Asking the Right Questions 11th——CH8&9
——How good is the evidence?
Like a gold prospector closely examining the gravel in her pan for potentially high-quality ore, we must closely examine the evidence to determine its quality.
大部分推論（reasoning）都包含事實(shí)斷言（factual claims)蚜退，斷言越可靠徒爹，溝通者的論證越有說服力举娩。評(píng)判推論是否合理牲剃，就要判斷支撐推論的斷言是否可靠卿拴。斷言是否有證據(jù)支撐庄拇？如果有墓阀，這些證據(jù)有多充分舆驶？
證據(jù)的可靠性取決于證據(jù)的種類，只要證據(jù)使用恰當(dāng)旬盯，每種證據(jù)都會(huì)是有效的好證據(jù)台妆。重要的是我們要學(xué)會(huì)如何評(píng)估每種證據(jù)翎猛。學(xué)會(huì)問： How is the the evidence? 這個(gè)證據(jù)可靠嗎？
我們既要學(xué)會(huì)審視別人的證據(jù)接剩，同時(shí)在我們溝通切厘、寫作是要學(xué)會(huì)使用可靠的證據(jù)。
Words & Phrases (每日五詞）
1. made inroad into
to make some progress towards achieving something difficult
進(jìn)展
2. rave about
贊不絕口懊缺；極力夸獎(jiǎng)疫稿；If you rave about something, you speak or write about it with great enthusiasm.
3. discrepancy
an illogical or surprising lack of compatibility or similarity between two or more facts
懸殊, 迥異, 差異, 不符
4.extraneous
irrelevant or unrelated to the subject or matter being dealt with
無關(guān)的：5. sleight of hand
5. cornucopia
豐盛;豐富;豐饒；A cornucopia of things is a large number of different things.
Summary of chapter 8&9
In chapter 8 and 9, the author tells us, as a critical thinker, how to ask questions about factual claims. The more dependable the factual claims, the more persuasive the communications.
To judge the claims, we need to ask three questions
Why should I believe it?
- Does the claim need evidence to support it?
- If yes, how good is the evidence?
- What is evidence?
Evidence is explicit information shared by the communicator that is used to back up or to justify the dependability of a factual claim. In prescriptive arguments, evidence will be needed to support reasons that are factual claims; in descriptive arguments, evidence will be needed to directly support a descriptive conclusion.
To evaluate evidence, we need to ask two questions below：
- ?what kind of evidence it is?
- ?Does an author’s evidence provide dependable support for her claim鹃两？
Eight kinds of evidence are listed in the two chapters as below:
- ?intuition
- personal experiences
- ?case examples
- ?testimonials
- ?appeals to authorities or experts
- ?personal observations
- research studies
- ?analogies
Please keep in mind, each kind of evidence can be good evidence if appropriately used. It can help support an author’s claim. On the other side, if not properly used, the evidence will not support the claim. we must evaluate evidence with caution.
感悟：
現(xiàn)在我們購物遗座、吃飯、旅行總是離不開的是看評(píng)論俊扳、查攻略途蒋。購物要去研究評(píng)論，吃飯要去看點(diǎn)評(píng)馋记，旅行要查攻略号坡。我們經(jīng)常被諸如”某某地最不能錯(cuò)過的十大美食美景“之類的文章蠱惑√菪眩看過筋帖、吃過后才知道just so so。巨大的信息量給我們帶來便捷的同時(shí)冤馏，也給我們篩選有效證據(jù)帶了巨大的困難日麸。
這涉及兩種類型的證據(jù)：一是個(gè)人經(jīng)歷，二是以權(quán)威的網(wǎng)站為平臺(tái)逮光，提供似乎是權(quán)威的證據(jù)代箭。由于每個(gè)人的背景、經(jīng)歷涕刚、價(jià)值觀等等不同嗡综，對同一事物會(huì)有不同的評(píng)價(jià)，當(dāng)各種評(píng)價(jià)摻雜在一起杜漠，會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響你的判斷极景。
春節(jié)去泰國游玩的時(shí)候，我們用Tripadvior（貓途鷹APP）選擇飯館驾茴，在蘭塔島的時(shí)候盼樟，這個(gè)APP的確很挺靠譜。但到大城市曼谷的時(shí)候锈至，它完全不靈了晨缴。初五下午我們四個(gè)人在房間里花了一個(gè)小時(shí)認(rèn)真琢磨Tripadvior上的評(píng)價(jià)，最后綜合各種因素峡捡，終于達(dá)成一致击碗，找了一家好四星半的烤鴨館筑悴，據(jù)說有106年的歷史，看上去很FANCY的樣子稍途。我們帶著滿滿期待阁吝，指著破五能吃上餃子。結(jié)果械拍，跟著導(dǎo)航走到目的地的時(shí)候突勇，首先是根本沒有找到這家烤鴨館。仔細(xì)搜索后殊者，發(fā)現(xiàn)一家卷閘門半開的小鋪居然就是這家館子与境。然后當(dāng)我們走進(jìn)彎腰打算一探究竟的時(shí)候验夯，里面的店員居然把卷簾門拉的更低了猖吴，完全拒客的態(tài)度，通過低矮的卷閘門挥转，只看到幾張小桌子海蔽，是很小的蒼蠅館，跟我們想象完全不一樣绑谣。原來的計(jì)劃是在飛機(jī)上不吃機(jī)餐党窜，晚上到曼谷吃頓大餐。不但沒找到預(yù)期的館子借宵，還餓的前心貼后背幌衣，當(dāng)時(shí)真是絕望啊，差點(diǎn)餓癱在曼谷的街頭壤玫。
