這里講一下我的理解，不限于閱讀、包括選擇湿硝、作文等等。
無論高考、考研丁稀、雅思托福筆試、GMAT矿酵、GRE、LSAT，為什么要這么排序呢？因為其實所有的英語筆試考試考察的方面都是一樣的茵烈，可能有兩個方面：
第一個是基礎(chǔ)語言知識，這里大部分是學(xué)校里老師教的語法、單詞等等，如果基礎(chǔ)一般（就是題目不怎么能看懂）辑甜，要從這方面努力；
第二個是別人教不了但通過訓(xùn)練可以具備的高級語言知識镊掖，這里有邏輯、文化知識背景儲備、包括更高的哲學(xué)常識主籍，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)自己可能往滿分沖刺，但遇到瓶頸幸海，可以從這方面努力氯葬。
高考帚称、考研肝集、雅思托福筆試杏瞻、GMAT、GRE溜族、LSAT，這幾種考試題目不是亂出的寡壮，出題人要保證能考察這兩類知識來設(shè)計題目，怎么保證難度呢棒仍？
從基礎(chǔ)知識出發(fā)，用更生僻的單詞，用更復(fù)雜破碎的句式蛋褥；從高級知識出發(fā)淫茵，用更多的邏輯轉(zhuǎn)折遞進擴大縮小范圍，用更廣泛的文化背景丹喻，用更深層次的哲學(xué)思辯。
很多人學(xué)英語天天背單詞税娜，背長短句，背到最后只能是abandon，他們忽略了對高級知識的理解，學(xué)到的都是零碎的語句瞎抛，形不成系統(tǒng)桐臊；還有的人苦心鉆研技巧，卻忘了自己單詞量太小，沒有基礎(chǔ)知識的高級能力發(fā)揮不出來，這就是道理我都懂但我一做還是懵逼窗价；
基礎(chǔ)語言知識：我只能說這方面誰也幫不了你，只能一遍一遍重復(fù)餐胀，很多記憶法其實沒有用墨技，頂多是讓你更有興趣學(xué)下去锨匆，不如一遍一遍的重復(fù)形成的肌肉記憶更牢固恐锣；
高級語言知識：邏輯方面有很多套路，下面會說；文化背景如果你不是參加排序雅思以上的考試其實不需要過多準(zhǔn)備，參加雅思以上考試的網(wǎng)上也有很多的總結(jié)，主要就是知道西方思潮大概的走向和代表人物就夠了稠炬；哲學(xué)知識不需要太深，馬哲基本的原理知道就可以了，畢竟不是哲學(xué)專業(yè)考試。因為語言不僅僅是語言本身，他只是其他知識經(jīng)驗的載體结闸，所以避免不了有其他知識的加入考察。
說這么多出題人的心思是為什么呢留夜，一是知道自己努力的方向即纲，二是知道每道題目主要考察的難點在哪，做題時腦袋里就會更清晰不是一團漿糊膊畴，把你搞暈了出題人的目的就達到了；
先說背單詞，我可能有個方法比較能幫你減少痛苦，提高效率。如果你拿本單詞說從a背到z，我估計堅持下來的不多；其實筆試考試有很多空子可以鉆佩番，因為出題人畢竟也是人贡歧，雖然可能是一群人律想，但他們的高頻詞匯庫是差不多的，這就給了我們機會。
比如高考考研就是近二十年的閱讀，雅思GRE就是官方的不官方的各種題庫脱篙，拿來做第一遍绊困。每個不認(rèn)識的單詞和意思秤朗，注意是每個川梅！都要記在Excel里記成一列然遏。
怎么樣才是認(rèn)識這個單詞呢待侵，你必須一看到這個單詞腦袋里不超過2秒就要想起來這個單詞的意思，反應(yīng)的時間會極大的影響做題的速度傀缩。
第二天把意思那一列隱藏起來赡艰，檢查自己忘了哪個慷垮，后面標(biāo)個1衩茸，代表你忘記了這個單詞一次。第三天再來慎颗，又忘了就標(biāo)2傲宜，第四天忘了標(biāo)3撇眯，如此重復(fù)。如果你用了心記血筑，第五遍左右你應(yīng)該就能記住了。當(dāng)然也存在那種天生和你犯沖的單詞，多少遍都不記得日矫，這樣的單詞可能一千個單詞里有那么七八個翔怎。
這個方法比單純背單詞高效的多珊膜，很多背單詞的APP也是這個原理竹祷，但APP會把背單詞的時間拉的很長，而且重復(fù)的過于頻繁浪費時間。一天重復(fù)一次是合適的嫂沉，艾賓浩斯曲線那個重復(fù)頻率不實用，也會加重痛苦，早早放棄。
這里插一句旧蛾，做題必須計時病袄，具體時間多長可以看各個考試的難度幅慌，但要注意的是你得越做越快，越做越慢就白做了雨席。做得快你才能做更多，到最后如果一場考試能把卷子做兩三遍，拿高分就很簡單了标捺。
說完了基礎(chǔ)的背單詞小技巧茂缚，我就選用考研和GRE的題作為實例桐磁，我會盡量講清楚做題的思路，原文用正體，思路用斜體：
哇，先來看整篇閱讀有多長分井，心里有個數(shù)瘫辩。
2017年考研英語一閱讀：
Text 2
"The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers," wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.
At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko , that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.
Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.
Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island's inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.
Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.
The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope's visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.
*好的衔瓮，這里結(jié)束，然后看題目，不要先看原文祖搓，因為出題人想要讓你的順序是原文-題目-原文藏姐，這樣會浪費時間杨蛋，打亂思路卵皂，直接看題目滚粟，不用看題目下面的選項，把題目問的是什么記下來铜幽，所以我們的順序是題目主干-原文禾酱，比如第一小問：
- Queen Liliuokalani's remark in Paragraph 1 indicates
哇帽馋，看到這個人名有的英語不好的同學(xué)就腦袋有點亂了，GRE里更是這樣人名很復(fù)雜，不用管它攻泼，大腦里看到的是Queen's remark in Paragraph 1 indicates，就是第一段的女王的評價表明。
如果出題人要提高一點難度就把第一段去掉来屠，你就得找這個Queen's remark在哪浆兰，但考研英語很簡單，會告訴你在哪玩裙，而且題目順序都是按照段落順序來的喧务。
我們這個時候去第一段找玲昧。*
"The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers," wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.
*如果你看第一段是這樣一整段看的話犬钢，完了，腦袋里就又開始混亂了隔节。你得加工一下，從感情走向和刪掉不影響意思的部分入手偶洋，你看的要是這樣：
"The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers," wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society.~~ Sadly~~BUT, all is not wellBAD with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter , Telescope(TMT)a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.
變成：
"The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers," wrote Queen. Star watchers were the esteemed members of Hawaiian society. BUT all is BAD with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Telescope.
清爽多了，其實第一段的意思就是兩句話嫉鲸。女王說古代夏威夷人可是天文學(xué)家拓萌，看星星的是夏威夷社會崇敬的人钧大；但是今天不行了球拦，都有人抗議建望遠鏡了萄金。*
其實如果是我做的話會更快一點，只要看幾個單詞就可以了，其他的單詞會占據(jù)腦容量且叁。就是The ancient Hawaiians were the esteemed astronomers。BUT today歪赢。（遠古夏威夷是受人尊敬的天文學(xué)家躏结，但是今天。）但是后面肯定接現(xiàn)在不是了抬探。即使句子刪減成這樣仪搔，意思還是沒有變煮嫌，具體是什么望遠鏡，哪個女王就是出題人加進去椰弊，用來占據(jù)本來就不多的腦容量突雪，然后就讀完不知道什么意思了起惕。
有人說道理我都懂要精簡，那怎么精簡呢挂签？
還記得以前英語課老師會讓你分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)主謂賓定狀補疤祭，其實分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)的威力就在這，只要保留主謂賓你就可以讀懂它的意思饵婆。
那這個方法是放在一個句子里的，那一段話呢戏售？
我們要知道這個段落是怎么寫出來的侨核，就像編曲里的模進一樣，就是換個說法重復(fù)寫一遍灌灾，有個詞與詞對應(yīng)關(guān)系搓译。
The ancient Hawaiians astronomers****對應(yīng)****Star watchers****，然而第二句遞進一下锋喜，什么樣的天文學(xué)家呢些己，受人尊敬的天文學(xué)家。
這類考試還有一個很明顯的特點就是先陳述一個觀點嘿般，然后在反轉(zhuǎn)感情反駁它段标，所以陳述一個觀點之后肯定有一個BUT，這點很關(guān)鍵炉奴。這個BUT就是我們快速讀懂文章的關(guān)鍵逼庞！因為BUT后面的你可以不用讀了，就是前面的觀點加NOT瞻赶，這也就是我又為什么BUT后面寫個TODAY就可以了赛糟，因為后面的就是否定。但是砸逊！一般來說璧南，這個BUT后面才是作者的意思。因為作者寫反對的觀點就兩種心理师逸，一種是他也*****贊同*****司倚，一種是他也*****反對*****，還有一種他*****無感只是說出來給你分享一下*****字旭。
用這個方法你看看你讀完一篇文章要不要兩分鐘对湃，做的快不快關(guān)鍵就在這，你得會省略遗淳。舉個例子拍柒，看網(wǎng)絡(luò)小說的時候沒有人逐字逐句的看，都是一目十行屈暗，但你為什么還是知道他在寫什么拆讯。
知道意思了我們來看選項脂男，選項不能精簡，因為有很多陷阱在里面种呐。我們按照常理想一下宰翅，為什么這一段要在別人反對建望遠鏡的時候提一下女王的這句話，是不是這一段的感情色彩就出來了爽室，古代女王都說夏威夷人是棒棒的天文學(xué)家汁讼，你們現(xiàn)在居然反對建望遠鏡了。每個選項都要看：
[A] her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.
備選阔墩，作者想說的點在BUT后面嘿架， 現(xiàn)在的人反對，conservative這個詞如果翻譯成保守又不知道什么意思了啸箫，所以得看英英釋義耸彪，holding to traditional attitudes and values and cautious about change or innovation, typically in relation to politics or religion. 其實就是態(tài)度，價值觀和之前一樣忘苛，沒有改變就是保守蝉娜，這一段不是反對建望遠鏡的人們，所以某種意義上這一段也是conservative的扎唾。
[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.
不選召川，作者想說的點在BUT后面，所以不是強調(diào)古代多重視稽屏，而是現(xiàn)在不重視扮宠。
[C] the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.
不選，作者想說的點在BUT后面狐榔，所以不是說古代衰落了坛增，而是現(xiàn)在衰落了。
[D] her appreciation of star watchers' feats in her time.
不選薄腻，作者想說的點在BUT后面收捣，所以不是說女王欣不欣賞，現(xiàn)在人們不欣賞了庵楷。
這題其實是比較簡單的罢艾，因為錯誤選項都是一個錯誤，他們強調(diào)的是BUT前的尽纽，但BUT后的最重要念逞。
正確選項其實就是正確的對應(yīng)褪测，不是相反的對應(yīng)或者是無關(guān)的對應(yīng)。
再看一題：
- It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today's astronomy
*還是那個順序，先看題干再看第五段垛贤。我們快速改寫一下：
BUT science has a cultural history, too. The same curiosity inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble telescopes or to ban future development ignore the reality （to answer big questions）. That is why we explore the starry skies.
開頭就是熟悉的BUT（用的YET妖混，轉(zhuǎn)折連詞要很敏感），所以后面的是這一段的觀點，答題的觀點就是這個觀點侧馅，是這份好奇讓我們探索天空去回答那些宏大的問題。這里有個很經(jīng)典的對應(yīng)呐萌，disassemble telescopes對應(yīng)ban future development馁痴，這兩個是遞進關(guān)系，后者包括前者肺孤，我給他起個名字叫遞進對應(yīng)（當(dāng)然還有平行對應(yīng)罗晕，反差對應(yīng)等）。來看選項：*
[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.
備選赠堵，今天的天文學(xué)的進步實現(xiàn)古代夏威夷人的夢想去回答那三個大問題攀例，和第五段感情色彩契合。
[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.
不選顾腊，這里的錯誤叫無關(guān)選項，第五段的主旨句沒說傳不傳播文化挖胃。
[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.
不選杂靶，這里的錯誤也是無關(guān)選項，這一段也不是來文化溯源的酱鸭。
[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians' hostility.
不選吗垮，這里的錯誤也是無關(guān)選項，這一段不是為了緩和敵意的凹髓。
那些直接能找到原句的我就不說了烁登，你讀懂了就不會錯。
還有一個錯誤是相反選項蔚舀，很簡單我就不舉例了饵沧，如果讀懂了，不會把作者的意圖搞反了赌躺。選項設(shè)置通常是這樣的狼牺，一個正確選項，一個相反選項礼患，兩個無關(guān)選項是钥。所以分析錯題的時候，你如果選相反選項說明沒讀懂作者的感情色彩缅叠；如果選無關(guān)選項說明沒有找到精確的對應(yīng)悄泥。
總結(jié)一下，重要的就是三點肤粱，一是正確改寫句子弹囚，二是找到精確的對應(yīng)，三是錯誤選項知道是哪種錯誤狼犯。
然后說說作文余寥。作文比起閱讀领铐，要求說低也低，因為不要求你寫出閱讀題那樣的文章宋舷；要求說高也高绪撵，因為要求你對世界形形色色的事有一定的理解∽ｒ穑看個例子：
Write an essay of 160-180 words based on the following picture.
In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly.
2) interpret its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
我看過很多考研機構(gòu)寫的東西音诈，真的我覺得他們可能就是單純保證你這一項不會很扣很多分，但寫的和初中作文沒有區(qū)別绎狭。
每年的考研作文其實就是馬哲里的一對矛盾细溅，比如上圖17年英語一的漫畫反應(yīng)的就是一對矛盾，數(shù)量和質(zhì)量的矛盾儡嘶。你是支持?jǐn)?shù)量還是支持質(zhì)量喇聊，還是在一定數(shù)量的基礎(chǔ)上追求數(shù)量。想通了這個你就知道我的觀點是選一定量的書籍進行精讀蹦狂，讀很多書不消化誓篱，一本書精讀會讓思想變得狹隘，這樣一篇文章就出來了凯楔〈芙荆考研作文要求不高，但GMAT,GRE,LSAT的作文就要求你要體現(xiàn)出這種思考了摆屯，所以說考研可能是MINI版的GRE邻遏。
然后我們來看GRE的題，其實和考研題一樣虐骑，畢竟都是研究生入學(xué)考試嘛准验，只不過單詞更難，邏輯更繞富弦，背景知識更多沟娱。
Passage 1
A divide between aesthetic and technical considerations has played a crucial role in mapmaking and cartographic scholarship. Since nineteenth century cartographers, for instance, understood themselves as technicians who did not care about visual effects, while others saw themselves as landscape painters. That dichotomy structured the discipline of the history of cartography. Until the 1980s, in what Blakemore and Harley called “the Old is Beautiful Paradigm,” scholars largely focused on maps made before 1800, marveling at their beauty and sometimes regretting the decline of the pre-technical age. Early mapmaking was considered art while modern cartography was located within the realm of engineering utility. Alpers, however, has argued that this boundary would have puzzled mapmakers in the seventeenth century, because they considered themselves to be visual engineers.
步驟還是一樣，先看多長腕柜，因為GRE限時更短济似，文章雖短但難度更大，沒有時間逐字逐句盏缤。然后看題干：
- According to the passage, Alpers would say that the assumptions underlying the “paradigm” were
題干的意思就是A這個人說p這個詞是什么砰蠢？不認(rèn)識就不去追究，只要知道有這么個詞就夠了唉铜。再在大腦里改寫這段話台舱，記住只看主謂賓：
A divide has played a crucial role in mapmaking and cartographic scholarship.
19 century cartographers, understood themselves as technicians, while others saw themselves as painters. That dichotomy structured the discipline of the history of cartography.
Until the 1980s, “Paradigm”， focused on maps before 1800.
Early mapmaking was considered art while modern cartography was located within engineering utility.
Alpers, BUT, this boundary would puzzled mapmakers because they considered themselves to be visual engineers.
GRE的對應(yīng)就寫的很工整所以看起來很舒服，可以看的更快竞惋。
整段總分總柜去，先總起說明有一個技術(shù)和審美對比。
所以SINCE后面的是什么意思呢拆宛，找主謂賓嗓奢，cartographers understood themselves as technicians，while others saw themselves as painters浑厚，這里又有一個小轉(zhuǎn)折股耽，很工整的對應(yīng)，cartographers- others钳幅，understood themselves as- saw themselves as物蝙，technicians- painters（這里是反差對應(yīng)），意思是制圖員認(rèn)為他們是技術(shù)人員敢艰，有的認(rèn)為自己是畫家诬乞。
出題人怕你看不懂，又加了一句钠导，也屬于遞進丽惭，這里不是說制圖員了，說制圖術(shù)辈双，Early mapmaking was considered art while modern cartography was located within engineering utility.也是一個工整的對應(yīng)。Early mapmaking- modern cartography柜砾，art- engineering utility湃望。意思和之前的一樣，只不過換個說法痰驱。
A出來了证芭，BUT是告訴你我后面要加一些不得了的東西了仔細看，因為他們認(rèn)為自己是視覺工程師（但80s之前的有的覺得自己是技工有的是畫家担映，不是全部都覺得自己是視覺工程師）废士。來看選項：
A. inconsistent with the way some mapmakers prior to 1800 understand their own work
備選，和80s之前的人不一致蝇完，是一個轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯官硝。
B. dependent on a seventeenth-century conception of mapmaking visual engineering
不選，和1800之前的一樣短蜕，這是個相反選項氢架。
C. unconcerned with the difference between the aesthetic and technical questions of mapmaking
不選，無關(guān)選項朋魔，他不關(guān)心為什么要對制圖學(xué)發(fā)表想法呢岖研。
D. insensitive to divisions among cartographers working in the period after 1800
不選，無關(guān)選項警检，同上孙援。
E. supported by the demonstrable technical superiority of mapmaking made after 1800
不選害淤，相反選項，他和1800之前的人想的不一樣拓售。
來看第二題：
- It can be inferred from the passage that, beginning in the 1980s, historians of cartography
找到1980s那句窥摄，BUT the 1980s, “Paradigm”， scholars focused on maps before 1800.
A. placed greater emphasis on the beauty of maps made after 1800
不選邻辉，范圍縮小的選項溪王，這題從改寫的看不出來，說明我們省略了重要的東西值骇，再看原句：Until the 1980s, in what B and H called “the Paradigm,” scholars largely focused on maps made before 1800, marveling at their beauty and sometimes regretting the decline of the pre-technical age.這是個遞進莹菱，有的人驚嘆他的美麗，還有點惋惜吱瘩。直到80s道伟，說明80s后和之前不一樣了，80s之前關(guān)注1800年之前地圖的美使碾，80s后關(guān)注1800后的地圖蜜徽，但不僅僅是關(guān)注美。
B. expanded their range of study to include more material created after 1800
正確票摇，范圍也正確拘鞋。
C. grew more sensitive to the way mapmakers prior to 1800 conceived of their work
不選，相反選項矢门。
D. came to see the visual details of maps as aesthetic objects rather than practical cartographic aids
不選盆色。
E. reduced the attention they paid to the technical aspects of mapmaking
不選。
