本文節(jié)選自《經(jīng)濟學(xué)人》2020.2.15期Science & technology版塊的一篇文章《Metabolites and you》芦劣，介紹了人類對于人體新陳代謝方面的研究

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1

Genes can tell tales about you, from who your ancestors were to how likely you are to?develop a range of diseases. And?it seems probable that?in the future they will tell more: your personality type, perhaps, or your intelligence. For these reasons, many countries have laws?limiting what use employers and insurance companies can make of such information. America, for example, has the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act,?which makes it illegal for?health insurers and employers to use genetic information to?discriminate against?customers and employees.

develop a range of diseases：罹患一系列疾病祝钢。develop (sth) 患（病）监徘；出現(xiàn)（問題）【搭配】

it seems probable that：……似乎有可能抄瑟。

1）possible作“或許”解布轿，有“也許如此”之意。強調(diào)客觀上有可能性，但常常帶有“實際可能性很小”的暗示掺喻。

2）probable用來指有根據(jù)题诵，合情理瓮增，值得相信的事物拳恋，帶有“大概厚掷，很可能”的意味。語氣比possible要重棚点，是most?likely之意早处。

一句話鑒別兩者的程度：It’s?possible,?though?not?probable.?That?he?will?accept?the?terms.他也可能接受這些條件，但希望不大瘫析。【同義鑒別】

Many countries have laws limiting what use employers and insurance companies can make of such information：本句為定語從句砌梆，many countries have laws which limits ……，which limits可以變?yōu)閘imiting贬循，表示很多國家都有法律規(guī)定咸包，這些法律限制……。limit之后的是賓語從句杖虾，what use employers and insurance companies can make of such information表示雇主和保險公司可以從這些信息中獲取的東西诉儒。【句式】

which makes it illegal for：這使得……是違法的，which is illegal for……亏掀，表示……是違法的忱反，makes it在這里更適合，表示前后因果的關(guān)系更強烈

discriminate against sb：歧視某人【詞組積累】

基因可以告訴關(guān)于我們的故事滤愕，從我們的祖先是誰温算，到我們罹患一系列疾病的可能性。而且在未來间影，他們有可能會告訴我們更多的事情：你的性格注竿，或你的智力。因為這些原因魂贬，很多國家有法律規(guī)定限制雇主和保險公司利用這些信息巩割。例如美國，有基因信息不歧視條約付燥，這使保險公司和雇主歧視顧客和雇員將被視作違法宣谈。

2

There is much, however, that genes?cannot reveal. They?are blind to?what you eat, how you exercise, how safe the place you live in is, how you?unwind at the end of the day?and which god you worship. Just as well, you might think, considering how easy it is to obtain samples of DNA from saliva, sweat or hair, and how cheap it is becoming to analyze such samples. But?it is not just DNA that people scatter to the wind as they go about their business. They?shed a whole range of other chemicals?as well, in their breath, their urine, their?faecesand their sweat.?Collectively,?and somewhat inaccurately, these molecules are referred to as?metabolites. Some truly are the products of metabolic activity within people’s bodies. Others are substances an individual has?come into contact with, or consumed or inhaled. All, though, carry information?of one sort or another.

cannot reveal；are blind to：cannot reveal表示基因不能顯示的東西键科，而be blind to表示對……視而不見闻丑，兩者一起表現(xiàn)了基因并不能告訴我們很多表征信息的事實。【詞組積累】

unwind at the end of the day：在一天結(jié)束之際緩解勞累勋颖，unwind表示放松嗦嗡，輕松，停止思考或焦慮一件事情【詞匯積累】

it is not just DNA that people scatter to the wind as they go about their business：這里的句式是it is not …… that ……饭玲，這不是……侥祭，才……，起強調(diào)作用茄厘。scatter to the wind表示化為烏有矮冬，scatter有播散，驅(qū)散的意思蚕断，播散到空氣中欢伏，即化為烏有。go about their business表示做某事的意思亿乳。文中指的是：人們在做事的時候硝拧，排到空氣中的并不僅僅是DNA。這里的scatter to the wind基本可以理解為字面意思葛假，表示物質(zhì)障陶，如呼吸產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳，汗液等人體代謝物質(zhì)從人體進入到周圍環(huán)境聊训。【詞組積累】

shed a whole range of other chemicals：產(chǎn)生很多其他其他化學(xué)物質(zhì)抱究，shed意為使落下，掉落带斑，a whole range of 表示大量的鼓寺，一系列的勋拟。【詞匯積累】

faeces：排泄物

Collectively：共同地

Metabolite：代謝物

come into contact with：接觸【詞組積累】

of one sort or another：一種或另一種

然而，基因仍然有很多信息無法告訴我們妈候。他們對我們吃的食物敢靡，如何鍛煉，居住的地方有多安全苦银，如何在一天結(jié)束時放松啸胧，崇敬哪個神視而不見。同樣的幔虏，你可能也會想著纺念，從唾液、汗液和頭發(fā)中獲取DNA樣本很簡單想括，分析這些樣本也很便宜陷谱。但人們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪行玛惔x播散到空氣中的代謝產(chǎn)物并不只有DNA，還有其他一系列化學(xué)物質(zhì)主胧，在他們的呼吸中叭首，尿液里，排泄物中以及汗液當(dāng)中踪栋。雖然稍微有些不正確焙格，他們被共同地稱作代謝物。一些確實是人們體內(nèi)代謝過程中的產(chǎn)物夷都，而其他眷唉，是人接觸到的物質(zhì)，或者消耗或吸入的物質(zhì)囤官。不過冬阳，所有這些物質(zhì)，都攜帶著一種或另一種信息党饮。

3

The most common way of analyzing metabolite content is?gas?chromatography-mass spectrometry. This technique?sorts molecules by their weight,producing a pattern of peaks that correspond to different substances. But the same weight can be shared by many molecules, so the results may be?ambiguous. Nor, even if a molecule can be identified unambiguously, is its?wider significance?always obvious to a particular investigator.

gas?chromatography-mass spectrometry：氣相色譜質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用

sorts molecules by their weight：sort A by B：根據(jù)B來對A進行分類【詞組積累】

producing a pattern of peaks that correspond to different substances：a pattern of peaks一種峰值模式肝陪，correspond to表示與……對應(yīng)。產(chǎn)生與不同物質(zhì)對應(yīng)的不同峰值刑顺。【詞組積累】

ambiguous：[?m'b?ɡju?s] 模糊的氯窍，不明確的【詞匯積累】

wider significance：更廣泛的意義

最常見的分析代謝物的方法是氣相色譜質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用。這個技術(shù)通過物質(zhì)的質(zhì)量將其分類蹲堂，從而產(chǎn)生與不同物質(zhì)相對應(yīng)的不同峰值模式狼讨。但同一質(zhì)量，可以有很多分子柒竞，因此政供，結(jié)果可能是模糊的，即使一個分子可以被明確地識別出來，觀察者也不能總是輕易了解其更廣泛的意義布隔。

4

There are, however, a lot of information sources out there,?in the form of publicly available metabolite databases. And last year a team led by Pieter Dorrestein of University of California, San Diego, invented a way, which they call a metabolite search engine, of?linking them up?so that a sample can?be compared simultaneously with?the contents of all of them. The databases themselves are getting better, too. According to Dr Dorrestein, researchers in the field were able,?as recently as four years ago, to identify only 2% of the metabolites found in samples. Today, that has increased to 6% and is?climbing?quickly. He says, “to assume that in another four years we will be able to?annotate?20% of the?molecular signatures?that we encounter, based on the advances that are being made.”

in the form of publicly available metabolite databases：in the form of以……的形式离陶，publicly available可以公開地

link them up：將他們連接起來

be compared simultaneously with：simultaneous表示同時的，be compared with與……相比較衅檀。

as recently as four years ago：就在四年前枕磁，（用來表達作者認(rèn)為時間距離不是特別遠的）【詞組積累】

climb：爬升，這里用來作數(shù)字的謂語動詞术吝，表示數(shù)字在升高【搭配】

annotate：注釋

molecular signatures：分子標(biāo)簽，分子標(biāo)志

不過茸苇，有很多信息可以以公開代謝數(shù)據(jù)庫形式為人們所用排苍。去年，一支由來自圣地亞哥Pieter Dorrestein帶領(lǐng)的團隊發(fā)明了一種方法学密，他們稱作代謝搜索引擎淘衙，將代謝產(chǎn)物數(shù)據(jù)連接起來，從而一個樣本可以同時與數(shù)據(jù)庫中的代謝產(chǎn)物進行比較腻暮。數(shù)據(jù)庫本身也開始變得更好彤守。根據(jù)Dorrestein所說，就在四年前哭靖，這個領(lǐng)域的研究者還只能識別出樣本中2%的代謝物具垫，如今，這個數(shù)字增長到了6%试幽，而且還在快速升高筝蚕。他說，預(yù)估下個四年铺坞，基于如今的進步起宽，我們就可以標(biāo)注出20%我們遇到的分子標(biāo)志物。

5

Another area of progress is the type, size and?state of preservation?of samples?that can be interrogated. No longer are blood, urine or breath required. Sweat, tears, saliva and even?dental plaque?will do. A study just published by Feliciano Priego-Capote at University of Cordoba, for example, shows it is possible to?extract?much meaningful information?from?even?a dried-up drop of sweat.

state of preservation：保存情況济榨，in a poor state of preservation保存情況較差【詞組積累】

that can be interrogated：做后置定語坯沪，修飾samples，interrogate意為“審問擒滑，盤問”腐晾，字面上的意思是那些可以被審問的樣本，這里指的是可以從中獲取信息的樣本【搭配】

dental plaque：牙菌斑

extract A from B：從B中提取A橘忱，用于科研類赴魁，藥物、信息提取等【詞組積累】

a dried-up drop of sweat：一滴干涸的眼淚

另一個進步的領(lǐng)域是那些樣本的類型钝诚，大小以及保存情況颖御。血液、尿液以及呼吸不再被需要。汗液潘拱、眼淚以及唾液疹鳄，甚至牙菌斑都可以。例如芦岂，一份由Feliciano Priego-Capote發(fā)表在cordoba大學(xué)的研究表明一滴干燥的眼淚都有可能從中提取到很多有用的信息瘪弓。

6

Such information can?reveal?a lot. Your god??Regular exposure to burning incense,?and thusfrequent visits to?a church that uses it, will be detectable from the chemicals in the smoke.Kosher and halal diets are detectable by the absence of?metabolites from certain foodstuffs those diets forbid. Your exercise levels? These are?flagged up by?lower than normal levels of things like?leucine, glycerol and phenylalanine. Your local environment??Breathing in polluted air?has?a marked impact on?the profile of?your metabolites. “The day is coming soon”,?observesCecil Lewis, who is?studying the matter, “when it will be possible to?swab?a person’s desk,steering wheel?or phone and determine a wide range of incredibly private things about them.”

reveal：透露，也可以用上文提到的show

regular exposure to burning incense：經(jīng)常接觸香火禽最，regular exposure to sth表示經(jīng)常暴露于某物面前腺怯，下面的frequent visits to a place表示頻繁造訪某個地方，這是名詞詞組川无，可以用來表述頻繁去往某地對某人帶來的影響【詞組積累】

Kosher and halal diets：猶太和清真飲食

be detectable by the absence of：可以通過……的缺失被檢測到呛占，這里是指特定飲食習(xí)慣缺乏某些食物，引起代謝產(chǎn)物中的一些物質(zhì)丟失懦趋，由此檢測特定飲食習(xí)慣晾虑。【詞組積累】

be flagged up by：被標(biāo)記，flag sth表示“標(biāo)示（重要處）to put a special mark next to information that you think is important”【詞匯積累】

leucine, glycerol and phenylalanine：亮氨酸仅叫、甘油和丙氨酸

breathe in polluted air：呼吸污染空氣

a marked impact on：一個對于……的顯著影響【搭配】

the profile of：某物的輪廓帜篇，形象，the profile of metabolites表示代謝產(chǎn)物的整體輪廓【詞匯積累】

observe：評價到诫咱，發(fā)表意見【熟詞僻義】

study the matter：研究這個問題

swab：表示用拭子對（人體）化驗標(biāo)本的采集

steering wheel：方向盤

這些消息可以向我們透露很多笙隙。例如你的上帝是誰？經(jīng)常暴露于香火并頻繁前往使用香火的教堂遂跟，可以從煙霧中檢測到逃沿。猶太和清真飲食禁止某些食物，這些食物的缺乏引起代謝產(chǎn)物中的物質(zhì)缺乏幻锁，由此可以探測到猶太和清真飲食凯亮。你的鍛煉水平？可以通過某些物質(zhì)低于正常水平來標(biāo)示哄尔，例如亮氨酸假消、甘油和丙氨酸。你居住地的環(huán)境岭接？呼吸被污染的空氣對你的整體代謝產(chǎn)物有顯著影響富拗。正在研究此問題的Cecil Lewis說道：“這一天很快會到來，當(dāng)我們有可能從一個人的桌子上鸣戴、方向盤或手機采取標(biāo)本啃沪，進而確定一些人大量的私人信息≌”

7

In contrast with?DNA, the use to which knowledge of metabolites might be put has little legal restriction. Dr Lewis, and others like him, worry about the consequences of this. At the moment,sampling for?alcohol or illegal drug use, say, has to?be overt,?because it involves a blood, urine or breath test. That is true?regardless of?who is collecting the sample, whether it be the police or an employer. This also keeps purposes clear. A firm?might feel it?has the right totest employees for drug use, and the law might support that. But techniques like Dr Priego-Capote’s make it easier, as Dr Lewis observes, to sample?clandestinely, and?bring a temptation to?push back the boundaries of?what is being searched for. They would, for example, allow companies to detect, if they chose to look,such private matters as whether an employee was taking antidepressants.

In contrast with：與……相反创千，大不相同

sample for：這里是動詞詞組，表示拿……做樣本

overt：透明的，公開的【詞匯積累】

regardless of：不管追驴，不顧

might feel it：或許感覺到

has the right to do：有權(quán)做某事

clandestinely：秘密地械哟，暗中地【詞匯積累】

bring a temptation to do sth：產(chǎn)生誘惑【詞組積累】

push back the boundaries of：擴大……的范圍，例如push back the boundaries of human knowledge擴大人類知識的范圍【詞組積累】

such private matters as whether an employee was taking antidepressants：這里as引導(dǎo)定語從句殿雪，解釋matters暇咆，為受雇傭者是否服用抗抑郁藥

與DNA不同，代謝產(chǎn)物可能用到的知識幾乎沒有法律限制丙曙，Lewis以及其他和他一樣的人們擔(dān)心這樣的后果爸业。目前，以酒精或非法使用毒品做樣本調(diào)查亏镰，必須是透明的为黎，因為這涉及了血组砚、尿或呼吸測試畔师。誰在收集樣本確實無所謂违诗，無論是警察或雇員某抓。這也保證了目標(biāo)的明確性纸兔。一家公司可能感覺到他們有權(quán)利測試員工有無服用毒品，而法律可能支持這樣的做法否副。但Dr Priego-Capote的技術(shù)使這更簡單汉矿，如Lewis評論道，秘密地測試备禀，帶來足以擴大已探索知識邊界的誘惑洲拇。例如，如果他們想曲尸，他們會允許公司進行檢測赋续，受雇人員是否服用抗抑郁藥。

8

Metabolite data,?even the sort obtained openly, will also?be of interest tomedical insurance companies, who may?insist on the provision of?samples as a condition of the provision of cover. They, too, might?take an interest in?matters of diet and exercise,?penalizing?those who do notconform to prescribed healthy regimes.

even the sort obtained openly：甚至公開獲取的那一類另患，文中指的是公開獲得的代謝產(chǎn)物數(shù)據(jù)庫纽乱，the sort?obtained openly【詞匯積累】

insist on the provision of：insist on意為堅持（要求、要）昆箕，the provision of sth表示某物的提供【詞組積累】

sth be of interest to sb=sb take an interest in sth：某人對……有興趣【詞組積累】

penalize：懲罰

conform to prescribed healthy regimes.：遵守規(guī)定的養(yǎng)生規(guī)則鸦列。conform to表示遵守，順應(yīng)鹏倘；prescribe有給……開藥的意思薯嗤，也有規(guī)定，命令纤泵，指示的意思骆姐。regime則有養(yǎng)生法，（病人等的）生活規(guī)則。這里的prescribed healthy regimes應(yīng)是遵從醫(yī)囑的飲食诲锹、鍛煉等生活方式繁仁。【詞組積累】

代謝產(chǎn)物數(shù)據(jù)，即使是公開獲得的那類归园，醫(yī)療保險公司也會感興趣黄虱。他們會要求提供樣本來作為掩護的條件。他們可能也對飲食和鍛煉問題感興趣庸诱，并懲罰那些不遵從醫(yī)生要求的飲食捻浦、鍛煉等生活方式。

9

The police may?be tempted to?push the boundaries as well. The?fourth amendment to America’s constitution?protects against?unwarranted?searches and?seizure of evidence. This means it is hard to force someone to give a sample. But if obtaining such merely requires taking a swab of a surface in a public place—perhaps a keyboard someone has just used—the amendment is unlikely to apply.

be tempted to：被誘惑去做【詞組積累】

fourth amendment to America’s constitution：美國憲法第四修正案

protects against：防止桥爽，抵御朱灿，文中指的是修正案可以防止……【詞組積累】

unwarranted：不合理的，無保證的

seizure of evidence：證據(jù)的取得钠四，seizure of sth 表示沒收盗扒、收獲的贓物【詞匯積累】

警察也可能會被誘惑去擴大邊界，美國憲法第四修正案防止非授權(quán)的搜查和取得證據(jù)缀去。這意味著讓一個人提供樣本很難侣灶。但如果獲取這些樣本需要從公共場所表面獲取擦拭的樣本—如某人剛使用過的鍵盤—那這個法案將無法實行。

10

That is not?necessarily wrong, if it means more criminals are caught and convicted. But it needs to be thought about carefully, because?many metabolites are sticky. Cocaine is?a case in point. Studies have shown that as many as two-thirds of the dollar bills?in circulation in Americacarry traces of this substance, which might thus?end up on the fingertips of the innocent, as well as the guilty.

Not necessarily wrong：不一定是錯的

many metabolites are sticky：代謝產(chǎn)物極富粘性

sth is a case in point：……是一個恰當(dāng)?shù)睦勇扑椋琲n point表示適當(dāng)?shù)娜煊埃‘?dāng)?shù)?b>【詞組積累】

in circulation in America：在美國流通的……，in circulation意為流通的咏雌，在發(fā)行的【詞組積累】

sth end up on the fingertips of the innocent：某物最終落到無辜的人的手上凡怎，end up on最終落到……【詞組積累】

這不一定是錯的，如果這意味著更多的囚犯的會被抓住和判罪赊抖，但這需要更加審慎的考慮统倒，因為很多代謝產(chǎn)物極富粘性》昭可卡因是一個恰當(dāng)?shù)睦娱苁恚芯匡@示大約有2/3的在美國流通的紙幣帶著這種物質(zhì)的痕跡，而這可能最終留存在無辜的人的指尖注暗，也可能在有罪的的手指上坛缕。

總結(jié)

unwind at the end of the day：在一天結(jié)束之際緩解勞累，unwind表示放松捆昏，輕松赚楚，停止思考或焦慮一件事情【詞匯積累】

shed a whole range of other chemicals：產(chǎn)生很多其他其他化學(xué)物質(zhì)，shed意為使落下骗卜，掉落宠页，a whole range of 表示大量的左胞，一系列的。【詞匯積累】

ambiguous：[?m'b?ɡju?s] 模糊的举户，不明確的【詞匯積累】

discriminate against sb：歧視某人【詞組積累】

cannot reveal烤宙；are blind to：cannot reveal表示基因不能顯示的東西，而be blind to表示對……視而不見俭嘁，兩者一起表現(xiàn)了基因并不能告訴我們很多表征信息的事實躺枕。【詞組積累】

it is not just DNA that people scatter to the wind as they go about their business：這里的句式是it is not …… that ……，這不是……供填，才……拐云，起強調(diào)作用。scatter to the wind表示化為烏有近她，scatter有播散叉瘩，驅(qū)散的意思，播散到空氣中粘捎，即化為烏有薇缅。go about their business表示做某事的意思。文中指的是：人們在做事的時候攒磨，排到空氣中的并不僅僅是DNA捅暴。這里的scatter to the wind基本可以理解為字面意思，表示物質(zhì)咧纠，如呼吸產(chǎn)生的二氧化碳，汗液等人體代謝物質(zhì)從人體進入到周圍環(huán)境泻骤。【詞組積累】

come into contact with：接觸【詞組積累】

sorts molecules by their weight：sort A by B：根據(jù)B來對A進行分類【詞組積累】

producing a pattern of peaks that correspond to different substances：a pattern of peaks一種峰值模式漆羔，correspond to表示與……對應(yīng)。產(chǎn)生與不同物質(zhì)對應(yīng)的不同峰值狱掂。【詞組積累】

as recently as four years ago：就在四年前演痒，（用來表達作者認(rèn)為時間距離不是特別遠的）【詞組積累】

develop a range of diseases：罹患一系列疾病。develop (sth) 患（睬鞑摇）鸟顺；出現(xiàn)（問題）【搭配】

climb：爬升，這里用來作數(shù)字的謂語動詞器虾，表示數(shù)字在升高【搭配】

it seems probable that：……似乎有可能讯嫂。

1）possible作“或許”解，有“也許如此”之意兆沙。強調(diào)客觀上有可能性欧芽，但常常帶有“實際可能性很小”的暗示。

2）probable用來指有根據(jù)葛圃，合情理千扔，值得相信的事物憎妙，帶有“大概，很可能”的意味曲楚。語氣比possible要重厘唾，是most?likely之意。

一句話鑒別兩者的程度：It’s?possible,?though?not?probable.?That?he?will?accept?the?terms.他也可能接受這些條件龙誊，但希望不大抚垃。【同義鑒別】

Many countries have laws limiting what use employers and insurance companies can make of such information：本句為定語從句，many countries have laws which limits ……载迄，which limits可以變?yōu)閘imiting讯柔，表示很多國家都有法律規(guī)定，這些法律限制……护昧。limit之后的是賓語從句魂迄，what use employers and insurance companies can make of such information表示雇主和保險公司可以從這些信息中獲取的東西。【句式】

be flagged up by：被標(biāo)記惋耙，flag sth表示“標(biāo)示（重要處）to put a special mark next to information that you think is important”【詞匯積累】

the profile of：某物的輪廓捣炬，形象，the profile of metabolites表示代謝產(chǎn)物的整體輪廓【詞匯積累】

overt：透明的绽榛，公開的【詞匯積累】

clandestinely：秘密地湿酸，暗中地【詞匯積累】

even the sort obtained openly：甚至公開獲取的那一類，文中指的是公開獲得的代謝產(chǎn)物數(shù)據(jù)庫灭美，the sort?obtained openly【詞匯積累】

seizure of evidence：證據(jù)的取得推溃，seizure of sth 表示沒收、收獲的贓物【詞匯積累】

state of preservation：保存情況届腐，in a poor state of preservation保存情況較差【詞組積累】

extract A from B：從B中提取A铁坎，用于科研類，藥物犁苏、信息提取等【詞組積累】

regular exposure to burning incense：經(jīng)常接觸香火硬萍，regular exposure to sth表示經(jīng)常暴露于某物面前，下面的frequent visits to a place表示頻繁造訪某個地方围详，這是名詞詞組朴乖，可以用來表述頻繁去往某地對某人帶來的影響【詞組積累】

be detectable by the absence of：可以通過……的缺失被檢測到，這里是指特定飲食習(xí)慣缺乏某些食物助赞，引起代謝產(chǎn)物中的一些物質(zhì)丟失买羞，由此檢測特定飲食習(xí)慣。【詞組積累】

push back the boundaries of：擴大……的范圍雹食，例如push back the boundaries of human knowledge擴大人類知識的范圍【詞組積累】

insist on the provision of：insist on意為堅持（要求哩都、要），the provision of sth表示某物的提供【詞組積累】

sth be of interest to sb=sb take an interest in sth：某人對……有興趣【詞組積累】

conform to prescribed healthy regimes.：遵守規(guī)定的養(yǎng)生規(guī)則婉徘。conform to表示遵守漠嵌，順應(yīng)咐汞；prescribe有給……開藥的意思，也有規(guī)定儒鹿，命令化撕，指示的意思。regime則有養(yǎng)生法约炎，（病人等的）生活規(guī)則植阴。這里的prescribed healthy regimes應(yīng)是遵從醫(yī)囑的飲食、鍛煉等生活方式圾浅。【詞組積累】

be tempted to：被誘惑去做【詞組積累】

protects against：防止掠手，抵御，文中指的是修正案可以防止……【詞組積累】

sth is a case in point：……是一個恰當(dāng)?shù)睦永瓴叮琲n point表示適當(dāng)?shù)呐绺耄‘?dāng)?shù)?b>【詞組積累】

in circulation in America：在美國流通的……，in circulation意為流通的灸拍，在發(fā)行的【詞組積累】

sth end up on the fingertips of the innocent：某物最終落到無辜的人的手上做祝，end up on最終落到……【詞組積累】

bring a temptation to do sth：產(chǎn)生誘惑【詞組積累】

that can be interrogated：做后置定語，修飾samples鸡岗，interrogate意為“審問混槐，盤問”，字面上的意思是那些可以被審問的樣本轩性，這里指的是可以從中獲取信息的樣本【搭配】

a marked impact on：一個對于……的顯著影響【搭配】

observe：評價到声登，發(fā)表意見【熟詞僻義】