各時(shí)態(tài)的主要用法:
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) do/does/be
不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間,通常用于描述習(xí)慣、事實(shí)等包券。
I go to work every day. 我每天去工作首妖。
He works in finance.他在金融業(yè)工作。
The train leaves at 9:30 tomorrow morning.火車(chē)明天早晨9點(diǎn)30分發(fā)車(chē)拇泛。
2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) be doing
用法1:用來(lái)描述說(shuō)話時(shí)正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作滨巴。
John is sleeping at the moment. John此時(shí)正在睡覺(jué)。
用法2:用來(lái)表達(dá)未來(lái)安排俺叭。
We’re flying to Spain tomorrow.我們明天去西班牙恭取。
3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have/has done
用法1:用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在過(guò)去已經(jīng)完成了。
I’ve lost my pen. 我的筆丟了熄守。
用法2:用來(lái)表達(dá)動(dòng)作在過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始蜈垮,并且目前仍在進(jìn)行,此種用法下句中通常包含介詞for和since裕照。
She has been here since 8 o’clock.她從8點(diǎn)就一直在這攒发。
I have lived in Italy for many years.我生活在意大利很多年了。
4.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) have/has been doing
用法1:用來(lái)表示從過(guò)去開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(還可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去)晋南,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作持續(xù)的時(shí)間惠猿。
I’ve been writing for over an hour.我已經(jīng)等了一個(gè)多鐘頭。(目前仍在等待)
用法2:表示動(dòng)作是最近發(fā)生的负间。
That bag looks new. Have you been shopping? 那個(gè)包看起來(lái)很新偶妖,你最近購(gòu)物了嗎姜凄?
He hasn’t been sleeping a lot lately.他最近一直沒(méi)怎么睡覺(jué)。
5.一般過(guò)去時(shí) was/were/did
表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在過(guò)去發(fā)生過(guò)趾访,如果是持續(xù)性的動(dòng)作則表示該動(dòng)作沒(méi)有持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在态秧。
She worked in finance before this job. 在這個(gè)工作之前,她在金融業(yè)工作扼鞋。
We lived in China for six years after I graduated from college.我大學(xué)畢業(yè)之前申鱼,我們?cè)谥袊?guó)生活了6年。(目前不在中國(guó)生活了)
6.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) was/were doing
強(qiáng)調(diào)該動(dòng)作在過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生云头,可以理解為“當(dāng)時(shí)正在”捐友。
I was reading a book when they arrived.他們到來(lái)時(shí)我正在看書(shū)。
Were you sleeping when I called?我打電話的時(shí)候你當(dāng)時(shí)正在睡覺(jué)嗎盘寡?
7.過(guò)去完成時(shí) had done
強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生了楚殿,通常與一般過(guò)去時(shí)聯(lián)用,可以理解為“當(dāng)時(shí)已經(jīng)”竿痰。
The movie had already ended when I turned on the TV. 我當(dāng)時(shí)打開(kāi)電視的時(shí)候脆粥,電影已經(jīng)結(jié)束了。
8.過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) had been doing
強(qiáng)調(diào)工作在過(guò)去開(kāi)始影涉,并且在過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻或者另一個(gè)動(dòng)作開(kāi)始的時(shí)候仍然處于持續(xù)狀態(tài)变隔,可以大致理解為“當(dāng)時(shí)一直”。
When I arrived at the bus stop, the other people there had been waiting for nearly an hour. 我當(dāng)時(shí)到達(dá)公交站的時(shí)候蟹倾,其他人已經(jīng)等了快一個(gè)鐘頭了匣缘。(當(dāng)時(shí)一直在等,我到公交站之后依然繼續(xù)等)
Had she been living in Italy for a long time?她當(dāng)時(shí)在意大利一直住了很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間嗎鲜棠?
He had been feeling unwell, so he went to lie down.他當(dāng)時(shí)一直覺(jué)得不舒服肌厨,所以他去小睡了。
9.一般將來(lái)時(shí) will/be going to do
強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作將來(lái)發(fā)生豁陆。
The Queen will be in Rome tomorrow. 女王明天在羅馬柑爸。
I think it’s going to rain tomorrow.我認(rèn)為明天會(huì)下雨。
10.將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) will be/be going to be doing
強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在將來(lái)依然會(huì)持續(xù)盒音,無(wú)論該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去表鳍、現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)。
You shouldn’t call their house now; they will be sleeping.你現(xiàn)在不應(yīng)該給他們打電話了祥诽,他們睡著了譬圣。(目前處于睡覺(jué)的狀態(tài),將來(lái)依然會(huì)持續(xù))
We won’t be leaving until the evening.夜晚到來(lái)之前我們不會(huì)離開(kāi)雄坪。
11.將來(lái)完成時(shí) will have done
用法1:強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作持續(xù)到將來(lái)的某個(gè)時(shí)刻或者在將來(lái)的某個(gè)時(shí)刻完成厘熟,通常用來(lái)描述動(dòng)作從發(fā)生到完成持續(xù)的時(shí)間,可以理解為“將來(lái)已經(jīng)”。
By October we will have lived in this house for 20 years.到十月我們就在這個(gè)房子住滿(mǎn)20年了绳姨。
After this next race, I will have completed 10 triathlons.這場(chǎng)比賽之后颇玷,我就完成10場(chǎng)馬拉松了。
用法2:預(yù)測(cè)某事應(yīng)該已經(jīng)發(fā)生了就缆。
You will have heard by now that the company is going bankrupt.你應(yīng)該已經(jīng)聽(tīng)說(shuō)公司破產(chǎn)的消息了。
12.將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí) will have been doing
用法1:描述動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到將來(lái)的某一時(shí)刻并且有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去谒亦,通常用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作持續(xù)的時(shí)間竭宰。
She’ll have been waiting for nearly an hour by the time we arrive.在我們到達(dá)之前,她還得等接近一個(gè)鐘頭份招。
How will he have been coping on his own for all these years? 往后這些年他自己一個(gè)人怎么辦切揭?
用法2:用來(lái)描述可能造成的某種結(jié)果的動(dòng)作,表達(dá)一種預(yù)測(cè)锁摔。
He won’t have been sleeping for very long, but I have to wake him up.他不會(huì)睡太長(zhǎng)時(shí)間廓旬,但是我不得不叫醒他。
I bet he’ll be hungry because he will have been studying straight through lunch.我打賭他會(huì)餓的谐腰,因?yàn)樗麜?huì)在午飯期間一直學(xué)習(xí)孕豹。
一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
1.句中出現(xiàn)確切時(shí)間的時(shí)候,不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)十气。
不能說(shuō) I’ve lost my keys yesterday.
只能說(shuō)I lost my keys yesterday.
但是可以說(shuō)I have got three classes on Monday.不過(guò)此用法不正式励背。
2.在對(duì)話中,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有隱含的“剛剛”的意思砸西。
A:Why are you late?你為什么遲到叶眉?
B:I’ve lost my keys.我剛把鑰匙弄丟了。
He’s taken the dog to the park.他剛?cè)ス珗@遛狗了芹枷。
I’ve had lunch. 我剛吃完飯衅疙。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)之間的區(qū)別
而這意思非常相近,大部分情況下可互換鸳慈。
I have been living in New York City for three years.
I have lived in New York City for three years.我在紐約住了三年饱溢。
下面這個(gè)句子只能用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),因?yàn)榫渥又刑岬降膚hile I finish my Ph.D這個(gè)階段蝶涩,需要live動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)理朋。
I have been living in New York City while I finish my Ph.D.
不能說(shuō):I have lived in New York City while I finish my Ph.D.
表達(dá)動(dòng)作持續(xù)的時(shí)間時(shí),而這意思不同绿聘。
He has talked on the phone for almost an hour. 他幾乎打了一小時(shí)的電話嗽上。(已經(jīng)打完了)
He has been talking on the phone for almost an hour. 他已經(jīng)快打了一小時(shí)的電話。(目前還可能在打電話)
下面這個(gè)例子用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更恰當(dāng):
A: “Let's take the longer trail when we're hiking back down.” 我們遠(yuǎn)足回來(lái)的時(shí)候繞一下更遠(yuǎn)的小路吧熄攘。
B: “But we have walked for three hours!”但是我們已經(jīng)走了三個(gè)小時(shí)了兽愤!
B: “But we have been walking for three hours!”但是我們已經(jīng)連續(xù)走了三個(gè)小時(shí)了!(這樣回答更能體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作持續(xù)的時(shí)間,而且能強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)話時(shí)還在進(jìn)行)
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還可以表達(dá)“已經(jīng)一直”:
I have worked in the shop for three years.我已經(jīng)在這個(gè)商店工作三年了浅萧。
I have been working in the shop for three years, but I hope to find something else soon.”我已經(jīng)一直在這個(gè)商店工作三年了逐沙,但是我最近希望找點(diǎn)別的事情做。
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還可以表達(dá)最近發(fā)生或者完成的動(dòng)作:
Don't you think Mary has been spending too much time on the computer lately?” 你不認(rèn)為Mary最近在電腦上花了太多時(shí)間了嗎洼畅?
即使動(dòng)作沒(méi)有持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在吩案,如果想強(qiáng)調(diào)“一直”也可以使用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí):
Sorry I'm so sweaty! I’ve been exercising all morning. 對(duì)不起我出了很多汗,我早晨一直在鍛煉帝簇。(此刻并沒(méi)有在鍛煉)
My neighbors are angry because my dog has been barking.我的鄰居們很生氣因?yàn)槲业墓纷罱恢痹诮信枪#ü反藭r(shí)可能沒(méi)有叫)
以下是幾個(gè)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的例句:
I have not been writing much recently.我最近沒(méi)怎么寫(xiě)作。
She hasn't been trying to find work since her divorce.她離婚之后沒(méi)有一直嘗試找工作丧肴。
Where have you been living lately?你最近一直住在哪残揉?
Has she been feeling OK?她最近還好吧?
Why have you been lying to me?為什么你一直對(duì)我撒謊芋浮?
Haven't you been writing a new book?難道你最近沒(méi)有在寫(xiě)新書(shū)嗎抱环?
Has she not been feeling well?她一直感覺(jué)不太好嗎?
Why haven't they been working on their homework?他們?yōu)槭裁匆恢睕](méi)寫(xiě)作業(yè)纸巷?
過(guò)去完成時(shí)的一些注意事項(xiàng)
下面是一些使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的例句:
When I turned on the TV, the film had ended. 當(dāng)我打開(kāi)電視的時(shí)候镇草,電影已經(jīng)結(jié)束了。
Unfortunately, he had not taken his keys before he left the house.不幸的是瘤旨,他當(dāng)時(shí)離開(kāi)家的時(shí)候并沒(méi)有帶鑰匙陶夜。
當(dāng)句中出現(xiàn)when的時(shí)候,一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)表達(dá)的意思不同:
Mary cooked dinner when the kids came home. 孩子們到家的時(shí)候媽媽做晚飯了裆站。(意思接近于孩子到家之后条辟,媽媽才開(kāi)始做飯)
Mary had cooked dinner when the kids came home.孩子們到家的時(shí)候,媽媽已經(jīng)做好晚飯了宏胯。(孩子到家之前羽嫡,媽媽已經(jīng)做好了)
當(dāng)句中出現(xiàn)before或者after的時(shí)候,因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)詞本身表達(dá)了兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的先后順序肩袍,不需要過(guò)去完成時(shí)杭棵,使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)也可以:
I packed a bag of snacks before I left for the airport. 我動(dòng)身去機(jī)場(chǎng)前帶了一袋零食。
I had packed a bag of snacks before I left for the airport.
換成過(guò)去完成時(shí)也可以氛赐,但是沒(méi)有必要魂爪。
過(guò)去完成時(shí)與否定副詞可以使用倒裝,多為書(shū)面寫(xiě)法艰管,有夸張的意思:
Never had I felt so alive. 我從沒(méi)有感覺(jué)過(guò)這么有活力滓侍。
Never had she imagined that love like this could exist.她從沒(méi)想象過(guò)這樣的愛(ài)情可以存在。
過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較
以下兩個(gè)例句分別為過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)牲芋,意思稍有不同:
She has been waiting for over an hour for him to arrive.為了他的到來(lái)撩笆,她已經(jīng)等了一個(gè)多小時(shí)捺球。(現(xiàn)在還在等)
She had been waiting for over an hour for him to arrive.為了他的到來(lái),她當(dāng)時(shí)一直等了一個(gè)多小時(shí)夕冲。(現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有在等)
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較
使用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)作要比過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)作時(shí)間上要近一些氮兵,過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表達(dá)“剛才”,“剛剛”歹鱼,過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般表達(dá)“最近”泣栈。
My eyes were tired because I was working on the computer.我的眼睛當(dāng)時(shí)很累因?yàn)槲夷菚?huì)在用電腦工作。
My eyes were tired because I had been working on the computer.我的眼睛當(dāng)時(shí)很累因?yàn)槲易罱恢痹谟秒娔X工作弥姻。
將來(lái)完成時(shí)和將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較
兩種時(shí)態(tài)意思幾乎一樣秩霍,稍有不同的是將來(lái)完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成,而將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行:
By the time I get there, she will have waited for over an hour. 等我到那的時(shí)候蚁阳,她還得等一個(gè)多小時(shí)。
By the time I get there, she will have been waiting for over an hour.等我到那的時(shí)候鸽照,她還得一直等一個(gè)多小時(shí)螺捐。