李長(zhǎng)栓 北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)高級(jí)翻譯學(xué)院

理想的翻譯模式是把外語(yǔ)翻譯為母語(yǔ)桥爽，這是因?yàn)椋?“even years of study and experience do not necessarily enable one to be completely at home with an acquired language,” (Sofer 1998)（一個(gè)人即使學(xué)習(xí)和使用外語(yǔ)多年，也不一定能夠完全達(dá)到自如的程度）。但實(shí)際情況是，如果一個(gè)國(guó)家的政治失晴、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化等處于劣勢(shì)涂屁，學(xué)習(xí)該國(guó)語(yǔ)言的外國(guó)人就會(huì)很少，其中愿意從事該語(yǔ)言翻譯的人更少胯陋。而這些弱勢(shì)國(guó)家出于政治袱箱、經(jīng)貿(mào)和文化交流的需要遏乔，往往要把大量的文獻(xiàn)譯為外語(yǔ)，依賴外國(guó)人翻譯是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的发笔，所以盟萨，大多數(shù)情況下需要由本國(guó)人把文獻(xiàn)資料從母語(yǔ)翻譯為外語(yǔ)。正如Campbell（1998）所說(shuō)的了讨，“for many parts of the world, translation into the second language is a regular and accepted practice”（在世界很多地方捻激，譯為第二語(yǔ)言是一項(xiàng)常規(guī)和人們所接受的做法）制轰。

與英語(yǔ)相比，漢語(yǔ)處于劣勢(shì)胞谭，雖然隨著中國(guó)國(guó)力的增強(qiáng)垃杖，學(xué)習(xí)漢語(yǔ)的人越來(lái)越多，但短期內(nèi)漢譯英的工作由中國(guó)人自己做的局面不會(huì)有根本性改變丈屹。對(duì)于十分重要的文件调俘，頂多最后由外國(guó)人在語(yǔ)言上把把關(guān)。

許多人的研究表明旺垒，外語(yǔ)水平難以達(dá)到自如彩库，除其他原因外，主要是沒(méi)有掌握足夠的英語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)先蒋、搭配和句套子（idioms, collocations and sentence stems）骇钦。
　　
　　英語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)經(jīng)常是比喻性質(zhì)的，其組成部分不能隨意替換竞漾，如bark up the wrong tree, have sticky fingers等眯搭。

搭配分為兩類(lèi)，一是語(yǔ)法搭配（grammatical collocations）畴蹭，二是詞匯搭配（lexical collocations）（Benson等1997）坦仍。語(yǔ)法搭配是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，由一個(gè)主導(dǎo)詞（dominant word），即名詞唉侄、形容詞和動(dòng)詞油航，加一個(gè)介詞或不定式、從句等語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)組成梳玫，如account for, apathy towards, offer to help, a pleasure to do something, and afraid that it would rain.

詞匯搭配不包括介詞右犹、不定式或從句等，而是由名詞盼忌、形容詞谦纱、動(dòng)詞和副詞構(gòu)成跨嘉，如strong tea, rough estimates, readily available, sorely needed, deeply absorbed. 詞匯搭配比成語(yǔ)更為靈活（如sorely needed 也可以說(shuō)badly needed）祠乃，但比單詞的自由組合更為固定。所謂自由組合琴拧，是指只要符合語(yǔ)法規(guī)則艾蓝，就可以幾乎不受限制地進(jìn)行組合赢织。如于置，與put搭配的賓語(yǔ)可以是任何物體八毯；run表示“管理”的意思時(shí)瞄桨，其賓語(yǔ)的選擇范圍雖受到一定限制芯侥，但仍可以在意思上歸納為任何可以管理的機(jī)構(gòu)柱查，如business, institution等唉工。

經(jīng)典中譯英操作——遣詞造句（２）

句套子是指一個(gè)句子的骨架（也叫sentence builders, lexicalized sentence stems）淋硝，如 at the heart of … is …, demand for … is high, with all the…, it should be no surprise that …, to be sorry to have kept you waiting, there’s no doubt that X or my point here is X.

另外谣膳，還有一些固定的短語(yǔ)和句子参歹，似乎無(wú)法歸入以上各類(lèi)隆判，如by the way, Can I help you?等。

研究認(rèn)為捂襟，人們?cè)诒磉_(dá)思想時(shí)葬荷， 遵守“成語(yǔ)優(yōu)先原則”（idiom principle）宠漩，即首先選用語(yǔ)言中業(yè)已存在的表達(dá)方式懊直，當(dāng)找不到現(xiàn)有的表達(dá)方式時(shí)室囊，再使用自由選擇原則（open-choice principle）融撞，即根據(jù)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則創(chuàng)造新的表達(dá)方式尝偎。業(yè)已存在的表達(dá)方式就是指成語(yǔ)冬念、搭配、句套子等醒陆。我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)時(shí)刨摩，傳統(tǒng)上強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則澡刹，按照語(yǔ)法規(guī)則造句罢浇，沒(méi)有遵循成語(yǔ)優(yōu)先的原則嚷闭，導(dǎo)致語(yǔ)言不符合習(xí)慣胞锰。
但現(xiàn)在的問(wèn)題是嗅榕，盡管我們知道應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循成語(yǔ)優(yōu)先的原則凌那，我們卻沒(méi)有足夠的“成語(yǔ)”（包括成語(yǔ)帽蝶、搭配和句套子）可供使用嘲碱，無(wú)論在口頭表達(dá)麦锯、寫(xiě)作或翻譯時(shí)都是如此。

表達(dá)和寫(xiě)作當(dāng)然要符合英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣鹅巍，翻譯是否一定要符合英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣呢骆捧？我想這是不言而喻的敛苇。從古到今枫攀，無(wú)論中國(guó)的翻譯家来涨，還是外國(guó)的翻譯家都提出過(guò)很多種翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)蹦掐，其中都強(qiáng)調(diào)了譯文要符合譯入語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣，如“信”堕阔、“達(dá)”、“雅”中的“達(dá)”浦马，“忠實(shí)”晶默、“通順”中的“通順”磺陡；紐馬克（1988）也說(shuō)過(guò)币他，在進(jìn)行交流性翻譯（不是字面翻譯）時(shí)蝴悉，無(wú)論翻譯的是信息性文本瘾敢、通知或廣告簇抵，“自然”（naturalness）都是至關(guān)重要的碟摆。

紐馬克的結(jié)論是：“所以，如果目的語(yǔ)不是譯者慣用的語(yǔ)言拓劝，就沒(méi)有辦法翻譯好郑临∠岫矗”（That is why you cannot translate properly if the TL is not your language of habitual usage.”）然而躺翻，我們面臨的工作恰恰是無(wú)法做好的工作。

從以上論述可以看出踊淳，外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者所缺乏的不是語(yǔ)法知識(shí)迂尝，而是慣用表達(dá)方法垄开。語(yǔ)法知識(shí)是有限的税肪，容易在短時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握益兄，而慣用表達(dá)方法的數(shù)量要大得多净捅，短時(shí)間內(nèi)充分掌握有很大困難。為此神汹，一方面我們?cè)谕庹Z(yǔ)教學(xué)中應(yīng)充分重視慣用表達(dá)方法屁魏，另一方面氓拼，對(duì)于翻譯專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)生以及廣大從事中英翻譯實(shí)踐的人士來(lái)說(shuō)桃漾，由于沒(méi)有時(shí)間專(zhuān)門(mén)學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)撬统，必須學(xué)會(huì)在翻譯中提高自己的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力恋追，使我們譯文盡量符合英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。

經(jīng)典中譯英操作——遣詞造句（３）

我在《因特網(wǎng)在翻譯中的妙用》一文中嗅绸，向大家介紹了用因特網(wǎng)查找專(zhuān)有名詞鱼鸠、技術(shù)性術(shù)語(yǔ)以及回譯的方法蚀狰，在這篇文章中，我將向大家介紹用什么手段解決英語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣問(wèn)題撼唾，重點(diǎn)介紹翻譯時(shí)如何確定句子骨架和詞語(yǔ)搭配倒谷。根據(jù)我的實(shí)踐和教學(xué)渤愁，我提出以下幾個(gè)操作步驟：

1． 確定句子的關(guān)鍵詞

2． 根據(jù)漢英詞典查找關(guān)鍵詞的英語(yǔ)譯法

3． 根據(jù)英英詞典檢驗(yàn)關(guān)鍵詞的英語(yǔ)譯法是否符合特定上下文的意思抖格；如果不符合……

4． 根據(jù)英語(yǔ)同義詞詞典尋找更為貼切的譯法

5．根據(jù)英語(yǔ)搭配（用法）詞典、語(yǔ)料庫(kù)等電子手段等確定該關(guān)鍵詞的語(yǔ)法搭配（句型）收奔、詞匯搭配坪哄，從而確定譯入語(yǔ)句子框架

6． 把原文各個(gè)組成部分按照語(yǔ)法要求逐項(xiàng)納入該句子框架势篡，注意各成分內(nèi)部的搭配

當(dāng)然念祭，并非翻譯每個(gè)句子都要遵守以上步驟棒卷。如果對(duì)各種句子結(jié)構(gòu)、搭配都很熟悉若厚、有把握测秸，當(dāng)然不需要每個(gè)地方都查霎冯。這些步驟是遇到問(wèn)題時(shí)的解決方法沈撞。

下面舉例說(shuō)明缠俺。 比如壹士，翻譯下面一句話：

中國(guó)政府歡迎外國(guó)私人資本參與中國(guó)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)建設(shè)

原譯：The Chinese government welcomes private foreign capital to invest in China’s infrastructure development and basic industries.

本句話中關(guān)鍵的動(dòng)詞是“歡迎”躏救，根據(jù)我們已有的英語(yǔ)知識(shí)，翻譯為welcome應(yīng)該不會(huì)有問(wèn)題七嫌，所以抄瑟，我們可以直接用搭配（用法）詞典查welcome的用法。下面是The Collins Cobuild Student’s Dictionary Online 對(duì)welcome一詞用法的解釋?zhuān)?/p>

1. If you welcome someone, you greet them in a friendly way when they arrive.
　　　He moved eagerly towards the door to welcome his visitor.
　　　Welcome n.
　　　I was given a warm welcome by the President.

2. You can say `Welcome' to someone who has just arrived.
　　　Welcome to Peking.
　　　Welcome back.

3. If someone is welcome in a place, people are pleased when they come there.
　　　All members of the public are welcome.

4. If you tell someone that they are welcome to do something, you are encouraging them to do it.
　　　You will always be welcome to come back.

5. If you welcome something new, you approve of it and support it.
　　　I warmly welcomed his proposal.

6. If something that happens or occurs is welcome, you are pleased about it or approve of it.
　　　This is a welcome development.

可以看出，動(dòng)詞welcome有6種用法贺纲，我們使用welcome一詞時(shí)褪测，應(yīng)符合這6種用法之一。根據(jù)本句所需表達(dá)的意思乖杠，我們可以選擇第4項(xiàng)胧洒、第5項(xiàng)或第6項(xiàng)用法作為句子框架：

第4項(xiàng)用法：Someone is welcome to do something.

改譯1. Private foreign investors are welcome to invest in China’s infrastructure and basic industries.

為符合該句型的要求卫漫，我們把“物”（資本）改為“人”（投資者）列赎。原文的主語(yǔ)“中國(guó)政府”沒(méi)地方加入包吝，但這可以從上下文推斷出來(lái)漏策，所以，不譯也可以储矩。如果你不知道“基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施”的英語(yǔ)是infrastructure持隧，而是直接譯為basic facilities屡拨，需要上網(wǎng)查一查有沒(méi)有這個(gè)搭配褥实。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)有這一說(shuō)法呀狼，意思與該句相符，理應(yīng)不算錯(cuò)损离「缤В基礎(chǔ)產(chǎn)業(yè)是否basic industries？上網(wǎng)查一查也發(fā)現(xiàn)有這一搭配僻澎。

第5項(xiàng)用法：Someone welcomes something.

改譯2. The Chinese government welcomes private foreign investments in China’s infrastructure and basic industries.

第6項(xiàng)用法：Something is welcome.

改譯3. Private foreign investments are welcome in the development of China’s infrastructure and basic industries.

是否可以用A welcomes B to do something貌踏？這似乎是我們期待的句型十饥，但字典中卻沒(méi)有說(shuō)明。如果存在這一句型祖乳，則本句也可以翻譯為：

改譯4. The Chinese government welcomes private foreign investors to invest in China’s infrastructure and basic industries.

經(jīng)典中譯英操作——遣詞造句（４）

我們可以用Google搜索“welcomes *** to”（一個(gè)*號(hào)代表任意一個(gè)單詞凡资，以此控制welcome與to之間的單詞數(shù)目），發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)場(chǎng)合是to welcome someone to some place，以及to welcome something弟灼，如：

1. President Bush Welcomes Prime Minister Sharon to White House

2. Dr Dreary welcomes you to Creep Street!

3. UNFPA Welcomes Anglo-Dutch Action to Avert Condom Crisis

4. VLADIMIR PUTIN WELCOMES U.S. DECISION TO RECOGNIZE RUSSIA AS MARKET ECONOMY

也有個(gè)別例子用句型to welcome someone to do something:

1. The Chinese government welcomes students studying abroad to return and develop their careers at home, Vice Minister of Personnel Shu Huiguo said Sunday.

2. Sidhu welcomes visitors who are interested to come and watch the performance of this talented martial artist.

鑒于我們無(wú)法斷定這樣的用法是否來(lái)自英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的媒體，我們可以用英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的語(yǔ)料庫(kù)，如Collins Cobuild Concordance Sampler 進(jìn)一步搜索welcome的用法。檢索結(jié)果與Google搜索結(jié)果類(lèi)似调缨。我做了這樣的檢索：

輸入檢索welcome作為動(dòng)詞的例句，在所顯示的40個(gè)索引行中發(fā)現(xiàn)只有一句可以歸入to welcome someone to do something的句型：Judge Sporkin today said, “I welcome you back to sue Exxon. For…”

輸入搜索welcome+人稱代詞＋動(dòng)詞不定式的例句默责，結(jié)果為：

1. s Eve. She knows that no one will welcome her to share the festivities and

2. aloof. Here, everybody else had welcomed me to take photographs of their

3. Act as an historic village and we welcome you to join us on a special tour

經(jīng)典0中譯英操作——遣詞造句（５）

用檢索動(dòng)詞welcome+一個(gè)名詞＋不定式的用法媒熊，其中符合welcome someone to do something的例句有：

1. policy. We are an open society. We welcome people to come and work with us.

2. the Conservation Tent but they would welcome volunteers to help design the

3. Christmas Fair. The Committee will welcome volunteers to help before, during

輸入查動(dòng)詞welcome+兩個(gè)名詞＋不定式的用法皮仁，其中符合welcome someone to do something的例句有：

1. and Governor Clinton have said they welcome Mr. Perot to join their debates,

2. David O'Brien.29 [p] The priest welcomed wage earners to join a larger mass

從以上調(diào)查可以發(fā)現(xiàn)喝峦，welcome someone to do something的用法是存在的，盡管不常用嗦嗡。所以，該句翻譯為T(mén)he Chinese government welcomes private foreign investors to invest in China’s infrastructure and basic industries.是沒(méi)有問(wèn)題的胎署。

在The Collins Cobuild Student’s Dictionary Online對(duì)welcome用法的解釋中，我們看到“If you tell someone that they are welcome to do something, you are encouraging them to do it.”此改，所以移剪，我們還可以用encourage做本句的動(dòng)詞來(lái)翻譯赶站，這時(shí)烙博，就要使用encourage的所要求的句子框架：

1. If you encourage someone to do something, you tell them that you think that they should do it, or that they should continue doing it.
　　　Her husband encouraged her to get a car.
　　　Encouragement n. Many people sent messages of encouragement.

2. If you encourage a particular activity, you support it actively.
　　　Group meetings in the factory were always encouraged.

3. If something encourages an attitude or a kind of behaviour, it makes it more likely to happen.
　　　This encouraged the growth of Marxism.
　　　(The Collins Cobuild Student’s Dictionary)
　
　　改譯5. The Chinese government encourages private foreign investors to invest in the development of China’s infrastructure and basic industries.

改譯6. The Chinese government encourages private foreign investment in the development of China’s infrastructure and basic industries.

經(jīng)典中譯英操作——遣詞造句（６）

當(dāng)然访雪，孤立地翻譯一個(gè)句子與在上下文中翻譯是不同的。有了上下文，還需要考慮其他因素贝淤，如段落的話題（topic）离陶，從而可能影響我們對(duì)譯文句子主語(yǔ)的選擇，也許在以上眾多譯法中片习，只有一兩個(gè)是合適的。

再舉一個(gè)例子洲胖。

一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，既然我國(guó)刑法沒(méi)有把丈夫和妻子排除在外柠衍，如果丈夫違背妻子意愿翻具，強(qiáng)行與妻子發(fā)生性行為帜篇，就應(yīng)定為強(qiáng)奸罪……

原譯：First opinion, now that Criminal Law in China does not exclude husband and wife, if a husband forces his wife to participate in unwanted sexual activity, he has committed rape.

查漢英詞典和同義詞詞典 铅檩，“觀點(diǎn)”可能譯為：view, viewpoint，point of view, opinion

“一種觀點(diǎn)”可能翻譯為：one view, one opinion, one point of view

接下來(lái)看這些說(shuō)法的搭配是否得當(dāng)，以及如何放在句子中锋爪。

在Simple Search of BNC-World上搜索one view毯炮，共搜索到76個(gè)包含one view的例句葫辐，顯示了其中的50個(gè)（免費(fèi)用戶最多可以看到50個(gè)）鹏倘，比如：

1. One view of the art market is that it is like a staircase with several landings.

2. One view is that the Corporation can now afford to do this.

3. One view has it that they are the trusted preservers of law and order…

4. One view sees the development of fairness as a correlative of the expansion of procedural rights post Ridge v. Baldwin.

5. One view saw Suharto's motive in encouraging greater activism on the part of Golkar as an attempt to acquire a reforming image to help counteract pressure on him to stand down before the 1993 election.

6. On one view, this was a bilateral dispute between Israel and Egypt regarding the right of transit for Israeli shipping through the Canal.

7. On one view, expert determination is not a form of dispute resolution at all.

據(jù)此，我們可以總結(jié)出one view所使用的句套子：One view is that…, one view has it that…, one view sees something as something else, on one view+句子循狰。根據(jù)本句的特點(diǎn)，我們可以選用簡(jiǎn)單的one view is that…
經(jīng)典中譯英操作——遣詞造句（７）

我們可以再搜索一下one opinion的用法。同一語(yǔ)料庫(kù)，one opinion僅有6個(gè)例句褥影，可以用作本句翻譯模板的只有一個(gè)：

Taking a more global view, one opinion is that the manufacturing industries should indeed move to developing countries whilst the advanced industries orientate their labour forces toward information and other service industries.

可以看出，雖然one view is that…與one opinion is that…都可以使用弦追，但前者更為常用纬向。

從另一個(gè)角度看，也可以從“認(rèn)為”入手進(jìn)行翻譯拐云“罩恚“認(rèn)為”的英語(yǔ)可以是think, believe, consider. 在WordNet上查think，不僅得到think的同義詞叉瘩，還可以得到各詞的例句膳帕，可以據(jù)此決定各詞在句子中的用法，比如薇缅，think的第1義項(xiàng)是：

Sense 1

think, believe, consider, conceive -- (judge or regard; look upon; judge; "I think he is very smart"; "I believe her to be very smart"; "I think that he is her boyfriend"; "The racist conceives such people to be inferior")

EX: They think that there was a traffic accident

因?yàn)閠hink或believe的主語(yǔ)必須是人（從例句可以看到）危彩，所以，“一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為”泳桦，就應(yīng)變?yōu)椤坝腥苏J(rèn)為”：some believe…, some think…

下面看“既然”一詞的意義和用法汤徽。“既然”在字典上有兩個(gè)譯法灸撰，一是now that谒府，二是since。學(xué)生選擇了now that.

Cobuild 對(duì)now that的解釋是：

2. You also use now or now that when you are talking about the effect of an event or change.
　　　I like him a lot now he's older.
　　　Now that she's found him, she'll never let him go.

可見(jiàn)浮毯，Now that 表示“既然結(jié)果是……”完疫，BNC-World眾多例句也說(shuō)明了這一意思，如：

1. Sir: Now that the dust kicked up by the mass raid on the Broadwater Farm estate last week has begun to settle, it is time to embark upon an assessment of its effects.

2. Now that Caen had fallen, some of the villagers, were beginning to drift back to their homes.

3. Now that Czechoslovakia is stepping out of the Stalinist ice-box, nationalist voices in Slovakia are beginning to be heard again.

Cobuild 對(duì)since的解釋如下：

3. You use since to introduce a reason.
　　　Aircraft noise is a problem here since we're close to Heathrow Airport.
　　　Since it was Saturday, he stayed in bed an extra hour.

所以债蓝，since表示原因壳鹤，更符合本句的意思。