由各個詞典選出來的2018年度單詞新鮮出爐啦产喉，現(xiàn)象級英語-經(jīng)濟學人共讀小分隊共同賞析的文章也趁熱完成啦。標題+第一二段由Elle完成敢会，第三四段由Sabrina 米腦斯完成曾沈，第五六段由立里完成，第七八段由Claire完成鸥昏。
看完文章歡迎留言告訴我們你最喜歡的年度單詞~
Signs of the times
The lexicon of 2018 is depressing. But the buzz words won’t last.
這篇文章的標題很美：時代的記號signs of the times塞俱。副標題則告訴我們，文章的主角是buzz word-2018流行語互广。2018的很多流行詞匯都很喪敛腌，但好在，流行語本身也不會流行很久惫皱。
2018年來自詞典的年度詞匯大賞：
Cambridge: nomophobia? “手機丟失像樊、沒電、沒信號”焦慮癥旅敷，低頭一族的你中招了嗎生棍？
Collins: single-use “一次性（塑料）”在BBC最新口碑爆棚的紀錄片《藍色星球II》風靡之后又一次掀起熱度。
Oxford: toxic? “有毒”的年度詞匯
Dictionary: misinformation? “誤傳信息”比制造虛假信息有時候更可怕
熱門候選詞：gaslighting, incel, fragility, backstop, gammon, cakeism, fake news, deplorables, snowflakes, remoaner
和我們一起來看看這些單詞吧~
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Cambridge dictionary recently selected“nomophobia” as its word of the year, via a poll of readers. Those lucky enough not to have heard of this condition are nonetheless probably familiar with its symptoms: it refers to the fear of not having your mobile phone. The choice seems almost quaint; the concept is neither peculiar to 2018 (it is years older than that) nor especially hot. Your columnist had never heard of the term before the announcement.
段落大意：
首段提到劍橋字典根據(jù)一項讀者調(diào)查（a poll of readers）選出“nomophobia”這個詞作為年度詞匯媳谁。這個詞指一種癥狀：離開手機就焦慮涂滴、害怕友酱。作者說這個選擇挺奇怪的，因為這個詞其實已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)好幾年了柔纵，在今年也并沒有特別火缔杉。
背景介紹：
phobia指某種恐懼癥，nomophobia指對手機不在身邊搁料，或由于某種原因（例如：沒信號或详、沒電等）不能使用手機的非理性恐懼。這個詞的全稱為“no-mobile-phone-phobia”郭计，最開始時由英國的一項針對手機使用者對“手機丟失霸琴、沒電、沒信號”時所遭遇的焦慮的研究中提出昭伸。根據(jù)調(diào)查梧乘，53%的英國手機使用者會感到焦慮，58%的男性和48%的女性有此癥狀庐杨。
提到對于手機的依賴选调，還有一組有趣的數(shù)據(jù)：83%的18-25歲的年輕人睡覺時手機不離身。62%的智能手機用戶一睜眼第一件事就是抓起手機看辑莫。79%的18-24歲的智能手機用戶睡醒后15分鐘內(nèi)會看手機学歧。77%的人會在床上使用移動設(shè)備罩引。
單詞賞析：
buzzword表示流行語各吨，word我們都認識，為什么叫buzzword呢袁铐？我們來看buzz這個有趣的詞揭蜒。
根據(jù)牛津字典的解釋，這個詞有四個主要意思：
1剔桨、蜂鳴聲屉更；
2、人們興奮談?wù)摰穆曇簦?/p>
3洒缀、一種強烈的愉悅瑰谜、興奮或成就感；
4树绩、傳言
看看以下的例句萨脑，你是否能辨識出以下每個例句中buzz分別是什么含義呢？
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But it says a lot that the selection is one of the least depressing made for 2018, another year in which the most notable new or newly zeitgeisty English words correspond to a wave of insults and anxieties in the Anglophone world. Collins, another dictionary publisher, chose “single-use” as its word of the year, referring to disposable plastics that make their ways into landfills and seas. Britain in particular is newly conscious of such noxious rubbish after the success of “Blue Planet II”, a bbc documentary series about the oceans.
段落大意：
第二段介紹了柯林斯字典選出的年度詞匯”single-use”饺饭。這個詞指的是一次性使用后就進了垃圾填埋場或大海里的塑料渤早。英國在《藍色星球II》這個BBC關(guān)于海洋的紀錄片大獲成功后，對這種有毒垃圾尤其有了新的認識瘫俊。
背景介紹：
Single-use plastics一次性使用的塑料鹊杖，也被稱為disposable plastics指使用一次以后就會丟棄的塑料悴灵，例如：塑料袋、吸管骂蓖、咖啡攪拌棒积瞒、飲料罐或大部分的食品包裝（plastic bags, straws, coffee stirrers, soda and water bottles and most food packaging. ）
人類一年產(chǎn)生3億噸塑料垃圾，其中一半是一次性使用的登下。全世界只有10-13% 的塑料用品被回收利用recycled赡鲜。而大部分被丟棄的塑料垃圾進入了垃圾填埋場和海洋。目前庐船，人們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)塑料垃圾分解出的毒素已經(jīng)進入了人類的血液中银酬，并很可能與癌癥、不育癥筐钟、出生缺陷及其他疾病有關(guān)揩瞪。
隨著BBC最新的口碑爆棚的紀錄片《藍色星球II》的風靡全球，塑料垃圾的議題被越來越多的人關(guān)注篓冲。在2018年的6月李破，美國國家地理雜志曾出過一期封面非常震撼的期刊。
單詞賞析：
此段有一個非常有趣的詞zeitgeisty
zeitgeisty a. 具有時代精神的
更為常見的是其名詞形式：zeitgeist 時代精神
從牛津字典的解釋可以看到壹将，其原為德語詞嗤攻，在英語中與spirit含義相近。在正式的文章中诽俯，提到時代精神妇菱，常常用這個詞，希望大家看完這段可以記住這個詞的長相和發(fā)音暴区。
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From there things get more poisonous still. Oxford Dictionaries chose “toxic” as its emblem for 2018. That word has come to be attached to many others:toxic masculinity, toxic homosociality (male bonding through awful behaviour), toxic debates over things like transgender rights. And Oxford’s shortlist of other contenders was nearly as bleak. It included “gaslighting” (trying to make someone doubt their own memory or even sanity) and “incel” (self-described “involuntarily celibate” men, an increasing number of whom have taken to violence).
段落大意：本段提到了三個年度熱詞闯团，”toxic”, ”gaslighting” 和“incel”。
熱詞解析：
Toxic 有毒的
It originates from the poison in the environment and health, but nowadays, it is a metaphor. It has come to be attached to many others: work, school, culture, interpersonal relationships and pressure. As well as protest, politics, it is used in rhetoric agendas and legacies of leaders and governments around the globe.
該詞匯一開始指環(huán)境和健康領(lǐng)域仙粱，如今房交，“有毒”變成了一種隱喻。人們用來描述工作場所伐割、學校候味、文化、人際關(guān)系和壓力隔心。不少抗議活動白群、政治領(lǐng)域都用這個詞，它也用來形容全球領(lǐng)導人和政府的言論济炎、政策川抡、議程和遺產(chǎn)等。
Gaslighting? “煤氣燈”
The action of manipulating someone by psychological means into accepting a false depiction of reality or doubting their own sanity.
通過心理手段讓別人接受錯誤信息，或者懷疑自己失去理智崖堤，從而操控別人的行為侍咱。
Incel? 非自愿獨身者
Incel, short for ‘involuntarily celibate’, is used as a self-descriptor by members of an online subculture who typically deem themselves chronically unable to attract romantic or sexual partners. They hold views that are hostile towards to women and to men who are sexually active.
Incel是“非自愿獨身者”的縮寫，是網(wǎng)絡(luò)上一些亞文化人群的自我描述用語密幔。他們認為自己一直無法戀愛楔脯，也沒有性伴侶。他們對女性和性生活活躍的男性都抱有敵視態(tài)度胯甩。
段落精讀：
That word has come to be attached to many others.
這個詞也可以用在許多其他方面或者這個詞也可以和其他許多方面聯(lián)系起來昧廷。
attach, associate, relate, unite, join 幾個聯(lián)系的區(qū)別
attach: 指把局部連接在整體上，小的接在大的上面偎箫，活動的接在固定的上面
associate: 指人與人友好和平木柬、平等地聯(lián)合在一起；用于物時淹办，指兩事物因歷史或其它原因眉枕，很自然被人們聯(lián)系在一起，即產(chǎn)生聯(lián)想怜森。
relate: 指人與人有親戚或婚煙關(guān)系速挑；也指人或物之間尚存的實際或假想的聯(lián)系。
unite: 指聯(lián)合副硅、團結(jié)姥宝、結(jié)合在一起，構(gòu)成一個整體恐疲。
join: 側(cè)重把原來不相連接的物緊密地連接在一起腊满，但仍可再分開。也指把分散的人或幾個部分的人聯(lián)合起來流纹，或加入到某團體中去
背景介紹：
toxic：
詞源： “Toxic”來源于中古拉丁文toxicus糜烹，在17世紀中期首次出現(xiàn)在英語里违诗，而直到1913年漱凝，《牛津英語辭典》才正式將這個詞收錄。在最初的字面意思中诸迟，指有毒物質(zhì)茸炒。
英國牛津詞典出版社美國詞典部主任凱瑟琳?馬丁（Katherine Connor Martin）表示“有毒”的比喻用法在上世紀八十年代真正開始涌現(xiàn)阵苇，到九十年代出現(xiàn)“有毒債務(wù)”(toxic debt)一詞壁公，近期則見到“有毒男子氣概”這個詞被大量使用。
先來感受一下2018年“中毒最深”（搜索頻率最高）的10大“毒物”：
Toxic Chemical 有毒化學品
Toxic Masculinity 直男癌
Toxic Substance 有毒物質(zhì)
Toxic Gas 有毒氣體
Toxic Environment 有毒環(huán)境
Toxic Relationship 有毒的不良關(guān)系
Toxic Culture “毒”文化
Toxic Waste 有毒的（工業(yè)）垃圾
Toxic Algae 有毒藻類
Toxic Air 有毒的空氣
縱觀這些詞匯绅项，是不是涉及到了健康紊册、環(huán)境，還有文化，人際關(guān)系等方面囊陡。霧霾有毒芳绩，深夜秀美食，你有毒白卜础妥色！同學成績沒考好，你還奚落人家遏片，你有毒班诤Α？是不是很常用吮便。
Gaslighting：
來源：Gaslighting takes its name from the 1944 film Gaslight, in the film, Paula (Bergman) is deliberately and gradually manipulated by her husband, Gregory (Boyer), into believing she is insane. Paula’s late aunt’s priceless jewels are hidden in their house: if Paula is declared insane and committed to an asylum, Gregory can search for the jewels in peace.
One of his main tactics in convincing Paula she is losing her mind is his manipulation of the gaslights in their home. Whenever he sneaks off to the attic to search for the jewels, he switches on the lights in that part of the house: this leads all other lights to flicker and dim. Upon returning to Paula, he denies all knowledge of this, leading her to question her sanity.
In the film’s final scenes, Paula allows a policeman to enter the house while Gregory is preoccupied with his search. The policeman confirms that the lights are flickering, demonstrating that Paula is not insane.
煤氣燈這個詞來源于同名電影笔呀，電影中丈夫故意控制妻子讓她認為自己精神失常，目的是得到妻子姑姑的珠寶髓需。他就是利用控制煤氣燈讓他妻子認為自己精神失常凿可。
For instance, many news articles have been written about Donald Trump’s so-called gaslighting behaviour towards the American public, in which he has tried to manipulate people into “doubting their reality”.
例如，許多新聞媒體報道稱川普對美國民眾的所謂的煤氣燈行為授账，他試圖控制人們懷疑他們的現(xiàn)實生活枯跑。
Incel：
來源：Incel, perhaps ironically, begins with a woman.
In 1997, a woman from Toronto thought to create an online community for singles who had limited experience with romantic relationships and sex. First, she needed a name. Identifying as bisexual, Alana knew the power of labels. She wanted a neutral designation for people like her that was less judgmental than terms like lonely virgin.
After considering late bloomer, perpetually single, and dating-shy, Alana landed on involuntary celibacy—people who aren’t having sex or intimate relations but not for lack of desire or effort.（ Dating back to the 1600s, the word celibacy originally refers to the willing abstention from sex and marriage by priests, hence Alana’s distinguishing involuntary.）
That May, Alana launched Alana’s Involuntary Celibacy Project. By fall, she created an email list for members, shortening involuntary celibacy to INVCEL, which became intel for easier pronunciation.
多倫多的一位女性Alana想要為缺乏愛情經(jīng)驗和性關(guān)系的單身者門建立一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)社群，她需要取一個名字界于異性戀和處女中間白热。Celibacy起源于十七世紀初敛助，指神父主動放棄性和婚姻，因此Alana以Alana’s Involuntary Celibacy Project命名屋确，后為了讀起來容易簡寫為Incel.
In general, the term incel has come to refer to a man who believes he is entitled to sex from women—and hates them for not giving him that sex.
Are you a fat incel addicted to shitty power fantasies? Have I got a movement for you!
網(wǎng)友認為非自愿獨身者指的是那些有權(quán)享受性生活但是討厭女人不給他們性的男人纳击。好矛盾的一個詞啊攻臀！
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A kind of opposite of “toxic” has also had a big year: fragility, as in “white fragility”. This refers to the inability (or alleged inability) of whites to handle claims of racism perpetrated against nonwhites, so that they panic when the subject is brought up, shutting down discussions about discrimination,privilege and worse. Coming out of the academic school of “critical race theory”, white fragility has given birth to“male fragility”, “cis fragility” (on the part of people who are not transgender), and so on.
段落大意：有毒的反義詞脆弱也成為詞典網(wǎng)站的年度熱詞之一焕数，如白人的脆弱，指的是白人在處理非白人的種族主義犯罪時所謂的脆弱刨啸，因此提及當此類話題時就會恐慌堡赔， 涉及到歧視、特權(quán)和惡劣的事情會停止討論设联。來自批判種族理論的學院派善已，從白人的脆弱又衍生出男性的脆弱和順式脆弱（對于那些不是跨性別的人來說）。
段落精讀：
1.? ? fragility, fragile, fragileness
fragility n. 脆弱离例，虛弱 fragile adj.虛弱的换团，易碎的 fragileness n.易碎性
The white fragility got more fragile around race discussions lately. Obviously it represents his fragileness and ultra of self.
這位脆弱的白人最近面對種族討論時尤其脆弱，很明顯這表現(xiàn)出他自我的脆弱和偏執(zhí)宫蛆。
2.? ? alleged inability所謂的無能
所謂的表達：what is called, what is known as, so called
This is what is called superstar. 這就是所謂的超級明星艘包。
All his so-called friends deserted him. 他所謂的朋友都背叛了他。
3.? ? racism perpetrated 犯種族主義（的人）
perpetrate a crime; perpetrate a practical joke 犯罪；耍惡作劇
4.? ? discrimination n.歧視
gender discrimination 性別歧視 racial discrimination 種族歧視
discrimination against homosexuals 對同性戀的歧視
discrimination on the basis if color 基于膚色的歧視
5.? ? privilege 特權(quán) special right
exclusive privilege 專有特權(quán) special privilege 特權(quán)
Club members have special privilege, like free use of the pool.
6.? ? male fragility
背景介紹：
2017, perhaps more than any other year in recent history, has seen an uptick of accusations of oversensitivity from across the political spectrum. Famous men accused (and sometimes convicted) of sexual harassment complain that women are being ‘too sensitive’. Conservative activists accuse college students of being ‘special snowflakes’ who can’t tolerate opposing views. On the left, anti-racist activists accuse white folks of wallowing in ‘white fragility’. But is calling someone out on white fragility from the left the same as calling them a snowflake from the right?
2017年政治界蔓延了一股脆弱風想虎，左翼中反種族激進主義者指責白人沉迷于白人的脆弱衰絮。這個詞由此而來。
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Dictionary.com made an interesting choice with “misinformation” as its word of the year. Why not “disinformation”? One editor explained that disinformation refers to an intentional effort to spread lies; misinformation is the spreading of false information with or without that intent. In other words, Russian troll farms engage in disinformation; when unwitting Americans share those posts, that’s misinformation— which, in the end, is the bigger problem. This, too, feels older than 2018, though. “Post-truth” was Oxford’s pick in 2016.
入選單詞：misinformation磷醋，來自Dictionary.com
詳情戳：dictionary.com：我們?yōu)槭裁催x擇misinformation
入選理由：和disinformation猫牡，故意傳播誤導信息不一樣，misinformation是指在無意識的情況下邓线，人們對來源不準確淌友，內(nèi)容不真實的信息進行傳播，這和前者相比其實是一個更嚴重的問題骇陈。雖然這個單詞并不是新詞震庭，但是Dictionary詞典認為這個詞能很好的概括這一年我們所經(jīng)歷的事情，比如2016美國大選期間俄羅斯有關(guān)機構(gòu)創(chuàng)造虛假賬號發(fā)布虛假信息你雌，美國公民盲目轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)傳播器联。
該網(wǎng)站常駐語言學家簡·所羅門說：
Misinformation frames what we've all been through in the last 12 months.
入選單詞帶給我們的啟示：
We believe that understanding the concept of misinformation is vital to identifying misinformation, and that could ultimately help curb its impact.
我們需要理解“故意傳播虛假信息”和“誤傳虛假信息”的概念，不盲目輕信網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息婿崭，查詢信息來源拨拓，核實內(nèi)容再進行轉(zhuǎn)播。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息時代氓栈，這個詞不管在哪一年都是熱詞渣磷，詞背后的含義和啟示不管對于哪個國家地區(qū)都很重要。
表達積累： 詞性的靈活轉(zhuǎn)換
這一段里提到的兩個概念授瘦，意義比較相近醋界，所以在解釋的時候用的表達非常靈活，比如：
intent & intentional提完，spread & spreading形纺，choice & pick
1. 四個易混單詞進行一下辨析，intent徒欣，intend逐样，intention，intentional
intent 常做形容詞帚称，表示堅決的官研，專注的，可以說intent on doing sth, doing sth in an intent way闯睹；做名詞，是比較正式的用法担神，表示意圖楼吃，目的。原文里用的就是with or without intent。
intend 是動詞孩锡，表示計劃做某事酷宵，intend to do...
intention 是名詞，表示意圖躬窜，打算浇垦，have no intention of...
intentional 是形容詞，表示故意的荣挨，同義詞是deliberate男韧。原文里用的是an intentional effort to spread lies.
2. choice & pick
暑假大熱的創(chuàng)造101也帶火了一個單詞pick，你pick哪個小姐姐呢默垄？
和創(chuàng)造101風格迥然的經(jīng)濟學人同樣也用到了pick這個單詞此虑，做名詞，表示選擇口锭，是choice的同義詞朦前。當我想說真正有舞臺表演實力并且有人格魅力的小姐姐是我喜歡的，我就可以說：
Performers with solid dancing or singing foundation and personal charisma are my picks.
長句解析：
In other words, Russian troll farms engage in disinformation; when unwitting Americans share those posts, that’s misinformation— which, in the end, is the bigger problem.
1. Russian troll farm 是什么
外刊里還有這么一句介紹：Russian outlets have been following so-called troll farms, businesses that create fake social-media accounts to spread propaganda, since 2015鹃操。
所以指的就是韭寸，一個專門從2015年開始注冊虛假賬號，在社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)上散播虛假信息的俄羅斯機構(gòu)荆隘。
2. unwitting 看到這個單詞第一反應(yīng)覺得意思是不明智的棒仍，因為有wit，智慧這個單詞臭胜，但是其實unwitting和智慧莫其，聰明沒關(guān)系，指的是“不知情的”耸三，同義詞是unaware乱陡。原句還可以這么說，美國民眾是虛假信息傳播不知情的受害者仪壮，但是他們在無意轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)中成為了虛假信息傳播的一部分：
Americans are unwitting victims of disinformation, but later become part of it when they circulate the posts or fake news unintentionally.
所以原文中整句話的意思就是憨颠，來自俄羅斯的這個機構(gòu)制造宣傳虛假信息，不知情的美國民眾對這些虛假信息進行傳播积锅，這就是“誤傳信息”爽彤，到最后，后者相比前者反而是個更嚴重的問題缚陷。
Paragraph 6
Several other groups are yet to name their words of the year. What else might they consider? Brexit was a source of many new words or applications. The “backstop” meant to prevent the reimposition of a hard border in Ireland is a new use for an old word. “Gammon” as a way of insulting older red-faced male Brexit supporters has the virtue of being creative, and the downside of being a sneer based on skin colour. “Cakeism” might be the most useful. After Boris Johnson, one of Brexit’s figureheads, declared that he was “pro having [cake] and pro eating it”, cakeism has neatly summed up Brexiteers’ refusal to face trade-offs.
段落大意：
有些詞典還沒決定好他們的年度單詞适篙。今年脫歐事件大熱，熱點事件層出不窮箫爷，帶出了不少熱詞和新的表達嚷节，這一段里作者就圍繞脫歐事件預(yù)測了三個可能的年度單詞：backstop聂儒，gammon，cakeism硫痰。
熱詞解析：
1. backstop 指的是英國脫歐衩婚，北愛爾蘭和愛爾蘭共和國的邊界線矛盾。北愛爾蘭 Northern Ireland是英國的一部分效斑，但是并不在大不列顛島上非春，而是位于海那邊的愛爾蘭島北部。愛爾蘭共和國Republic of Ireland 是一個獨立的國家缓屠，是歐盟成員國游添，所以在進行脫歐事宜商定的時候析二，北愛爾蘭和愛爾蘭共和國的國界線劃分就成了一個矛盾點。
邊界的劃分在歷史上造成過幾次流血事件，島上的民眾也不希望一個界限嚴明國界線蛋铆，應(yīng)運而生backstop话瞧，單詞是個棒球用語惜辑，可以指“擋球網(wǎng)化撕，捕手”，在這里舊詞新用业踏，指“北愛爾蘭保障協(xié)議”禽炬。
2. gammon 指的是“腌豬腿肉”，在這里被用來諷刺紅皮膚的英國脫歐支持者勤家。
3. cakeism 在作者看來是最好用腹尖，最好概括英國脫歐態(tài)度的一個單詞。中文有一句諺語伐脖，“魚和熊掌不可兼得”热幔，英文中對應(yīng)的這么說 “You can't have a cake and eat it.” 但是英國外交大臣Boris Johnson卻說 pro having [cake] and pro eating it，他們不僅要有蛋糕讼庇，還得把這個蛋糕吃掉绎巨，表明了英國在脫歐協(xié)定中什么都想要，不愿意做trade-off 取舍的態(tài)度蠕啄。
表達積累：
這段話里的三個熱詞解釋的句子寫的很都好场勤，我們來句句賞析一下。
The “backstop” meant to prevent the reimposition of a hard border in Ireland is a new use for an old word.
impose v. 強加歼跟，通常搭配用impose sth on sb和媳，父母總是不知不覺地把個人意愿強加到孩子身上，就可以說：
Parents tend to impose their beliefs and tastes on their children with or without intent.
征稅哈街，強制征稅也是用的這個單詞留瞳，impose tax
原句中impose a hard border 就是指的設(shè)立一個嚴格的緊張的邊界線，但是雙方都不希望這樣的情況發(fā)生叹卷，所以是 prevent the reimposition of a hard border撼港，re-這里就是一個前綴坪它，表示再次骤竹。
“Gammon” as a way of insulting older red-faced male Brexit supporters has the virtue of being creative, and the downside of being a sneer based on skin colour.
virtue n. 指“優(yōu)點帝牡，長處，美德蒙揣，善行”靶溜，downside n. 指“缺點，陰暗面”懒震，sneer 指的是“小人”罩息，作者說Gammon 這個單詞是用來譏諷上了年紀的紅皮膚的脫歐支持者，一方面確實有創(chuàng)意个扰，但是另一方面這卻是抓著對方膚色做文章的小人行徑瓷炮。這個句子的句型XXX as a way of...has the virtue of..., and the downside of...就可以模仿起來。
最近支付寶花唄發(fā)了15億紅包递宅，有的人鉆空子娘香，讓人掃碼付款，自己現(xiàn)金支付來賺紅包的行為一方面確實比較有頭腦办龄，但是卻是鉆空子的行徑烘绽，就可以這么說：
Earning money by asking people to scan the QR code and paying them back in cash has the virtue of being creative, and the downside of being a sneer manipulating small tricks.
“Cakeism” might be the most useful. After Boris Johnson, one of Brexit’s figureheads, declared that he was “pro having [cake] and pro eating it”, cakeism has neatly summed up Brexiteers’ refusal to face trade-offs.
1. figurehead 指的是“傀儡，名義上的首領(lǐng)”俐填，可以用到之前學習到的ostensibly來解釋安接，就是someone who is ostensibly the head and has little real power.
2. neat，neatly 是很好用的單詞英融，可以表示“整齊的盏檐，干凈利落的，巧妙的驶悟，棒的”
3. trade-off胡野，之前在每日一詞學習到的“權(quán)衡，取舍”撩银。
這句話指 cakeism 能精確巧妙的總結(jié)英國脫歐對于取舍的拒絕给涕。模仿一下這句話，nationalism能夠巧妙的總結(jié)一些保守分子對于全球化趨勢的反對拒絕態(tài)度：
Nationalism has neatly summed up some conservatives' refusal to face globalization.
最后额获，注意一個重點單詞的發(fā)音够庙，脫歐，Brexit /?brek.s?t/抄邀，這個單詞的發(fā)音總是記不住耘眨，在這段文章賞析完，多次重復(fù)之后印象就非常深刻了境肾。
Paragraph 7
American politics has seen words rapidly changing in their valency after being coined by adherents of one party and then being adopted and flipped by the other. In 2016 “fake news” meant news that was fake; Donald Trump seized on that and distorted it to mean true news he didn’t like. Hillary Clinton ill-advisedly referred to “deplorables” among Mr Trump’s supporters during their presidential contest; his fans eagerly adopted the name. American conservatives taunt left-wing youth as “snowflakes”, a name they have in turn reappropriated with Twitter handles like “Iron Snowflake”. Those who voted for Remain in Brexit have done the same with “Remoaner”.?
段落翻譯：美國政治見證了詞語的飛速變化剔难，他們在被一個政黨的遺民創(chuàng)造胆屿，接著被其他政黨接受、使用偶宫。2016年的熱詞“Fake news”意為虛假的新聞非迹，特朗普利用了“Fake news”這個詞語，將詞語的含義歪曲成了“他不喜歡的真實新聞消息”纯趋。在大選競爭中憎兽，希拉里不加考慮地用“deplorables”形容特朗普的支持者們，他們狂熱地接受了這個名字吵冒。美國保守者們嘲笑左翼青年們是“snowflakes”（雪花一族）纯命，這個名字很快被年輕人們通過推特重新使用，比如表述為：Iron Snowflake鐵雪花一族痹栖。那些投“留歐”票的人們同樣發(fā)明了“Remoaner”亿汞。
詞語賞析：
1、valency: a measurement of the power of an atom to combine with others, by the number of hydrogen atoms it can combine with or displace/ the number of grammatical elements that a word, especially a verb, combines with in a sentence.顯然是后者的意思揪阿。
2疗我、coin:(v.) to invent a new word or phrase that other people then begin to use.
The term 'cardboard city' was coined to describe communities of homeless people living in cardboard boxes.
3、adherent: a person who supports a political party or set of ideas.
4图甜、seize: to take sb/sth in your hand suddenly and using force/ to take control of a place or situation, often suddenly and violently./to arrest or capture sb/ to take illegal or stolen goods away from sb/to be quick make use of a chance, an opportunity, etc./ to affect sb suddenly and deeply. 應(yīng)為標粗的意思碍粥。這里的用法可以學起來，很有動態(tài)黑毅、畫面感嚼摩，仿佛就是特朗普從紛繁詞匯短語中抓住了、用上了Fake news這個詞語矿瘦。
5枕面、distort: to change the shape, appearance or sound of sth so that it's strange or not clear/ to twist or change facts, ideas,etc. so that they are no longer correct or true.
e.g. Newspaper are often guilty of distorting the truth.
這里是后一個意思。
6缚去、taunt: to try to make sb angry or upset by saying unkind things about them, laughing at their failures.etc. 奚落潮秘；嘲笑；諷刺易结；辱罵枕荞。
e.g. The other kids continually taunted him about his size.
（也可以作名詞： an insulting or unkind remark that is intended to make sb angry or upset）
7、reappopriate：
appropriate：to take sth, sb's ideas, etc. for your use, especially illegally or without permission./ to take or give sth, especially money for a particular purpose. reappopriate顯然是re 重復(fù) appropriate 占用（第一個意思）搞动。
e.g. He was accused of appropriating club funds.
Some of the opposition party's policies have been appropriated by the government.
段落賞析：
此段用政治事件串起了熱詞躏精，介紹了和美國大選、英國脫歐相關(guān)的詞語鹦肿。本段信息量巨大矗烛，幾乎一句一個熱詞地轟炸，熟悉英美年度政治好戲的朋友閱讀起來會很輕松箩溃。
“熱詞”介紹：
1瞭吃、fake news
關(guān)注總統(tǒng)大選的朋友一定對該詞語并不陌生碌嘀。特朗普一直以來控訴美國主流媒體對其形象、政策的詆毀歪架。而主流媒體們也相應(yīng)地持續(xù)報道特朗普股冗，予以回擊。
相關(guān)事件新聞指路：（中文）特朗普和主流媒體們的過招
2牡拇、deplorables：very bad in a way that causes shock, fear, or disgust魁瞪。
這是希拉里在選舉時對特朗普支持者使用的一個引起網(wǎng)絡(luò)熱烈反響的詞語穆律。她稱呼特朗普的支持者為：a blasket of deplorables——直白的來講就是：一筐子渣滓惠呼。事實上，希拉里直接攻擊了voters峦耘，而不是她的rivals剔蹋，并且在deplorable這個詞后面還加了一大堆負面的詞匯，"racist, sexist, homophobic, xenophobic, Islamaphobic辅髓，you name it".（種族歧視泣崩，性別歧視，恐同洛口，排外矫付，恐綠）
? 特朗普的支持者們自然以各種形式回擊希拉里，例如下圖：
這一極具侮辱性的詞語反而成為了一個群體的口號第焰，每一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)上宣稱自己試deplorables的人就有了集體的歸屬感买优。
事實上，deplorable是一個形容詞：very bad and unacceptable, often in a way that shocks people.
e.g. a deplorable incident 令人憤慨的事件挺举。
Live in the most deplorable conditions 生活在最糟糕的環(huán)境里
新聞指路：deplorables的新聞報道
3杀赢、snowflake：
flake:a small, very thing layer or piece of sth, especially one that has broken off from sth larger.
snowflake:易怒的人。
以下資料是立里幫我搜到的湘纵，感謝她脂崔。?( ′???` )比心
BBC英語對此的解釋是:
A word which has taken on a new meaning in recent years. These days it's used as an insult. It's used to critise people or groups that are seen to be very easily offended or upset by things that others say.And it's usually a political side to it. Something that is offensive is rude, insulting and makes people feel hurt and upset.
Davis goes on to say that groups that do suffer from discrimination may get some feelings of unity when they call out discrimination. They feel more together when they publicise and highlight the discrimination they have experienced. The so-called snowflakes surely have a point in this.
90后被打上“雪花一族”的標簽：
Snowflake generation refers to the young adults of the 2010s, who are viewed as being less resilient and more prone to taking offence than previous generations.
千禧一代也曾打上這樣的標簽：
Some sources attribute the characteristics ascribed to Snowflake Generation to parenting methods, particularly those that focus on boosting self-esteem.
也很感謝Elle 最早指路，給出線索梧喷。Thanks(?ω?)?
4砌左、Remain in Brexit & Remoaner
Brexit是British&exit的合體，自然指的是轟轟烈烈的英國脫歐了铺敌。
Remoaner中含有remain的前半部分汇歹，指的是支持留歐者。外媒報道已經(jīng)多次使用該詞語描述留歐群體适刀。
Paragraph 8
So if there is any good news in the cascade of abuse it is that, like so much slang in circulation today, any word popular enough to sum up the mood of a year will saturate social media so quickly that it will soon lose its bite. Or it might be ironically appropriated by the very people it was meant to insult—an old phenomenon, but now manifest at breakneck speed. Social-media taste makers prize playfulness, ironic detachment— and novelty. In other words, if you are depressed by the vituperations of 2018, be consoled. Most will seem old in 2019, and be history by 2020.
段落翻譯：所以秤朗，如果在一連串的詞語——比如現(xiàn)在循環(huán)出現(xiàn)的俚語——的狂轟亂炸中，有什么好消息笔喉，那就是那些足夠熱門以概括一年的情緒的詞語了取视，它使社交媒體飽和得太快硝皂，以至于最終會過時∽魈罚或者它可能會被諷刺地運用于會認為是侮辱的詞語的人們——一個老現(xiàn)象了稽物。但是現(xiàn)在它以令人驚嘆的速度顯現(xiàn)。社交媒體的時尚創(chuàng)造者們珍視這份戲謔的樂趣折欠、尖刻諷刺的拆解——和創(chuàng)新贝或。換句話說，如果你因為2018年的辱罵而低落沮喪锐秦，安慰自己：他們中的大多數(shù)在2019年被視作老詞咪奖，在2010年會成為歷史。
（abuse 這里做濫用酱床，應(yīng)該形容的是網(wǎng)絡(luò)新詞誕生快羊赵、滿天飛的情況）
詞語賞析：
1、cascade: a small water, especially one of several falling down a steep slope with rocks/ a large amount of water falling or pouring down/ (formal) a large amount of sth hanging down/ (formal) a large number of things falling or coming quickly at the same time.
e.g. a cascade of rainwater 如注的雨水
e.g. Her hair tumbled in a cascade down her back. 長發(fā)如瀑布般傾瀉扇谣。
e.g. He crashed to the ground in a cascade of oil cans. 他隨著一連串的油桶跌落墜地昧捷。
后面的意思其實都是從第一個出來的。對于后面意思的理解罐寨，要聯(lián)想到向下傾瀉的瀑布靡挥，那種動勢、動態(tài)鸯绿。
2跋破、saturate: to make sth completely wet/ to fill sth/sb completely with sth so that it's impossible or useless to add any more.
e.g. The company had saturated the market for personal organizers(so that no new buyers could be found).
3、manifest:(v.) to show sth clearly, especially a feeling, an attitude or a quality.
e.g. Social tensions were manifested in the recent political crisis.
to appear or become noticeable:
e.g. The symptoms of the disease manifested themselves ten days later.
4楞慈、playfulness:
e.g.? Perhaps. Yet, for all his playfulness, Mr Tesson is in earnest. (from TE)
5幔烛、detachment: the state of not being involved in sth in an emotional or personal way/ the state of not being influenced by other people or by your own feelings.（都是不可數(shù)名詞）
e.g. He answered with an air of detachment.
e.g. In judging these issues a degree of critical detachment is required.
6、vituperation:cruel and angry criticism.
即 Abusive or venomous language used to express blame or censure or bitter deep-seated ill will.
7囊蓝、console:to give comfort or sympathy to sb who is unhappy or disappointed.
e.g. Nothing could console him when his wife died.
段落賞析：
最后一段總結(jié)了這些熱詞們的特點：迅速火爆饿悬，很快過時。文末也幽默地安慰那些被熱詞冒犯了的人們：不要沮喪了聚霜，熱詞死得快快的狡恬，很快就是歷史了。相信讀到最后蝎宇，每個讀者都會會心一笑弟劲。
