he或she平酿，指性別不詳?shù)娜??人們，人人悦陋，眾人
In solids, atoms are stuck together, they can't move.?
In liquids, they can cruise and cuddle and link up to form molecules.?
ps:在液體中蜈彼，它們可以游動、擁抱和連接形成分子俺驶。
liquids液體;?liquid的復(fù)數(shù)
they他們;?她們;?它們;?用以代替he或she幸逆，指性別不詳?shù)娜??人們，人人，眾人
cruise乘船游覽;?航行;?以平穩(wěn)的速度行駛;?慢速行駛还绘，巡行
cuddle擁抱;?摟抱
link up聯(lián)合;?連接;?接合
form類型;?種類;?形式;?外表;?樣子;?表格;?出現(xiàn)楚昭，產(chǎn)生;?形成;?成形，組成;?制作
molecules分子;?molecule的復(fù)數(shù)
Now, where do you find such Goldilocks conditions??
Well, planets are great, and our early Earth was almost perfect.?
It was just the right distance from its star to contain huge oceans of liquid water.?
And deep beneath those oceans, at cracks in the Earth's crust, you've got heat seeping up from inside the Earth, and you've got a great diversity of elements.?
ps:在這些海洋的深處拍顷，在地殼的裂縫處抚太，有熱量從地球內(nèi)部滲出，有多種元素菇怀。
beneath在…下面;?在…下方;?不夠好;?在下面;?在底下
oceans大海;?海洋;?洋;?ocean的復(fù)數(shù)
cracks裂紋;?裂縫;?縫隙;?狹縫;?窄縫;?爆裂聲凭舶，噼啪聲;?破裂;?裂開;?斷裂;?砸開;?破開;?砸碎;?打碎;?重?fù)??猛擊;?crack的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
Earth世界;?地球;?陸地;?地面;?大地;?土;?泥;?泥土;?把接地
crust面包皮;?糕餅酥皮;?硬層，硬表面;?用外皮覆蓋;?在…上結(jié)硬皮;?生痂兒結(jié)成外殼;?結(jié)硬皮
've(=value engineering)價值工程學(xué);?同“have”
heat熱;?溫度;?炎熱天氣;?高溫爱沟，熱的環(huán)境;?加熱;?變熱;?變暖
seeping滲;?滲透;?seep的現(xiàn)在分詞
diversity差異;?不同;?多樣性;?多樣化
elements要素;?基本部分;?典型部分;?少量;?有點;?有些;?一組帅霜，一群，一伙;?eleme
So at those deep oceanic vents, fantastic chemistry began to happen, and atoms combined in all sorts of exotic combinations.
ps:所以在那些深海噴口呼伸，奇妙的化學(xué)開始發(fā)生身冀，原子以各種奇異的組合組合組合在一起。
oceanic海洋的;?大海的;?與海洋有關(guān)的
vents出口括享，進(jìn)口搂根，漏孔;?肛門;?衩口，開衩铃辖，背衩;?表達(dá)剩愧，發(fā)泄;?vent的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
fantastic極好的;?了不起的;?很大的;?大得難以置信的;?怪誕的;?荒誕不經(jīng)的;?富于想象的
atoms原子;?atom的復(fù)數(shù)
combined in化合成;?合并成
all sorts of各種各樣的;形形色色的
exotic來自異國的;?奇異的;?異國情調(diào)的;?異國風(fēng)味的
in all非常;?總計
sorts種類;?類別;?品種;?某一種人;?分類;?排序;?整理;?把…分類;?妥善處理;?安排妥當(dāng);?sort的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
combinations結(jié)合體;?聯(lián)合體;?混合體;?結(jié)合;?聯(lián)合;?混合;?數(shù)碼組合，字碼組合;?comb
Exercises:
1.What cause the dinosaurs to become extinct?
?An asteroid landed on Earth.
2.Why is DNA replication?important ?
?It spreads and accumulates information about life.
3.When Christian mentions "that creative evolutionary pulse",?
he is referring to how mammals successfully evolved.
4.To cruise means...
to move at a steady speed.
5.if there is too little energy, ...
atoms will not combine.
Put the sentences into correct order:
Now, where do you find such Goldilocks conditions? Well, planets are great, and our early Earth was almost perfect. It was just the right distance from its star to contain huge oceans of liquid water. And deep beneath those oceans, at cracks in the Earth's crust, you've got heat seeping up from inside the Earth, and you've got a great diversity of elements.?
Read and repeat the sentences:
1.Now, what are the ideal conditions for chemistry?
2.In the center of a star, there's so much energy that any atoms that combine will just get busted apart again.
3.The next stage introduces entities that are significantly more fragile, significantly more vulnerable, but they're also much more creative and much more capable of generating further complexity.
4.in gases, atoms move past each other so fast that they can't hitch up.?
But of course, life is more than just exotic chemistry.?
How do you stabilize those huge molecules that seem to be viable??
PS:如何穩(wěn)定那些看起來可行的大分子娇斩？
do you你愿意嗎
stabilize穩(wěn)定仁卷，穩(wěn)固
huge巨大的;?極多的;?程度高的;?非常成功的;?走紅的
molecules分子;?molecule的復(fù)數(shù)
seem to be好像;?看來;?似乎是
viable可實施的;?切實可行的;?能獨立發(fā)展的;?能獨立生存的;?可生長發(fā)育的
Well, it's here that life introduces an entirely new trick.?
PS:好吧，就是在這里犬第，生活引入了一個全新的把戲锦积。
Well好;?對;?令人滿意地;?完全地;?徹底地;?全部地;?很;?相當(dāng);?大大地;?遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地;?健康;?身體好;?狀態(tài)良好;?情況良好;?明智;?可取;?好主意;?哎呀，喲歉嗓，啊丰介，好啦;?唉，好吧;?嗯;?井;?水井;?樓梯井;?電梯井道;?律師席;?涌出;?冒出;?流出;?溢出;?涌起;?迸發(fā)
here在這里鉴分，向這里;?現(xiàn)在;?在這一點上;?給某人東西或指出某物時說;?喂哮幢，嘿;?主動提議時說
life生命;?人命;?性命;?人的存活;?生物;?活物
introduces把…介紹;?引見;?介紹;?主持;?使初次了解;?使嘗試;?introduce的第三人稱單數(shù)
entirely全部地;?完整地;?完全地
trick詭計;?花招;?騙局;?把戲;?引起錯覺的事物;?戲法;?欺騙;?欺詐;?為欺騙的;?使人產(chǎn)生錯覺的;?虛
You don't stabilize the individual; you stabilize the template, the thing that carries information, and you allow the template to copy itself.?
PS:你不穩(wěn)定個體；你穩(wěn)定模板冠场，承載信息的東西家浇，你允許模板復(fù)制自己。
You你;?您;?你們;?與名詞及形容詞連用碴裙，直接稱呼某人;?泛指任何人
stabilize穩(wěn)定，穩(wěn)固
individual單獨的;?個別的;?一個人的;?供一人用的;?獨特的;?與眾不同的;?個人;?與眾不同的人;?有個性的人;?某種類型的人;?古怪的人
template樣板;?模板;?型板;?模框;?標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
carries拿;?提;?搬;?扛;?背;?抱;?運送;?攜帶;?佩戴;?輸送舔株，傳輸莺琳，傳送;?carry的第三人稱單數(shù)
information信息;?消息;?情報;?資料;?資訊
allow允許;?準(zhǔn)許;?給予;?允許進(jìn)入
copy復(fù)印件，副本载慈，復(fù)制品;?一本惭等，一冊，一份;?稿件;?消息办铡，信息;?復(fù)制;?復(fù)印;?仿造;?臨摹;?抄寫;?謄寫;?模仿;?效法;?仿效
itself指施動并受其影響的動物或事物
And DNA, of course, is the beautiful molecule that contains that information.?
You'll be familiar with the double helix of DNA. Each rung contains information.?
PS:你會熟悉DNA的雙螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)辞做。每個橫檔都包含信息。
You你;?您;?你們;?與名詞及形容詞連用寡具，直接稱呼某人;?泛指任何人
be familiar with精通;?同…相好
double helix雙螺旋
DNA脫氧核糖核酸
Each各自秤茅，各個，每個
rung橫檔童叠，梯級;?包圍;?環(huán)繞;?給…戴上金屬環(huán);?繞…畫圓;?把…圈起來;?給…打電話;?發(fā)出鈴聲;?發(fā)出鐘聲框喳，響起鈴聲;?ring的過去分詞
contains包含;?含有;?容納;?控制，克制厦坛，抑制;?防止…蔓延;?contain的第三人稱單數(shù)
information信息;?消息;?情報;?資料;?資訊
So, DNA contains information about how to make living organisms.?
PS:所以五垮，DNA包含了如何制造生物的信息。
DNA脫氧核糖核酸
contains包含;?含有;?容納;?控制杜秸，克制放仗，抑制;?防止…蔓延;?contain的第三人稱單數(shù)
make制造;?做;?組裝;?寫;?出產(chǎn);?制訂;?鋪床;?品牌，型號
living活著的;?活的;?在使用的;?在實施的;?生計;?謀生;?收入;?生活方式;?活著的人;?住;?居住;?生存;?活著;?live的現(xiàn)在分詞
organisms有機體;?生物;?微生物;?有機組織;?有機體系;?organism的復(fù)數(shù)
And DNA also copies itself.?
So, it copies itself and scatters the templates through the ocean.?
PS:因此撬碟，它會復(fù)制自己诞挨，并在海洋中散布模板。
copies復(fù)印件小作，副本亭姥，復(fù)制品;?一本，一冊顾稀，一份;?稿件;?消息达罗，信息;?復(fù)制;?復(fù)印;?仿造;?臨摹;?抄寫;?謄寫;?模仿;?效法;?仿效;?copy的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
itself指施動并受其影響的動物或事物
scatters撒;?撒播;?散開;?四散;?使分散;?驅(qū)散;?scatter的第三人稱單數(shù)
templates樣板;?模板;?型板;?模框;?標(biāo)準(zhǔn);?template的復(fù)數(shù)
through從…一端至另一端;?穿過;?貫穿;?透過…看到;?隔著…聽到;?自始至終;?從頭到尾;?從一端到另一端;?通過;?從頭至尾;?直達(dá)的静秆，直通的粮揉，聯(lián)運的，全程的;?直達(dá)的;?直通的
ocean大海;?海洋;?洋
So the information spreads. Notice that information has become part of our story.?
The real beauty of DNA though is in its imperfections.?
PS:DNA的真正美在于它的不完美抚笔。
real真實的;?實際存在的;?非憑空想象的;?真的;?正宗的;?非假冒的;?非人工的;?真正的;?確實的;?非常;?很;?實在;?現(xiàn)實;?實數(shù)
beauty美;?美麗;?美人;?美好的東西;?極好的榜樣;?典型的例子
DNA脫氧核糖核酸
though雖然;?盡管;?即使;?不過扶认，可是，然而
imperfections缺點;?瑕疵;?imperfection的復(fù)數(shù)
As it copies itself, once in every billion rungs, there tends to be an error.?
And what that means is that DNA is, in effect, learning.?
It's accumulating new ways of making living organisms because some of those errors work.?
PS:它正在積累新的制造生物的方法殊橙，因為其中一些錯誤起作用辐宾。
accumulating積累;?積聚;?逐漸增加;?逐漸增長;?accumulate的現(xiàn)在分詞
ways方法;?手段;?途徑;?方式;?作風(fēng);?風(fēng)度;?樣子;?行為方式狱从，生活方式，習(xí)俗;?way的復(fù)數(shù)
making生產(chǎn);?制造;?做;?組裝;?寫;?出產(chǎn);?制訂;?鋪床;?make的現(xiàn)在分詞
living活著的;?活的;?在使用的;?在實施的;?生計;?謀生;?收入;?生活方式;?活著的人;?住;?居住;?生存;?活著;?live的現(xiàn)在分詞
organisms有機體;?生物;?微生物;?有機組織;?有機體系;?organism的復(fù)數(shù)
some of中的一些;?其中一些;?其中的一些
those用來對已經(jīng)提及的事物作補充說明;?人們;人;?那些;?用于提供更多的細(xì)節(jié)叠纹、信息
errors錯誤;?差錯;?謬誤;?error的復(fù)
So DNA's learning and it's building greater diversity and greater complexity.?
And we can see this happening over the last four billion years.
For most of that time of life on Earth, living organisms have been relatively simple,? single cells.?
PS:在地球生命的大部分時間里季研，活的有機體都是相對簡單的單細(xì)胞。
most of大多數(shù)
that time那兒誉察；彼時
living活著的;?活的;?在使用的;?在實施的;?生計;?謀生;?收入;?生活方式;?活著的人;?住;?居住;?生存;?活著;?live的現(xiàn)在分詞
organisms有機體;?生物;?微生物;?有機組織;?有機體系;?organism的復(fù)數(shù)
relatively相當(dāng)程度上;?相當(dāng)?shù)??相對地
single僅有一個的;?單一的;?單個的;?特指某人或事物;?單身的;?未婚的;?無伴侶的;?單程票;?單曲;?單曲磁帶;?單人房間;?挑選作一壘手
cells單間牢房;?牢房;?小房間;?細(xì)胞;?cell的復(fù)數(shù)
But they had great diversity, and, inside, great complexity.?
Then from about 600 to 800 million years ago, multi-celled organisms appear.?
You get fungi, you get fish, you get plants, you get amphibia, you get reptiles, and then, of course, you get the dinosaurs.?
PS:你得到真菌与涡，你得到魚，你得到植物持偏，你得到兩棲動物驼卖，你得到爬行動物，然后鸿秆，當(dāng)然酌畜，你得到恐龍。
You你;?您;?你們;?與名詞及形容詞連用谬莹，直接稱呼某人;?泛指任何人
fungifungus 的復(fù)數(shù)
fish魚;?魚肉;?釣魚;?捕魚;?在…捕魚
plants植物;?發(fā)電廠;?工廠;?大型機器檩奠，設(shè)備;?栽種;?種植;?播種;?在栽種;?立穩(wěn);?豎立;?安放;?plant的第三人稱單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)
amphibia兩棲類，兩棲綱
reptiles爬行動物;?reptile的復(fù)數(shù)
and then然后
of course當(dāng)然附帽，自然;?當(dāng)然;?當(dāng)然不
dinosaurs恐龍;?守舊落伍的人;?過時落后的東西;?dinosaur的復(fù)數(shù)
And occasionally, there are disasters.?
Sixty-five million years ago, an asteroid landed on Earth near the Yucatan Peninsula, creating conditions equivalent to those of a nuclear war, and the dinosaurs were wiped out.?
PS:六千五百萬年前埠戳，一顆小行星降落在尤卡坦半島附近的地球上，創(chuàng)造了相當(dāng)于核戰(zhàn)爭的條件蕉扮，恐龍被消滅整胃。
years ago多年前
asteroid小行星
landed擁有大量土地的;?包括大量土地的;?落;?降落;?著陸;?使平穩(wěn)著陸;?著陸，登陸;?land的過去分詞和過去式
Yucatan Peninsula尤卡坦半島
creating創(chuàng)造;?創(chuàng)作;?創(chuàng)建;?造成喳钟，引起屁使，產(chǎn)生;?授予;?冊封;?create的現(xiàn)在分詞
nuclear war核戰(zhàn)爭
dinosaurs恐龍;?守舊落伍的人;?過時落后的東西;?dinosaur的復(fù)數(shù)
wiped out十分疲勞;?筋疲力盡
Terrible news for the dinosaurs, but great news for our mammalian ancestors, who flourished in the niches left empty by the dinosaurs.?
PS:對恐龍來說是個可怕的消息，但對我們的哺乳動物祖先來說卻是個好消息奔则，他們在恐龍留下的空壁龕里繁衍生息蛮寂。
Terrible非常討厭的;?令人極不快的;?可怕的;?危害極大的;?造成極大傷害的;?非常嚴(yán)重的;?不痛快;?有病
news消息;?音信;?媒體對重要事情的報道;?新聞;?新聞報道
dinosaurs恐龍;?守舊落伍的人;?過時落后的東西;?dinosaur的復(fù)數(shù)
great大的;?巨大的;?數(shù)量大的;?眾多的;?很;?非常的;?很多的;?極大的;?名人;?偉人;?偉大的事物;?很好地;?極好地;?很棒地
mammalian哺乳類的;?哺乳動物的
ancestors祖宗;?祖先;?原種;?原型;?ancestor的復(fù)數(shù)
flourished繁榮;?昌盛;?興旺;?茁壯成長;?健康幸福;?揮舞;?flourish的過去分詞和過去式
niches舒適或稱心的工作;?商機;?市場定位;?壁龕;?凹進(jìn)的地方;?niche的復(fù)數(shù)
left左邊的;?左邊;?左方;?左;?左邊的第一條路;?左轉(zhuǎn)彎;?離開;?離開居住地點;?遺棄;?丟棄;?leave的過去分詞和過去式;?向左;?在左邊
empty空的;?空洞的;?說話不算數(shù)的;?無誠意的;?空虛的;?無意義的;?無目的的;?倒空;?
And we human beings are part of that creative evolutionary pulse that began 65 million years ago with the landing of an asteroid.
PS:我們?nèi)祟愂?500萬年前一顆小行星著陸時產(chǎn)生的創(chuàng)造性進(jìn)化脈沖的一部分
human beings人;?human being的復(fù)數(shù)
part of部分
creative創(chuàng)造的;?創(chuàng)作的;?有創(chuàng)造力的;?表現(xiàn)創(chuàng)造力的;?富于創(chuàng)造力的人;?搞創(chuàng)作的人;?創(chuàng)意;?創(chuàng)作素材
evolutionary進(jìn)化的;?演變的;?逐漸發(fā)展的
pulse脈搏;?脈率;?強勁的音樂節(jié)拍;?脈沖;?搏動;?跳動;?震動;?洋溢著;?充滿
began開始;?啟動;?起始;?開始存在;?起初是;?本來是;?begin的過去式
million一百萬;?大量
years ago多年前
landing樓梯平臺;?過渡平臺;?降落;?著陸;?登陸;?落;?使平穩(wěn)著陸;?著陸，登陸;?land的現(xiàn)在分詞
asteroid小行星
Exercises:
1.How do humans accumulate information?
Human language allows people to pass down collective memory.
2.Which of the following contribute to the development of human society?
exploiting biological energy
3.what cause the dinosaurs to become extinct?
an asteroid landed on earth.
4.why is DNA replication important易茬？
it spreads and accumulates information about life.
5.when christian mentions "that creative evolutionary pulse", he is refering to...
he is referring to how mammals successfully evolved.
6.Christian believed that if dinosaurs hadn't become extinct..
mamals may not have spread and evolved.
Fill in the blanks:
Terrible news for the dinosaurs, but great news for our mammalian ancestors, who flourished in the niches left empty by the dinosaurs.?
Sixty-five million years ago, an asteroid landed on Earth near the Yucatan Peninsula, creating conditions equivalent to those of a nuclear war, and the dinosaurs were wiped out.?
Put the sentences into correct order:
The real beauty of DNA though is in its imperfections. As it copies itself, once in every billion rungs, there tends to be an error. And what that means is that DNA is, in effect, learning. It's accumulating new ways of making living organisms because some of those errors work.?
For most of that time of life on Earth, living organisms have been relatively simple,? single cells. But they had great diversity, and, inside, great complexity. Then from about 600 to 800 million years ago, multi-celled organisms appear.You get fungi, you get fish, you get plants, you get amphibia, you get reptiles, and then, of course, you get the dinosaurs.?
Read and repeat the sentences:
1.It copies itself and scatters the templates through the ocean.
2.For most of that time of life on Earth, living organisms have been relatively simple -- single cells.
3.DNA is accumulating new ways of making living organisms because some of those errors work.
4.Human beings are part of that creative evolutionary pulse that began 65 million years ago with the landing of an asteroid.
5.How do you stabilize those huge molecules that seem to be viable?
6.You don't stabilize the individual; you stabilize the template, the thing that carries information, and you allow the template to copy itself.
