今日導(dǎo)讀
人類對(duì)于宇宙的探索從未止步。前不久耿焊，美國國家航空航天局 NASA 宣布诚镰，計(jì)劃在未來 5 年中重新登陸月球奕坟。同時(shí)祥款，美國計(jì)劃在 2033 年將宇航員送上火星。而這些都需要宇航員能夠在長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的太空環(huán)境中保持一個(gè)健康的身體狀態(tài)月杉。為了考察長(zhǎng)期太空飛行是否會(huì)對(duì)人體產(chǎn)生傷害刃跛，NASA 開展了長(zhǎng)達(dá) 27 個(gè)月的凱利雙胞胎研究，并在最近發(fā)布了研究結(jié)果苛萎。結(jié)果如何奠伪？讓我們一起跟著 Roxy 老師一起來看看《華盛頓郵報(bào)》的這篇新聞。
新聞原文
NASA Kelly twins study shows harsh effects of space flight and a brutal return to Earth
The Washington Post
Astronaut Scott Kelly made himself a guinea pig for all the people who dream of human journeys to Mars and other destinations in space. In 2015, Kelly rode a rocket into space and spent nearly a year on the International Space Station in low Earth orbit, while his identical twin brother, Mark Kelly, stayed on Earth's surface for NASA's celebrated "twins study, " designed to see what spaceflight does to the human body.
The full results, published Thursday in the journal Science, showed that Scott Kelly experienced numerous physiological and chromosomal changes during his long sojourn in orbit, including changes in gene expression. His immune system went on high alert, both when he went to space and upon returning to Earth. His body acted as if it were under attack.
One of the most dramatic findings concerned epigenetics — how genes are turned on or off to produce proteins. Gene expression changed in both Kellys during the study but in significantly different ways. The study found that more than 90 percent of Scott Kelly's gene expression changes reverted to normal when he returned to the surface.
His telomeres lengthened in space. But that's no fountain of youth, the study found, because the telomeres shortened dramatically when he returned to Earth.
Months later, he still showed a slightly elevated number of cells with shortened telomeres, possibly an effect of radiation exposure. "He might be at some increased risk for cardiovascular disease or some types of cancer, " said Susan Bailey, a biologist at Colorado State University who led one of the investigations in the study.
帶著問題聽講解
什么是 epigenetics首懈？
在太空飛行后，宇航員的身體發(fā)生了什么樣的變化谨敛？
這次研究中最引人注目的一點(diǎn)是什么究履？
新聞?wù)?/h3>
NASA Kelly twins study shows harsheffects of space flight and a brutalreturn to Earth
美國航空航天局凱利雙胞胎研究顯示，太空飛行和直接返回地球（會(huì)對(duì)人體）產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重影響
美國航空航天局凱利雙胞胎研究顯示，太空飛行和直接返回地球（會(huì)對(duì)人體）產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重影響
Astronaut Scott Kelly made himself a guinea pig for all the people who dream of human journeys to Mars and other destinations in space. In 2015, Kelly rode a rocket into space and spent nearly a year on the International Space Station in low Earth orbit, while his identical twin brother, Mark Kelly, stayed on Earth's surface for NASA's celebrated "twins study," designed to see what spaceflight does to the human body.
為了所有那些夢(mèng)想前往火星或者太空中的其它目的地的人脸狸，宇航員斯科特·凱利把自己變成了試驗(yàn)品最仑。2015 年，凱利乘坐火箭前往太空炊甲，并在近地軌道上的國際空間站待了近一年泥彤。與此同時(shí)，為了進(jìn)行美國航空航天局著名的“雙胞胎研究”卿啡，他的孿生兄弟吟吝，馬克·凱利，留在了地球表面颈娜。該研究旨在了解太空飛行對(duì)人體的影響剑逃。
The full results, published Thursday in the journal Science, showed that Scott Kelly experienced numerous physiological and chromosomalchanges during his long sojourn in orbit, including changes in gene expression. His immune system went on high alert, both when he went to space and upon returning to Earth. His body acted as if it were under attack.
周四發(fā)布在《科學(xué)》期刊上的完整結(jié)果顯示，斯科特·凱利在（近地）軌道長(zhǎng)期逗留期間官辽，經(jīng)歷了許多生理上的和染色體上的變化蛹磺，其中包括基因表達(dá)上的變化。在他去往太空和回到地球后同仆，他的免疫系統(tǒng)都處于高度戒備狀態(tài)萤捆。他的身體好像是在遭受到攻擊一樣。
One of the most dramatic findings concerned epigenetics — how genes are turned on or off to produce proteins. Gene expression changed in both Kellys during the study but in significantly different ways. The study found that more than 90 percent of Scott Kelly's gene expression changes reverted to normal when he returned to the surface.
最引人注目的結(jié)果之一和表觀遺傳學(xué)有關(guān)俗批，表觀遺傳學(xué)展示了基因是如何被表達(dá)或被阻遏以產(chǎn)生蛋白質(zhì)的俗或。在研究期間，凱利兩兄弟體內(nèi)的基因表達(dá)都發(fā)生了變化扶镀，但是方式大相徑庭蕴侣。研究顯示，當(dāng)斯科特回到地面時(shí)臭觉，他體內(nèi)超過 90%的基因表達(dá)變化恢復(fù)到了正常狀態(tài)昆雀。
His telomeres lengthened in space. But that's no fountain of youth, the study found, because the telomeres shortened dramatically when he returned to Earth.
他的（染色體）端粒在太空中變長(zhǎng)了辱志。但是研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，這并沒有使他重獲年輕狞膘，因?yàn)楫?dāng)他返回地球時(shí)揩懒，端粒又急劇縮短了。
Months later, he still showed a slightly elevated number of cells with shortened telomeres, possibly an effect of radiation exposure. "He might be at some increased risk for cardiovascular disease or some types of cancer," said Susan Bailey, a biologist at Colorado State University who led one of the investigations in the study.
幾個(gè)月后挽封，斯科特·凱利體內(nèi)的端粒變短的細(xì)胞數(shù)量依舊稍有增加已球，這可能是因?yàn)椋ㄋ┍┞对诹溯椛湎隆辅愿？屏_拉多州立大學(xué)的生物學(xué)家蘇珊·貝利領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了該研究中一個(gè)項(xiàng)目智亮，她表示：“他患有心血管疾病或某些癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可能會(huì)有所增加〉愦”
重點(diǎn)詞匯
harsh
/hɑ?r?/
adj. 刺激的阔蛉；嚴(yán)重的；令人不快的
e.g.
搭配短語：harsh lighting（adj. 過于強(qiáng)烈癞埠、刺激的）
英文釋義：severe, cruel or unkind
搭配短語：harsh criticism
搭配短語：harsh words
brutal
/?bru?tl/
adj. 殘忍的状原；直截了當(dāng)?shù)?br>
e.g.
搭配短語：a brutal murder
英文釋義：disagreeably direct and precise
例句：She spoke to me with brutal honesty, "I don't want to see you again!"
guinea pig
豚鼠；實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象苗踪，供做實(shí)驗(yàn)的人
e.g.
英文釋義：a person used in experiments
例句：They're asking for students to be guinea pigs for the new teaching methods.
orbit
/???rb?t/
n.（天體圍繞行星或恒星運(yùn)行的）軌道
e.g.
搭配短語：the earth’s orbit around the sun
identical
/a??dent?kl/
adj. 完全相同的颠区；極為相似的
e.g.
英文釋義：exactly the same, or very similar
例句：He's got three identical T-shirts.
physiological
/?f?zi??lɑ?d??kl/
adj. 生理學(xué)的
e.g.
相關(guān)詞匯：physiology（n. 生理學(xué)）
搭配短語：physiological reactions
chromosomal
/?kro?m??so?m?l/
adj. 染色體的
e.g.
相關(guān)詞匯：chromosome（n. 染色體）
例句：Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomesin their cells.
搭配短語：chromosomal abnormalities
sojourn
/?so?d???rn/
n. 逗留，停留
e.g.
英文釋義：a period when a person stays in a particular place
搭配短語：a week's sojourn in Paris
go on high alert
高度戒備通铲，高度警戒
e.g.
相關(guān)詞匯：alert（n. 警戒毕莱，戒備）
相關(guān)短語：put/be on high alert
例句：With the war looming, the troops went on high alert.
epigenetics
/?ep?d???net?ks/
n. 表觀遺傳學(xué)
e.g.
詞根詞綴：epi-（在...之上）
詞根詞綴：-tics（一般指某個(gè)科學(xué)學(xué)科）
相關(guān)詞匯：genetics（n. 遺傳學(xué)）
revert to
回到，恢復(fù)
e.g.
英文釋義：go back to sth.
例句：After her divorce she reverted to her maiden name.
telomere
/?tel?m?r/
n. 端粒
e.g.
英文釋義：a compound structure at the end of a chromosome
*更多講解見今日“拓展內(nèi)容”
lengthen
/?le?θ?n/
v. 延長(zhǎng)颅夺，拉長(zhǎng)央串，加長(zhǎng)，變長(zhǎng)
e.g.
相關(guān)詞匯：length（n. 長(zhǎng)度）
英文釋義：get longer
反義詞：shorten（v. 變短）
例句：The days lengthened as summer approached.
elevated
/?el?ve?t?d/
adj. 提高的碗啄，升高的
e.g.
相關(guān)詞匯：elevate（v. 升高质和，提高）
相關(guān)詞匯：elevator（n. 升降電梯）
近義詞：raised
搭配短語：keep my feet elevated
exposure
/?k?spo???r/
n. 接觸；面臨稚字；遭受
e.g.
相關(guān)詞匯：expose（v. 暴露饲宿，接觸）
例句：You should limit your exposure to the sun.
cardiovascular
/?kɑ?rdio??v?skj?l?r/
adj. 心血管的
e.g.
相關(guān)詞匯：cardio（n. 有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)）
詞根詞綴：cardio-（跟心臟有關(guān)的）
相關(guān)詞匯：vascular（adj. 血管的）
補(bǔ)充詞匯知識(shí)
NASA
美國國家航空航天局
全稱：The National Aeronautics and Space Administration
space flight
太空飛行
make oneself sth.
把…變成…
destination
n. 目的地
celebrated
adj. 著名的，有名的
近義詞：famous
numerous
adj. 數(shù)量多的
近義詞：many
including
prep. 包括
immune system
免疫系統(tǒng)
upon sth.
一…就…
as if
似乎胆描，好像
concerned
adj. 和… 相關(guān)
搭配短語：as far as I am concerned
turn on
表達(dá)瘫想，激活
turn off
阻遏
近義詞：repress
gene regulation
基因調(diào)控
fountain
n. 來源
英文釋義：source
相關(guān)詞匯：fountain （n. 噴泉、泉水）
slightly
adv. 稍微地
at risk
處于危險(xiǎn)之中
長(zhǎng)難句解析
In 2015, Kelly rode a rocket into space and spent nearly a year on the International Space Station in low Earth orbit, while his identical twin brother, Mark Kelly, stayed on Earth's surface for NASA's celebrated "twins study," designed to see what spaceflight does to the human body.
2015 年昌讲，凱利乘坐火箭前往太空国夜，并在近地軌道上的國際空間站待了近一年。與此同時(shí)短绸，為了進(jìn)行美國航空航天局著名的“雙胞胎研究”车吹，他的孿生兄弟筹裕，馬克·凱利，留在了地球表面窄驹。該研究旨在了解太空飛行對(duì)人體的影響朝卒。
這句話由一系列并列句組成，第一部分是 Kelly rode a rocket into space and spent nearly a year on the International Space Station in low Earth orbit乐埠，第二部分是 while his identical twin brother, Mark Kelly, stayed on Earth's surface for NASA's celebrated "twins study," 逗號(hào)后的部分省略了定語從句的關(guān)系詞和謂語 that was 或者 which was抗斤，完整的說法是 for NASA's celebrated "twins study", that/which was designed to see what sapceflight does to the human body，其中 what spaceflight does to the human body 為名詞性從句丈咐。
The full results, published Thursday in the journal Science, showed that Scott Kelly experienced numerous physiological and chromosomal changes during his long sojourn in orbit, including changes in gene expression.
周四發(fā)布在《科學(xué)》期刊上的完整結(jié)果顯示瑞眼，斯科特·凱利在（近地）軌道長(zhǎng)期逗留期間，經(jīng)歷了許多生理上的和染色體上的變化棵逊，其中包括基因表達(dá)上的變化负拟。
句子的主干是 The full results showed sth. ，published Thursday in the journal Science 為插入語歹河，that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句that Scott Kelly experienced numerous physiological and chromosomal changes during his long sojourn in orbit 就是句子的的賓語 sth.，在這里是研究結(jié)果的具體內(nèi)容花吟，逗號(hào)后的 including changes in gene expression 作同位語秸歧，補(bǔ)充說明了具體的變化。
學(xué)習(xí)資源
發(fā)表在《科學(xué)》期刊上的文章鏈接：
NASA 雙胞胎實(shí)驗(yàn)的官方網(wǎng)站：
推薦的查音標(biāo)網(wǎng)站：
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com（牛津?qū)W習(xí)者詞典）
英文引號(hào)的正確用法：[圖片上傳失敗...(image-250357-1557044942001)]
拓展閱讀
染色體端粒與人體衰老
在生物的細(xì)胞核中衅澈，載有遺傳信息的線狀物質(zhì)被稱為“染色體”键菱，主要由 DNA 和蛋白質(zhì)組成，指導(dǎo)著生物的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育今布。而端粒就存在于染色體末端经备，可將其類比為鞋帶兩端防止磨損的塑料套，像塑料套保護(hù)鞋帶一樣保護(hù)染色體部默。它能防止染色體相互粘連侵蒙，保護(hù)染色體上 DNA 的完整。
端粒被科學(xué)家們稱為生命體的“分子時(shí)鐘”傅蹂。研究表明纷闺，染色體端粒的縮短與人體衰老有關(guān)。每次細(xì)胞分裂時(shí)端粒都會(huì)縮短份蝴，細(xì)胞分裂次數(shù)越多犁功，端粒就縮短得越多。當(dāng)它們變得太短時(shí)婚夫，細(xì)胞就無法繼續(xù)分裂浸卦，并逐漸邁向死亡。
此外案糙，有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)限嫌，空氣污染靴庆、吸煙、壓抑酗酒萤皂、運(yùn)動(dòng)少撒穷、睡眠不足、心情煩悶等均能加速細(xì)胞染色體端榴晌酰縮短端礼。可見入录，健康的生活方式能夠延緩衰老蛤奥。
