狀語從句連接詞

狀語從句的省略（結(jié)合分詞學(xué)習(xí)筆記：分詞短語作狀語時可以保留相應(yīng)的連詞）

同時滿足以下兩點(diǎn)：
1.主句的主語和從句的主語一致蒙幻，或從句主語是it;
2.從句謂語中含有be動詞的情況下，可以將從句的主語和be動詞省去女轿。常用于時間垫挨、地點(diǎn)铐刘、條件及讓步狀語從句中佛嬉。

• 時間狀語從句的省略
  Metal expand when heated and contract when cooled.金屬具有熱脹冷縮的特性夜只。
  Metal expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled.
• 條件狀語從句的省略
  A tiger can't be tamed unless caught very young.老虎只有在年幼時捉來才能被馴服赔硫。
  A tiger can't be tamed unless it is caught very young.
• 讓步狀語從句的省略
  Although not an economist himself,Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's economic policies.盡管史密斯博士本人不是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家，但他一直以來對政府的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策提出尖銳的批評盐肃。
  Although he is not an economist himself,Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's economic policies.

時間狀語從句

時間狀語從句就是用來說明主句動作與從句動作發(fā)生時間上的先后關(guān)系爪膊，時間狀語從句所表達(dá)的時間概念不外乎三種：過去、現(xiàn)在和將來砸王。

學(xué)習(xí)時間狀語從句要牢牢把握兩個核心要點(diǎn)：

1. 注意主句推盛、從句的時態(tài)搭配關(guān)系。不同時間從句的連詞谦铃，這種搭配關(guān)系是不同的耘成。
2. 注意主句、從句的謂語動詞的待續(xù)性和短暫性驹闰。
   時態(tài)搭配關(guān)系不同瘪菌，句子的意思就有可能不同，這是學(xué)習(xí)時間從句的難點(diǎn)嘹朗。

時間連詞when的用法特點(diǎn)

表示過去:

• 主句一般過去時 + 從句一般過去時
  I started my dinner when he left.他走之后师妙，我才開始吃晚飯。（表示從句動作先發(fā)生）
• 主句一般過去時 + 從句過去完成時
  I started my dinner when he had left.
  以上兩種意思上面區(qū)別不大屹培。對于某些句子來說默穴，還是有區(qū)別的：表示兩個相繼發(fā)生的動作時，用過去完成時可以表示一個動作完成以后褪秀，另一個動作才開始發(fā)生蓄诽，從而使得兩個動作相互獨(dú)立，彼此脫離開來媒吗。一般過去時仑氛，則可能表示一個動作“導(dǎo)致”另一個動作的發(fā)生，或兩個動作之間有一種因果關(guān)系闸英。例：
  When I had written my letters I did some gardening.我把信寫完后锯岖，就到花園里干了些話。
  When I wrote him a letter, he came at once.我給他去了封信后自阱，他立即就來了嚎莉。
• 主句過去完成時 + 從句一般過去時
  表示主句動作先發(fā)生，則主句須用過去完成時沛豌。
  I had started my dinner when he left.他走的時候趋箩，我已經(jīng)開始吃晚飯了赃额。
• 主句一般過去時 + 從句過去進(jìn)行時
  The doorbell rang when I was telephoning.門鈴響的時候我正在打電話。(具體看狀語從句學(xué)習(xí)筆記1)
• 主句過去進(jìn)行時 + 從句一般過去時
  I was telephoning when the doorbell rang.我當(dāng)時正在打電話叫确，突然門鈴響了跳芳。(具體看狀語從句學(xué)習(xí)筆記1)

表示將來：

• 主句一般將來時 + 從句一般現(xiàn)在時
  表示將來動作時，主句用一般將來時竹勉，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來飞盆，不能使用將來時態(tài)。
  I'll speak to him when he arrives.他來了以后我會和他談?wù)劇?/li>
• 主句一般將來時 + 從句現(xiàn)在完成時
  從句中用完成時態(tài)是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)：在從句結(jié)束了之后次乓，主句動作才開始發(fā)生吓歇，此時從句的動作一般都需要持續(xù)一段時間。
  I'll go when I have had my dinner.我吃完飯就去票腰。
  I'll give you a call when I have finished the work.工作做完后城看，我就給你打電話。（第六杏慰、七兩組時態(tài)的差別類似于第一测柠、二兩組時態(tài)差別）
• 主句將來完時 + 從句一般將來時
  將來的動作中，表示主句動作先發(fā)生缘滥，則主句要用將來完成時轰胁，從句用一般將來時
  The performer will already have played the music when we get there.一會我們到的時候，那位演奏家一定已經(jīng)彈完那首曲子了朝扼。
• 主句將來進(jìn)行時 + 從句一般現(xiàn)在時
  與第四赃阀、五組“進(jìn)行時與一般時”的搭配類似。
  The performer will be playing the music when we get there.一會兒們到的時候吟税，那位演奏家一定正在彈那首曲子凹耙。

表示一般現(xiàn)在動作：

• 主從句都用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)
  表示一般動作的when引導(dǎo)的從句往往是說明一般情況，闡明一個道理肠仪，因而常出現(xiàn)在名言警句、諺語或格言中备典。

whenever引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句

表示“無論何時”异旧，它相當(dāng)于when的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式。
Whenever someone asks you something you don't want to answer,smile and ask,"Why do you want to know?"當(dāng)別人問你什么問題而你不想回答時提佣，笑著說：“你為什么想知道這個吮蛹？”

時間連詞while的用法特點(diǎn)

意思相當(dāng)于during that time(在...期間)，表示某一時間段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動作拌屏。因此從句謂語動詞通常接延續(xù)動詞。
The phone rang while I was taking my bath.電話鈴響的時候我正在洗澡。
You wait here while I go and get it.你在這里等著脸哀，我自己去撿杯瞻。（go and get盡管是短暫動詞瓣戚，但兩動詞連用表示一段時間內(nèi)的活動，所以用while）
while除了表示時間外焦读，還可以表示另外三種意思：表示條件的“只要”子库、表示對比的“然而”、表示讓步的“盡管”矗晃。

時間連接as的用法特點(diǎn)

as引導(dǎo)時間從句時仑嗅，相當(dāng)于while，從句接延續(xù)動詞张症。主句的謂語可以是延續(xù)動詞仓技，也可以是短暫動詞。一般譯成“正當(dāng)...”,"隨著...","一邊...一邊..."
The arrow fell into the river as the boat was drifting on the water. The soldier tried to retrieve it.船在水面上行駛時俗他，箭突然掉進(jìn)了河里脖捻。這名士兵想找回這支箭。

時間連詞before的用法特點(diǎn)

與when一樣拯辙，主從句會有各種時態(tài)搭配關(guān)系郭变，較常見的是“主句用過去完成時，從句用一般過去時”涯保。作者沒有討論其它的時態(tài)搭配诉濒。

時間連詞after用法特點(diǎn)

主從句也有種時態(tài)搭配關(guān)系，作者沒有詳細(xì)討論夕春。

時間連詞since用法特點(diǎn)

since時間連詞特殊用法

since作為時間連詞與現(xiàn)在完成時密切相關(guān)
一般句型為：
since后面接從句謂語一般過去時未荒，主句謂語則用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)

• since + 短暫動詞
  since子句 + 一般過去時（現(xiàn)在完成時）按句面意思翻譯既：從句動作“結(jié)束”以來，主句活動在持續(xù)
  例：
  I have worked in this company since I left school
  I have worded in this company since I have left school
  意思一樣：我來中國已經(jīng)有三年了
• since + 延續(xù)動詞
  since子句 + 一般過去時態(tài) ：從句動作“結(jié)束”以來及志，主句活動在持續(xù)
  since子句 + 現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài) ：從句動作“開始”以來片排，主句活動在待續(xù)
  例：
  It's been three years since I worked in this company
  It's been three years since I have worked in this company
  我不在這家公司工作有三年了
  我在這家公司工作有三年了

時間連詞until的用法特點(diǎn)

until表示“一直到” 2. not...until表示"直到...才..."
until用法三個要點(diǎn)：

1. 既可以用作介詞也可以作連詞，所以until后面可以接名詞短語也可以接時間從句速侈。
2. until本質(zhì)是表示“一個主句動作一直持續(xù)到某一個時間點(diǎn)”率寡。具體來說就是：until前面的主句或句子謂語必須是待續(xù)性的，而until后面接的從句謂語須是短暫動詞或接時間點(diǎn)倚搬。
3. 作為連詞引導(dǎo)從句時的句型：主句的延續(xù)動詞 + until + 從句的短暫動詞
   作為介詞接名詞短語的句型：延續(xù)動詞 + until + 時間點(diǎn)（不是時間段冶共，表示時間點(diǎn)的名詞短語）

用法特點(diǎn)：

• 延續(xù)動詞 + until + 短暫動詞或時間點(diǎn)
  Wait until he comes back 等他回來吧。
  Until I came back,he was waiting for me at my home.在我回來之前每界，他一直在我家里等我捅僵。
  I will be away from my office until next Tuesday.我將要離開辦公室，要到下周二才能回來眨层。（時間點(diǎn)）
• 短暫動詞 + until + 短暫動詞或時間點(diǎn)
  主句謂語是短暫動詞時庙楚，要用否定形式，因?yàn)榉穸ㄖ蟊硎臼且粋€狀態(tài)趴樱，狀態(tài)就是延續(xù)馒闷。not...until(直到...才...)
  He didn't leave the office until his boss came back.直到老板回來后酪捡，他才離開辦公室。
  Ice cream did not reach America until about the middle of the eighteenth century.直到18世紀(jì)中葉窜司，冰淇淋才傳到美洲沛善。
• not...until的四種句型結(jié)構(gòu)，以下四種結(jié)構(gòu)核心意思相同
  • 結(jié)構(gòu)一：正常結(jié)構(gòu)
    即最常見的結(jié)構(gòu)not...until塞祈。
    The little boy didn't smile until he saw his mother.這個小男孩看到他媽媽之后才開始笑起來金刁。
  • 結(jié)構(gòu)二：until置于句首
    由結(jié)構(gòu)一演變過來，until...,not,這種結(jié)構(gòu)上的移位议薪，在翻譯時很容易被我們誤解尤蛮。
    Until he saw his mother,the little boy didn't smile.
  • 結(jié)構(gòu)三：倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
    由結(jié)構(gòu)二變化過來，not until...,謂語助動詞 + 主語 + 謂語動詞斯议。此時主句采用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)产捞。
    Not until he saw his mother,did the little boy smile.
  • 結(jié)構(gòu)四：強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)
    由結(jié)構(gòu)三變化過來，It was not until + 時間從句或短語 + that + 主句部分哼御。
    It was not until he saw his mother that the little boy smiled.

表示“一...就...”的結(jié)構(gòu)

表達(dá)主句動作和從句動作相繼發(fā)生坯临，兩者發(fā)生時間間隔不長，此時主句和從句的謂語都是短暫動詞恋昼。

• 從句動作先于主句動作
  關(guān)系連詞有：as soon as,once,the minute,the moment,the instant,immediately,directly,instantly等看靠，這些連詞用法句式結(jié)構(gòu)是一樣的，主從句時態(tài)一般一致液肌，比如表示將來挟炬，主句用一般將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時來表示嗦哆。
  We will leave as soon as it stops raining.雨一停谤祖，我們就動身。
  表示過去的動作老速，則主句和從句都用一般過去時粥喜。
  It began to rain as soon as I arrived home.我剛到家，天就開始下起雨來橘券。
  as soon as可換成其他連詞容客，比如immediately,instantly,directly.
  It began to rain immediately I arrived home.
  或者換成帶定冠詞the的連詞，比如the moment,the minute,the instant.
  Don't trust those who leave their friends the moment they get into difficulty!一旦朋友陷入困境就會轉(zhuǎn)身脫逃的人约郁，我們不能信任。

• 主句動作先于從句動作發(fā)生
  連詞有：hardly...when,scarcely...when,no sooner...than.這些連詞用法和句式結(jié)構(gòu)都不相同但两，主從句時態(tài)一般也不一致鬓梅。多用于表示過去的動作，主句多用過去完成時谨湘，且常倒裝绽快，從句用一般過去時芥丧。可與as soon as等從句坊罢、方句互換续担。
  No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.(than后面it began to rain是從句，主句為had I arrive home)
  It began to rain as soon as I arrived home.

  Hardly had I arrived home when it began to rain.
  Scarcely had I started to type my paper when the telephone rang.

時間連詞by the time用法特點(diǎn)

by the time是一個介詞短語活孩，起著連詞的作用物遇，其后可以直接加一個從句，表示“在...之前”強(qiáng)調(diào)“一個動作在另一個動作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成”憾儒。因此by the time主句要用完成時態(tài)询兴。

• 表示過去的動作：主句用had done + by the time +從句用一般過去時態(tài)
  We had already left by the time they arrived.那天他們到的時候，我們已經(jīng)先走了起趾。
• 表示將來的動作：主句用will have done + by the time + 從句用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)
  We will have already left by the time they arrive.一會等他們來的時候诗舰，我們就將離開了。

一些表示時間的名詞短語引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句

地點(diǎn)狀語從句

結(jié)構(gòu)where + 陳述句，可以在句首或句末边琉。
A driver should slow down where there are schools.
放在句首属百，翻譯時往往失去“地點(diǎn)”的含義，要靈活處理艺骂。
Where there is Love,there is also Wealth and Success!只要有愛诸老，就會有成功和財(cái)富。
另外了也可由wherever,anywhere,everywhere引導(dǎo)狀語從句钳恕。
Wherever he happens to be,Clint can make himself at home.無論在什么地方别伏，克林特總是無拘換束。
He would live with his grandmother anywhere she lived.不管他祖母住在哪兒忧额，他都愿和她住在一塊兒厘肮。

原因狀語從句

常用連詞：because,for,as,since.

• because語氣在四個連詞中連詞最強(qiáng)，只有它才能回答why提問睦番，引出的原因往往聽話人所不知道的或最感興趣的类茂，也只有because才能被如only,just,perhaps等來修飾。
  My friends dislike me because I'm handsome and successful.我的哥們都不喜歡我托嚣，因?yàn)槲议L相英俊又事業(yè)有成巩检。（聽者感興趣的原因）

• since表示人們已知的事實(shí)或不需強(qiáng)調(diào)的原因，常譯成“既然”
  Since we don't have class tomorrow,why not go out for a picnic?既然明天沒有課示启，我們出去野營如何兢哭？

• as 用法與since相同
  As Monday is a national holiday,all government offices will be closed.由于星期一是國家的法定假日，因此所有的政府辦事機(jī)構(gòu)都將關(guān)門休息夫嗓。

• for表示推斷的理由迟螺，對前面分句的內(nèi)容加以解釋或說明
  It rained last night,for the ground is wet this morning.昨晚下雨了冲秽，因?yàn)榻裉煸缟系孛娑际菨竦摹?/p>

• 介詞表示因果關(guān)系
  because of,due to,owing to，因?yàn)槭墙樵~矩父，后面只能接名詞锉桑。

• 其他復(fù)合連詞表示原因

  • in that
    從句放在主句后面，而且主句通常在作比較窍株。
    E-mail is different from the traditional mail in that it sends and receives mails in a second.電子郵件和傳統(tǒng)的郵件是不同的民轴，因?yàn)榍罢呤瞻l(fā)郵件可以在頃刻之間完成。
  • seeing(that),now(that),considering(that),given(that)
    這些連詞與since相似夹姥，都是“鑒于某個事實(shí)杉武，考慮到”的意思。
  • not that...but that
    意思是：“不是因?yàn)?..而是因?yàn)?..”
  • inasmuch as,insomuch as,in as much as,in so much as
    比較文縐縐辙售，不太常用轻抱，通常只用于正式書面語或者演講中。

• because的否定轉(zhuǎn)移

  否定轉(zhuǎn)移：形式上否定主句或句子的謂語旦部，但在邏輯語義上是否定句子的其他部分祈搜。尤其是because引導(dǎo)的從句連勝時，往往否定because引導(dǎo)的從句士八。所以以后遇到一個否定句容燕，如果按正常情況理解不通，就不妨考慮從否定轉(zhuǎn)移角度來翻譯婚度。否定轉(zhuǎn)移為我們理解句子的意思提供一個新的方向蘸秘。

  You don't love a woman because she is beautiful.你不是因?yàn)橐粋€女人的美貌而愛她。
  don't在形式上是否定謂語love蝗茁，實(shí)際上是否定原因從句醋虏。
  because引導(dǎo)的從句的翻譯可分為三種情況：

  1. 只能按正常情況翻譯
  2. 兩種翻譯都可以，具體如何理解要看上下文
  3. 只能按否定轉(zhuǎn)移來翻譯

  否定轉(zhuǎn)移不局限于because引導(dǎo)的原因從句哮翘，還可以否定句中其他成分颈嚼。若是在口語中，句中什么詞重讀就否定什么詞饭寺。
  I didn't come here to scold you.我來這里不是為了要批評你阻课。

目的狀語從句

• 常用連詞有：so that,in order that,that。目的從句中常含有情態(tài)動詞艰匙，比如may/might/can/could等限煞。
  I turned off the TV in order that my roommate could study in peace and quiet.我關(guān)掉了電視，好讓我的室友安靜地學(xué)習(xí)员凝。
  I spoke slowly and clearly so that the audience could understand me.我講的既慢又清晰晰骑，以便聽眾能聽懂我的話。
  We climbed high (so) that we might get a better view.我們爬到高外，以便能看得更清楚硕舆。
• 要強(qiáng)調(diào)目的狀語從句時，可將so that或in order that引導(dǎo)的從句置于句首骤公。
  In order that my roommate could study in peace and quiet,I turned off the TV.
• 可以用不定式來將目的狀語從句簡化抚官。in oder that,so that,that對應(yīng)不定式三種結(jié)構(gòu)：in order to do,so as to do,to do。so as to不能置于句首阶捆。
• 如果需要不定式邏輯主語要用in oder for sb. to do sth凌节，此時往往因?yàn)榫渥又髡Z和不定式邏輯主語不一致。
• 其他連詞的用法：lest(以免洒试，以防止),for fear that(生怕)和in case(萬一)引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句倍奢。從句謂語動詞一般用情態(tài)動詞should，且shoud常常被省去垒棋。
  Take an umbrella with you lest it should rain.隨身帶把傘卒煞，以防下雨。
  What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams,as easily and openly as once they could,lest they be thought pushing,acquisitive and vulgar.省去了should叼架，相當(dāng)于lest they should be畔裕。
• for fear that或lest有時具有否定意義，相當(dāng)于說in order that...not乖订。
  She cleans the windows with great care lest she might break the glass.她如此小心翼翼地擦窗戶扮饶，以免打破窗玻璃。(lest she might break the glass可改寫為in order that she might not break the glass)
  We had a meeting and talked the matter over face to face,for fear that there should be any misunderstanding.我們開了個會乍构，又當(dāng)面談了這件事甜无，以免發(fā)生任何誤會。（for fear that there...可改寫為in order that there should not be any misunderstanding.）
• 還可以用in the hope that,on purpose that,for the prupose that,to the end that等來表示目的哥遮。
  The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.老師提高了聲音岂丘，以便 坐在后排的學(xué)生能聽得更清楚。

結(jié)果狀語從句

連詞有：so...that,such...that,so that,such that,結(jié)果狀語從句只能放在主句之后昔善，不能放在句首元潘。

• so...that用法
  so后面接形容詞或副詞，偶爾接分詞君仆。
  1. 接形容詞
     The moon is so large that several million people could live there.月球的大小足以容納幾百萬人口翩概。
  2. 接副詞
     The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data.這些新近被描述的語言與已經(jīng)得到充分研究的歐洲和東南亞地區(qū)的語言往往差別顯著，以至于有些學(xué)者甚至指責(zé)博阿斯和薩皮爾編造了材料返咱。
  3. 接分詞
     We are so accustomed to adopting a mask before others that we end by being unable to recognize ourselves.我們大家都如此習(xí)慣于在別人面前戴著面具钥庇，結(jié)果最終迷失了自己。
• so that用法
  so that引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句與結(jié)果狀語從句的區(qū)別：
  1. 結(jié)果狀語從句往往會有逗號將主句與從句隔開咖摹。
  2. 結(jié)果狀語從句往往沒有情態(tài)動詞评姨，而目的狀語從句通常有情態(tài)動詞。
     As the dome grows,it develops seed fissures(cracks);in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures,so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.
• such...that用法
  such后面接名詞。
  Diplomats and crabs are creatures who move in such a way that it is impossible to tell whether they are coming for going.外交官和螃蟹是行為方式相同的動物吐句，因?yàn)槲覀儫o法判斷他們是要向前走還是想往后退胁后。
• such that用法
  such that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，such就相當(dāng)于"so + 形容詞",具體是什么形容詞要根據(jù)上下文來判斷嗦枢。
  1)His anger was such that he lost control of himself.
  2)His anger was so explosive that he lost control of himself.他的怒氣一下子就爆發(fā)出來攀芯，以至于無法控制自己。（1句such相當(dāng)于so explosive that）
  1)The weather is such that we can only stay in air-conditioned places.
  2)The weather is so hot that we can only stay in air-conditioned places.天氣真熱文虏，我們只能待在有空調(diào)的地方侣诺。（1句such相當(dāng)于hot）
  有時很難判斷such可能含有的形容詞意義。
  The logic of scientific development is such that separate group of men working on the same problem in far-scattered laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.科學(xué)發(fā)展的邏輯就是如此氧秘，不同的研究人員年鸳，分散在不同的地方形容同樣的問題，很可能同時得出完全一樣的結(jié)論丸相。
• so such的區(qū)別
  • so本身是副詞搔确，主要接形容詞、副詞已添，偶爾接分詞妥箕。
    1. so + adj./adv.
       The house is so expensive that I can't afford to buy it.
    2. so + adj. + a(n) + 單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞
       This is so expensive a house that I can't afford to buy it.
    3. so many/much/few/little + 名詞
       so many flowers, so much patience,so few cars,so little care等
  • such是一個限定詞，其后面接名詞更舞。
    1. such后面接各種名詞
       包括可數(shù)名詞畦幢，復(fù)數(shù)名可數(shù)名詞，不可數(shù)名詞缆蝉。
    2. such + 形容詞 + 名詞
       such an expensive house,such nice boys,such great patience等
       與so比較：so expensive a house
    3. 限定詞 + such + 名詞
       一般不說such many,such much,such few,而說many such dogs,much such attention,few such cars. 因?yàn)閟uch修飾名詞宇葱，表示數(shù)量形容詞修飾such。其他可用such前面限定詞有:no,other,some,any,one(two,three...)等
• 結(jié)果狀語從句的簡化
  so...that,such..that,such that對應(yīng)不定式三種結(jié)構(gòu)：so...as to,such...as to,such as to.
  He was such a fool as to believe him.他是如此愚蠢刊头，竟然相信他黍瞧。
  He was so foolish as to believe him.他是如此愚蠢，竟然相信他原杂。
  Her voice was such as to make everyone stare.她的嗓音是如此難聽/大印颤，如果大家都盯著她看。（這里such相當(dāng)于 so + 形容詞穿肄，相當(dāng)于Her voice was so had as to make everyone stare或Her voice was so loud as to make everyone stare.根據(jù)上下文的意思選用相當(dāng)?shù)男稳菰~來改寫）
• 結(jié)果狀語從句的倒裝
  such/so...that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句年局，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，可將主句中的so或such引導(dǎo)的部分置于句首咸产，構(gòu)成倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)矢否。
  So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.光的傳播速度是如此之快，以至于我們無法想象它的速度脑溢。
  So terrible was the storm that the roofs were all ripped off.暴風(fēng)雪如此猛烈僵朗，以至于把整個屋頂都掀翻了。
  Such a fool was he that he believed her.他真是愚蠢，連她都相信验庙。
• 其他短語連詞的結(jié)果狀語從句
  to the degree(that),to the extent(that),to such a degree (that),to such an extent(that).放在句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)顶吮，主句同樣需要倒裝。
  To such an extent did he go on with his empty speech that some of began to doze.=
  He want on with his empty speech to such an extent that some of us began to doze.
  The bereaved mother was grieved to the degree that she couldn't eat anything for 3 days.這位痛失親人的母親是如此的悲痛壶谒，以至于連著三天沒吃東西云矫。

條件狀語從句

• 常用連詞if（如果）,unless（如果不/除非）。
  If winter comes,can spring be far behind?

• only if（只有）與if only（只要）

• must/have to do...if...be to do結(jié)構(gòu)（如果...必須...,那么就不得不）

• 其他連詞：suppose(that),supposing (that),providing/provided (that),so long as,as long as,on conditon that等汗菜。

• 其他條件意味句型：

  1. 祈使句/省略句 + and = if 從句 + 主句
     Spare the rod and spoil the child.
     = If you spare the rod, you'll spoil the child 孩子不打不成器。
     Give us 20 minutes and we will give you 10 years back!Let us help you realize your dreams!
     = If you give us 20 minutes, we will give you 10 years back! 給我20分鐘挑社，還你10歲年輕陨界，讓我們幫助你實(shí)現(xiàn)夢想。
  2. 祈使句/省略句 + or/or else = unless 從句 + 主句
     Give it back to me or (else) I'll tell your parents
     =Unless you give it back to me,I'll tell your parents.把它還給我痛阻，不然我就告訴你父親菌瘪。

讓步狀語從句

• 常用連詞有：though,although,even though,even if.主句前不可用but,但可用yet/still.
  Although he tried hard,(yet/still) he failed.盡管他努力了，但仍然失敗了阱当。
  Although I didn't know anybody at the party,I had a very good time.盡管聚會上的人我一個都不認(rèn)識俏扩，但我仍然玩得很愉快。
  The family is the essential presence-the thing that never leaves you,even if you find you have to leave it.對于每個人來說弊添，家是不可或缺的录淡，它永遠(yuǎn)為你守候，即使有一天發(fā)現(xiàn)你要離開它油坝。

• 表示讓步轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的介詞和副詞

  1. 介詞主要有：despite,in spite of,for all,notwithstanding,這些是介詞只能接名詞（短語）嫉戚，不能接從句。
     In spite of his inexperience,he did a very good job.
     In spite of his being inexperienced,he did a very good job.（動名詞短語）盡管他沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)澈圈，但是他表現(xiàn)得很不錯彬檀。

  2. 介詞后面還可以接what引導(dǎo)的名詞從句。
     Despite what he achieved in medicine,he remained modest.盡管他在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域取得了很多成就瞬女，但是他依然很謙虛窍帝。

     總結(jié)：表示讓步邏輯關(guān)系的介詞后面可以接：名詞、名詞短語诽偷、動名詞坤学、what從句；表示讓步關(guān)系連詞后面可以接完整陳述句渤刃、形容詞（相當(dāng)于省略名）拥峦、分詞（相當(dāng)于省略句）。

• 置于句首的while一般表示“盡管”卖子，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句

• no matter wh-
  可以用no matter + what,who,when,where,which,how或者whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever,whichever,however引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句略号，表示“無論”。除了however外，一般都單獨(dú)使用玄柠，however后面接形容詞或副詞突梦，不單獨(dú)使用。
  We have decided to do so,whatever happens.我已經(jīng)決定這么做了羽利，無論發(fā)生什么宫患。
  Whoever may trouble you,I will help you to the last.無底誰找你麻煩，我都會幫你到底这弧。
  But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were,they will look just like us.但是不管我們的后代對我們離烏托邦之遙遠(yuǎn)感是多么吃驚娃闲，他們的長相將和我們一樣。（amazed和however一同提到句首匾浪。）
  But no matter what has happened or what will happen,you will never lose your value in God's eyes.

• no matter wh-和however引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句皇帮，從句的謂語往往會有情態(tài)動詞may或might加強(qiáng)讓步語氣，有時甚至把may或might省去蛋辈，只剩下一個動詞原型属拾。
  Try as he will, no man breaks wholly loose from his first love,no matter who she be... We've only one virginity to lose and where we lost it there our hearts will be !不管怎么樣，沒有一個男人能夠完完全全忘卻自己的初戀冷溶，不管她是誰渐白。因?yàn)槲覀兊耐懼挥幸淮危覀冇肋h(yuǎn)不會忘記自己奉獻(xiàn)出來的第一次逞频。（no matter who she be 相當(dāng)于 no matter who she might be）

• as引導(dǎo)的倒閉句表示讓步

  
  
  1581928277899.png

1. 形容詞置句首
   Oldest in our workshop as he is,he works hardest.盡管他是我們車間最年長的一們纯衍，他工作起來最努力。
2. 副詞置句首
   Much as i respect him,I can not agree with him.雖然我非常尊重他虏劲，但我仍舊不同意他的意見托酸。
3. 分詞置句首
   Praised as he was,he remained modest.盡管他受到了表揚(yáng)，但仍然很謙虛柒巫。
4. 名詞置句首
   Child as he is,he is knowledgeable.他雖然還是個孩子励堡，但知識淵博。

• 動詞原型置句首

  1. 結(jié)構(gòu)為：v. + as + 主語 + 助動詞may,might,will,would,can,could,do,does,did）
     Fail as I did,I would never stop trying.盡管我失敗了堡掏，但我決不會停止嘗試应结。
     Try as he will,no man breaks wholly loose from his first love,........
  2. 若動詞是及物動詞，則賓語也隨著動詞提前：
     Lose money as I did,I got a lot of experience.盡管我費(fèi)了不少錢泉唁，但是獲得了很多經(jīng)驗(yàn)鹅龄。
  3. as可以替換為that或though,盡管較少這樣用，不可以用although亭畜。
     Odd though it sounds,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some...(though代替as來表示讓步)

• as/so + 形容詞 + as + 主謂結(jié)構(gòu)扮休，放在句首表示讓步（較少見）
  As much as john hates to do it,he must stay at home and study tonight.盡管約翰不愿意，但他今晚還得待在家里學(xué)習(xí)拴鸵。
  As amusing and perceptive as graffiti may sometimes be, it has by no means won universal approval.盡管涂鴉有時可以怡人情趣并發(fā)人深思玷坠，但它決不會贏得普通的認(rèn)同蜗搔。

• 由whether或however引導(dǎo)的讓步從句可以變成一個句首用be的倒裝句表示讓步
  All substances,be they gaseous,liquid or solid,are made up of atoms.一切物質(zhì)，不論是氣態(tài)八堡、液態(tài)還是固態(tài)樟凄，都是由原子構(gòu)成的。（原結(jié)構(gòu)：All substances,Whether they may be gaseous,liquid or solid,are made up of atoms）
  Be it ever so humble,there is no place like home.金窩銀窩兄渺，不如自己的草窩缝龄。（原結(jié)構(gòu)：However humble it may be,there is no place like home.）
  

比較狀語從句

• 前一個as是副詞，后一才as是比較狀語從句的連詞挂谍。

• as + 形容詞或副詞 + as
  The work is not as difficult as you think.這項(xiàng)工作不像你想象的那么難叔壤。

• as + 形容詞 + a(n) + 可數(shù)句詞單數(shù) + as
  前一個as修飾形容詞，這個形容詞又修飾一個名詞口叙，形容詞要置于不定冠詞之前百新。
  Rarely has a technological development had as great an impact on so many aspects of social,economic,and cultural development as the growth of electronics.很少有哪項(xiàng)科技的發(fā)展能像電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展這樣，對我們的社會庐扫、經(jīng)濟(jì)以及文化等諸多方面產(chǎn)生如此重要的影響。（原結(jié)構(gòu)是a great impact,另外注意整個句子是一個倒閉句）
  Americans tend to think from small to large. Let us take as simple an example as the addressing of envelopes.美國人的思維喜歡由小到大仗哨。我們舉一個寫信封地址的簡單例子吧形庭。（原結(jié)構(gòu)是 a simple example.）

• 否定句中的第一個as可用so代替。
  No other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth to public health as the United States does.沒有一個現(xiàn)代國家像美國這樣厌漂，只把自己的財(cái)富很少一部分投入到公共衛(wèi)生事業(yè)中去萨醒。

• 為了保持句子平衡，從句還可以用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)（as...as + 助動詞 + 主語）
  Small as it is,the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth.盡管螞蟻很小苇倡，但是它同地球上任何其他動物一樣富纸，也是一種動物。
  The computer revolution may well change society as fundamentally as did the Industrial Revolution.計(jì)算機(jī)革命對于我們?nèi)祟惿鐣母淖冎羁讨冀罚腿缤?dāng)年的工業(yè)革命一樣晓褪。

• as句型一：as much as結(jié)構(gòu)
  很多人把a(bǔ)s much as翻譯為“和...一樣多”是不對的，英語里往往表示兩個事物之間程度的比較综慎，表示“在同等程度上”涣仿。
  Small as it is,the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth.翻譯為“和...一樣”
  The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as are its soils and the water of its lakes,rivers and oceans.地球周圍的大氣層，就如同地球上的泥土及湖泊示惊、河流好港、海洋中的水一樣，都是地球的組成部分米罚。（as從句為一個倒閉結(jié)構(gòu)）钧汹。

• as句型二：not so much...as結(jié)構(gòu)
  用法特點(diǎn)：

  1. 結(jié)構(gòu)上有兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：not A so much as B或者not so much A as B
  2. 句型的基本含義為：“與其說A倒不如說B”或者“是B，而不是A”录择。實(shí)際翻譯中非常靈活（不是(A)...而是(B)...）拔莱。
  3. A與B是兩個被比較的平行結(jié)構(gòu)碗降，如：同為介詞短語、動詞不定式辨宠、名詞短語或其他平等結(jié)構(gòu)遗锣。

  Science moves forward,they say,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.他們說，科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼見嗤形，不如說源于改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等更為普通的東西精偿。
  It wasn't so much that I disliked her as that I just wasn't interested in the whole business.并不是因?yàn)槲也幌矚g他，而是因?yàn)槲覍φ麄€事情根本就不感興趣赋兵。
  The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning.學(xué)校教育的偉大作用不在于教會你多少東西笔咽，而在于教會你學(xué)習(xí)的技巧。

• as句型三：（just）as...,so結(jié)構(gòu)
  用法：

  1. 基本意思是“正如...,所以”
  2. 第二句可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

  Just as dark clouds connot log hide the sun,so no lies can cover up the fact.烏云遮不住太陽霹期，謊言掩蓋不了事實(shí)叶组。Just as food nourishes the body,so do books enrich the mind.食物滋養(yǎng)身體，書體豐富心靈历造。

• 連詞than的基本用法
  1甩十、兩個同類事物才可以比較，不是同類事物無法比較
  he is taller than i (am)
  the weather of the South is wetther than the North. 錯誤
  the weather fo South和the North是兩個截然不同的事物吭产，無法比較侣监，只能用南方的天氣和北方的天氣這兩個同類事物才能比較
  2、主句中必須有比較級形式出現(xiàn)
  there are few electronic applications more likely to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities than rebots.很少有任何一項(xiàng)電子技術(shù)的應(yīng)用能夠像機(jī)器人這樣,引起了人們對未來就業(yè)機(jī)會的恐慌臣淤。
  ３橄霉、為保持句子平衡，從句可以全部或部分倒裝
  結(jié)構(gòu)如下：than+助動詞＋主語
  On the whole,ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition
  Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics "have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S-born whites and blacks".在海外出生的亞洲人和西班牙人的通婚率“比出生在美國的白人和黑人的通婚率要高”邑蒋。
  Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because,as marine animals,they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion.與地球上的其他生物相比姓蜂，魚龍的尸骨更容易保存，因?yàn)樽鳛樗镆降酰鼈兊纳瞽h(huán)境不易使生物的遺體腐爛钱慢。

• no more...than結(jié)構(gòu)
  用法特點(diǎn)：

  1. 結(jié)構(gòu)上：no more...than = not...any more than
  2. 功能上：表示兩個事物之間的類比關(guān)系，than后面從句中的事物來作比遮咖，以闡明than前面的主句所表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)滩字。
  3. 意思上：基本意思是“同...一樣不”，翻譯時有兩種選擇：
     先譯主句后譯than引導(dǎo)從句御吞，即“...不能...麦箍，就如同（than引導(dǎo)的從句）...不能...一樣”；
     先譯than引導(dǎo)從句后譯主句陶珠，即“正如（than從句）...不能...挟裂，所以...同樣不能...”；
  4. than后面的句子為肯定形式揍诽，但要譯成否定意思诀蓉。

  There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take,any more than they can limit how much water you drink.正如他們沒有理由限制你每天喝多少水一樣栗竖，他們也絕對沒有理由限制你的維生素的攝入量。
  The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach,for they are both controlled by the brain.心臟和胃同樣都不具有智慧渠啤，因?yàn)樗鼈兌际艽竽X的控制狐肢。
  A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears.傻瓜看不到自己的愚蠢，就像他看不到自己的耳朵一樣沥曹。
  Unmerited praise is no more honor than deserved blame is.不該得到的表揚(yáng)和應(yīng)該受批評一樣不光彩份名。

• 表示倍數(shù)比較的三種句型結(jié)構(gòu)
  表示倍數(shù)關(guān)系的連詞：time和twice
  1.“倍數(shù)+比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)：A is three times bigger(或其他形容詞的比較級) than B
  2.“倍數(shù)+as...as”結(jié)構(gòu)：A is three times as big(或其他形容詞原級) as B
  3.“倍數(shù)+名詞“結(jié)構(gòu)：A is three times the size(或其他形容詞對應(yīng)的名詞形式) of B

• the more...,the more句型結(jié)構(gòu)
  表示“越...,越...”,將分句中的某個成分變?yōu)楸容^級之后提到句首，這個比較級部分必須是各自的分 句中充當(dāng)一定的成分妓美。

1. 句中錯誤僵腺，比較級部分沒有在句中充當(dāng)成分。
2. 句正確比較級部分在句中做狀語壶栋。
3. 句中比較級部分在分句中充當(dāng)表語辰如，相當(dāng)于your words are more exact;it is easier for people to understand you。
4. 句中比較級部分在分句中充當(dāng)賓語贵试，也是正確的琉兜。
   前半部分為從句，后半部分是主句毙玻，這就是為什么前半句常用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)呕童，后半句用一般將來時態(tài)，類似其他狀語從句“主句用將來時淆珊，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時”的規(guī)則，別外奸汇，翻譯成漢語時施符，一般先譯從句，后譯主句擂找。

• A is to B what/as C is to D結(jié)構(gòu)
  表示事物之間的類比關(guān)系戳吝，字面意思為：“A與B之間的關(guān)系，就類似于C和D之間的關(guān)系”贯涎。
  The people is to the people's army what water is to fish.軍民魚水情（人民與人民軍隊(duì)之間的關(guān)系听哭，就像魚和水的關(guān)系一樣）
  Case study is to harvard what the Leaning Tower is to Pisa.案例數(shù)學(xué)之于哈弗大學(xué)，就如同比薩斜塔之于比薩一樣著名塘雳。
  Personality is to man what perfume is to flower.人的品格陆盘，猶如花的芳香。

  這一句型有一個變體結(jié)構(gòu)："what/as C is to D,so is A to B或A is to B"
  As wather is to fish,so is the peole to the people's army.軍民魚水情
  As blood vessel is to a man's body,so is railway is to transportation.人體的血管對于整個人體來說败明，就如同鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)對于交通一樣重要隘马。

方式狀語從句

• 連詞：as,like,as if,as though,the way等
  When in Rome,do as the Romans do 入鄉(xiāng)隨俗
  Do it the way you were taught 按照教給你的那樣做
  He looks as though/as if he is an actor 他看上去像一個演員

  like用法，這段話很經(jīng)典：
  Work like you don't need the money.
  Love like you've never been hurt.
  Dance like nobody's watching.
  Sing like nobody's listening.
  Live like it's heaven on earth.
  去工作吧妻顶，猶如你不需要金錢酸员。
  去愛吧蜒车，猶如你從未曾被傷害過。
  去舞蹈吧幔嗦，猶如無人在一旁觀看酿愧。
  去歌唱吧，猶如無人在一邊諦聽邀泉。
  熱愛生活吧嬉挡，猶如這里是人間樂土。

• as引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句
  as引導(dǎo)狀語從句修飾句子的謂語部分呼渣。
  Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christion,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,and so on.我們所使用的“教派”一詞指所有宗教團(tuán)體棘伴，不管他們是基督教、伊斯蘭教屁置、佛教還是猶太教等焊夸。（be they為讓步狀語倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)）

• as引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句可倒裝
  結(jié)構(gòu)一般為："as + 助動詞 + 主語",as往往是代替被省略的謂語部分。
  Some Asian nations and regions reiterated their opposition to a war,as did many of their citizens who worry Bush has already given up on hopes for a peaceful resolution to the crisis.一些亞洲國家和地區(qū)重申了他們反對戰(zhàn)爭的立場蓝角，他們的許多公民也持同樣的立場阱穗，因?yàn)樗麄儞?dān)心小布什已經(jīng)放棄了和平解決這一危機(jī)的希望。（as后從句為倒裝，謂語被省略熊响，應(yīng)該是as many of their citizens...reiterated their opposition to a war.）
  Short-term memory is weakened,as are abilities to make decision and to concentrate.瞬間記憶的能力會下降宙刘，決策力和集中力同樣也會減弱。（as從句為倒裝鲁僚，完整句子相當(dāng)于：as abilities to make decision and to concentrate are weakened.）

• as的特殊用法：用于否定結(jié)構(gòu)
  一般as翻譯成“正如”，否定結(jié)構(gòu)不這樣翻譯裁厅。否定句有兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：

  1. as前面句子是否定的冰沙，as所在的句子本身是肯定的。（as譯為“不像”）
     He is not arguing,as many do,that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.他并沒有像許多人那樣执虹，認(rèn)為因?yàn)槲覀冊捳f得不好拓挥，就不會正確地思維了。
     Far from advocating a withdrawal from American culture,as did some of his contemporaries,he recommended a cultural pluralism through which artists could enrich the culture of America.
     他并沒有像同時代的人那樣提倡與美國文化完全分離袋励，而是主張一種文化多元主義侥啤，藝術(shù)家們借此可以豐富美國文化。(隨然沒有否定詞not茬故，但far from表示否定,as后面結(jié)構(gòu)為倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))
  2. as前面句子是肯定的盖灸，as所在的句子本身是否定的。（as譯為“但磺芭，然而”）
     A sob rolled up in me. I flung up my hands and cried as I never had in my life.此時我非常想哭,于是我就用雙手捂住臉,大聲哭起來,而我以前從未這么哭過糠雨。
     He could love the child as he did not love Charles.他可以愛上這個孩子，然而他卻不愛查爾斯徘跪。