代謝工程可以通過改變遺傳調(diào)控元器件的表達強度達到優(yōu)化代謝途徑的目的挚币,進而實現(xiàn)目的產(chǎn)物的高效合成输硝。遺傳調(diào)控元器件主要包括啟動子开瞭、核糖體結(jié)合位點录煤、終止子以及其他一些調(diào)控基因表達的元件捞稿。
啟動子的定義:
啟動子是指一段能使基因進行轉(zhuǎn)錄的DNA 序列又谋,包括核心啟動子區(qū) (?35 區(qū)、?10 區(qū)) 和調(diào)控區(qū)域娱局。在轉(zhuǎn)錄起始時彰亥,啟動子與RNA 聚合酶、調(diào)控基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子產(chǎn)生相互作用衰齐, 進而控制基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的起始時間和程度[1]任斋。
啟動子的類型:
按照其誘導的方式可以分為組成型和誘導型啟動子。
組成型啟動子(Constitutive promoter)具有強啟動耻涛、不需添加誘導劑废酷、可直接產(chǎn)生目的蛋白以及成本低等優(yōu)勢,常見的如P43抹缕、PHpaII澈蟆、Plaps及PamyQ;根據(jù)表達時期的不同卓研,又可分為指數(shù)階段趴俘、對數(shù)中期和早期平穩(wěn)階段、滯后對數(shù)和平穩(wěn)階段以及平穩(wěn)階段4 種類型奏赘。
誘導型啟動子(Inducible promoter)可在特定的時期調(diào)控異源蛋白的表達量寥闪,具有可控、快速磨淌、大量等特點橙垢,如Pgrac、Pspac伦糯、Pxyl等[2]柜某。
組成型啟動子
1.1 組成型啟動子P43
原始文獻:
Wang PZ, Doi RH. Overlapping promoters transcribed by bacillus subtilis sigma 55 and sigma 37 RNA polymerase holoenzymes during growth and stationary phases. J Biol Chem. 1984 Jul 10;259(13):8619-25. PMID: 6330116.
應用文獻:
- Zhou C, Ye B, Cheng S, Zhao L, Liu Y, Jiang J, Yan X. Promoter engineering enables overproduction of foreign proteins from a single copy expression cassette in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact. 2019 Jun 14;18(1):111. doi: 10.1186/s12934-019-1159-0. PMID: 31200722; PMCID: PMC6570832.
- Chen J, Gai Y, Fu G, Zhou W, Zhang D, Wen J. Enhanced extracellular production of α-amylase in Bacillus subtilis by optimization of regulatory elements and over-expression of PrsA lipoprotein. Biotechnol Lett. 2015 Apr;37(4):899-906. doi: 10.1007/s10529-014-1755-3. Epub 2014 Dec 17. PMID: 25515799.
啟動子特征:可在對數(shù)生長期和穩(wěn)定期持續(xù)表達基因(logarithmic growth phase and stationary phase)
序列信息:K02174.1,B.subtilis P43 fragment containing two overlapping promoters
可選擇載體:pP43NMK敛纲、pUBC19
1.2 組成型啟動子PHpaII
原始文獻:
Zyprian E, Matzura H. Characterization of signals promoting gene expression on the Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pUB110 and development of a gram-positive expression vector system. DNA. 1986 Jun;5(3):219-25. doi: 10.1089/dna.1986.5.219. PMID: 3013549.
啟動子特征:
可選擇載體:pMA5
序列信息:
ggtggagattttttgagtgatcttctcaaaaaatactacctgtcccttgctgatttttaaacgagcacgagagcaaaacccccctttgctgaggtggcagagggcaggtttttttgtttcttttttctcgtaaaaaaaagaaaggtcttaaaggttttatggttttggtcggcactgccgacagcctcgcagagcacacactttatgaatataaagtatagtgtgttatactttacttggaagtggttgccggaaagagcgaaaatgcctcacatttgtgccacctaaaaaggagcgattta
1.3 組成型啟動子Pylb
原始文獻:
Yu X, Xu J, Liu X, Chu X, Wang P, Tian J, Wu N, Fan Y. Identification of a highly efficient stationary phase promoter in Bacillus subtilis. Sci Rep. 2015 Dec 17;5:18405. doi: 10.1038/srep18405. PMID: 26673679; PMCID: PMC4682092.
應用文獻:
- Zhou C, Ye B, Cheng S, Zhao L, Liu Y, Jiang J, Yan X. Promoter engineering enables overproduction of foreign proteins from a single copy expression cassette in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact. 2019 Jun 14;18(1):111. doi: 10.1186/s12934-019-1159-0. PMID: 31200722; PMCID: PMC6570832.
啟動子特征:平穩(wěn)階段喂击,效果優(yōu)于P43
可選擇載體:根據(jù)pUBC19改造
序列信息:
Pylb(F4 strain)
ACTTCTCAAAGATCCCATGTGCTTAAAATTAAAGTTTAAATATTGGATTTTTTAAATAAAGCGTTTACAATATATGTAGAAACAACAAAGGGGGAGATTTGTTTGACAAAGGTAGAACGT
升級進化版本,升級編號NBP3510
原始文獻:
Promoter engineering enablesoverproduction of foreign proteins from a single copy expression cassette in Bacillus subtilis
1.4 組成型啟動子PsrfA
原始文獻:
Guan C, Cui W, Cheng J, Zhou L, Guo J, Hu X, Xiao G, Zhou Z. Construction and development of an auto-regulatory gene expression system in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact. 2015 Sep 21;14:150. doi: 10.1186/s12934-015-0341-2. PMID: 26392346; PMCID: PMC4578258.
應用文獻:
- Zhou C, Ye B, Cheng S, Zhao L, Liu Y, Jiang J, Yan X. Promoter engineering enables overproduction of foreign proteins from a single copy expression cassette in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact. 2019 Jun 14;18(1):111. doi: 10.1186/s12934-019-1159-0. PMID: 31200722; PMCID: PMC6570832.
特征:stationary phase promoter
誘導型啟動子
2.1 誘導型啟動子Pgrac
文獻出處:Phan TT, Nguyen HD, Schumann W. Development of a strong intracellular expression system for Bacillus subtilis by optimizing promoter elements. J Biotechnol. 2012 Jan;157(1):167-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.10.006. Epub 2011 Nov 10. PMID: 22100269.
啟動子特征:通過融合groESL操縱子的強啟動子和lac操縱子淤翔,產(chǎn)生Pgrac啟動子翰绊,并構(gòu)建了新的表達系統(tǒng)載體。
可選擇載體:文中還構(gòu)建了新的表達載體,pHT106监嗜、pHT104谐檀、pHT205、pHT100……這些載體就是整合了優(yōu)化后的Pgrac啟動子元件裁奇。
序列信息:
AAAATTTTTTATCTTATCACTTGAAATTGGAAGGGAGATTCTTTATTATAAGAATTGTGG
2.2 誘導型啟動子Pgrac100
文獻出處:Phan TT, Tran LT, Schumann W, Nguyen HD. Development of Pgrac100-based expression vectors allowing high protein production levels in Bacillus subtilis and relatively low basal expression in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact. 2015 May 21;14:72. doi: 10.1186/s12934-015-0255-z. PMID: 25990516; PMCID: PMC4446860.
啟動子特征:在枯草芽孢桿菌確定合適的誘導型啟動子控制重組蛋白表達桐猬,同時在沒有誘導物的情況下在大腸桿菌中保持相對低的表達水平,是構(gòu)建枯草芽孢桿菌表達載體的重要要求刽肠。通過啟動子文庫篩選(Pgrac-promoter library)溃肪,作者篩選到滿足上述兩點要求的啟動子 Pgrac100。
可選擇載體:建了可供使用的表達載體音五。其中包括pHT253 (His-tag-MCS), pHT254 (MCS-His-tag) 和 pHT255 (MCS-Strep-tag)
序列信息:
AAAATTTTTTAAAAAATCTCTTGACATTGGAAGGGAGATATGTTATTATAAGAATTGCGG
2.3 誘導型啟動子PxylA
文獻出處:
Rygus T, Scheler A, Allmansberger R, Hillen W. Molecular cloning, structure, promoters and regulatory elements for transcription of the Bacillus megaterium encoded regulon for xylose utilization. Arch Microbiol. 1991;155(6):535-42. doi: 10.1007/BF00245346. PMID: 1719948.
應用文獻:
- Development of a new integration site within the Bacillus subtilis chromosome and construction of compatible expression cassettes
- Bhavsar AP, Zhao X, Brown ED. Development and characterization of a xylose-dependent system for expression of cloned genes in Bacillus subtilis: conditional complementation of a teichoic acid mutant. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 Jan;67(1):403-10. doi: 10.1128/AEM.67.1.403-410.2001. Erratum in: Appl Environ Microbiol 2001 Nov;67(11):5349. PMID: 11133472; PMCID: PMC92592.
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Promoter engineering enables overproduction of foreign proteins from a single
copy expression cassette in Bacillus subtilis
啟動子特征:木糖誘導
可用載體:pAX01
優(yōu)化啟動子
文獻:Development of an Inducible Secretory Expression System in Bacillus licheniformis Based on an Engineered Xylose Operon
木糖啟動子對大部分代謝產(chǎn)物不敏感,受葡萄糖的抑制惫撰。
2.4 誘導型啟動子Pspac
原始文獻:
Yansura DG, Henner DJ. Use of the Escherichia coli lac repressor and operator to control gene expression in Bacillus subtilis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jan;81(2):439-43. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.2.439. PMID: 6420789; PMCID: PMC344692.
應用文獻:
Development and characterization of a xylose-dependent system for expression of cloned genes in Bacillus subtilis: conditional complementation of a teichoic acid mutant
2.5 誘導型啟動子Para
原始文獻:
S-Nogueira I, Nogueira TV, Soares S, de Lencastre H. The Bacillus subtilis L-arabinose (ara) operon: nucleotide sequence, genetic organization and expression. Microbiology (Reading). 1997 Mar;143 ( Pt 3):957-969. doi: 10.1099/00221287-143-3-957. PMID: 9084180.
應用文獻:
Introduction of marker-free deletions in Bacillus subtilis using the AraR repressor and the ara promoter
其他誘導型啟動子
- 蔗糖啟動子PsacB:啟動子的轉(zhuǎn)錄不受蔗糖的嚴格調(diào)控,在沒有誘導劑時也能進行轉(zhuǎn)錄躺涝,但較有蔗糖誘導時強度低100倍厨钻。
- 麥芽糖誘導型啟動子Pglv:glv啟動子以麥芽糖為誘導物,價格便宜坚嗜,工業(yè)成本低莉撇,安全無毒,使用價值比較大惶傻。但是發(fā)酵中產(chǎn)生的葡萄糖會對啟動子有強烈的反饋抑制,這是工業(yè)應用上面急需解決的一個問題棍郎。
啟動子的預測
啟動子的預測軟件有Cpgplot、CpGPrediction银室、EMBOSS涂佃、NNPP、Promoter2.0蜈敢、Promoter Scan等辜荠。
參考文獻:
常見的真核和原核表達系統(tǒng)的啟動子(promoters)