Module 1 Discussing needs in your community

1. Neighborhood issues and solutions

• vandalism 故意破壞 /?v?nd?l?z?m/
• graffiti 涂鴉 /ɡr??fi?ti/
• gang 幫派 / ɡ??/
• homelessness 無家可歸 /?ho?ml?sn?s/
• violent attacks 暴力襲擊 /?va??l?nt ??t?k/
• neglected 未被妥善照管的
• initiative 倡議
• cleanup 清理
• combat 對付
• revitalize 使恢復(fù)元氣
• dilapidated 破舊的
• speed humps 減速帶

• We are taking initiatives to combat vandalism. 我們正在采取措施打擊蓄意破壞。
• That part of the neighborhood is dilapidated. 那一部分的社區(qū)破舊不堪。
• Local residents have organized a few cleanups. 當(dāng)?shù)鼐用窠M織了幾次清理砾省。
• A neighborhood watch program should be organized. 應(yīng)該組織鄰里守望活動宵晚。
• Gangs and graffiti are our biggest problems. 幫派和涂鴉是我們最大的問題剩燥。

2. Acknowledging other people's points 承認(rèn)別人的觀點

當(dāng)你進行對話時黎棠，讓別人覺得你一直在傾聽并且尊重他們的想法總是很重要的醋闭。以下是一些表達(dá)方式：

• That does certainly seem to be the case. 那看上去確實是這樣的椎木。
• That's a valid point you brought up. 你提出了一個合理的論點违柏。
• I'd definitely say so. 我會肯定地說是這樣的。
• You hit the nail on the head there. 你說得一針見血香椎。

在這四個表達(dá)方式中勇垛，hit the nail on the head 可能聽起來最不正式，但它在你強烈同意這個想法時是很好用的士鸥。用更加正式的方式來表達(dá)你強烈同意時闲孤，你也可以說：

• I'm in complete agreement with you about that. 我完全同意你的意見。

3. Adding to other people's points 在別人的論點基礎(chǔ)上添加

以下是一些你可以用來添加你的意見烤礁，以在別人的論點基礎(chǔ)上擴展的短語：

• I'd like to add that people will feel the area is neglected. 我想補充的是讼积，人們會覺得這個地區(qū)被忽略了。
• And on top of that, we might want to start a neighborhood watch. 除此之外脚仔，我們可能要開始鄰里守望勤众。
• To take that one step further, we should inform everyone about the neighborhood watch. 進一步地說，我們應(yīng)該通知每個人有關(guān)鄰里守望的事鲤脏。

這是更多的用于在別人的想法基礎(chǔ)上擴展和保持談話具有建設(shè)性的表達(dá)方式们颜。

• A: We have to make sure the local residents know what to watch for in the neighborhood. 我們必須確保當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裰涝撛谏鐓^(qū)里留意什么吕朵。
• B: For me, it's also about deciding what actions to take. 對我來說，這也是關(guān)于決定要采取什么行動窥突。
• A: We'll need to work closely with the police to combat street violence. 我們需要與警察密切合作來打擊街頭暴力努溃。
• B: And if I could build on that, it's also critical to involve other city organizations. 如果我能加一句的話，將其他的城市組織融入進來也是至關(guān)重要的阻问。

Module 2 Talking about humanitarian efforts

1. World issues

前綴和后綴
了解常見的前綴和后綴能讓你有根據(jù)地猜測出生詞的詞義梧税。它們還可以幫助你建立擁有共同詞根的詞之間的連接。

否定前綴
下列否定前綴dis- 和 in-將肯定形容詞改變?yōu)榉穸ǖ摹?/p>

• advantaged – disadvantaged 處境優(yōu)越的－貧窮的
• sufficient – insufficient 足夠的－不足的

如果一個形容詞以字母l開頭称近，通常它會使用il-前綴第队。如果它以字母m 或 p開頭，通常會加上im-刨秆。Ir-常用在以r開始的形容詞前凳谦。

• literate – illiterate 識字的 －文盲的
• probable – improbable 可能的 －不可能的
• regular – irregular 規(guī)則的－ 不規(guī)則的

前綴under-指缺乏的東西。

• nourished – undernourished 營養(yǎng)良好的－營養(yǎng)不良的

前綴over-意思是有太多的東西衡未。

• populated – overpopulated 人口密集的－人口過多的

后綴-less把一個名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞晾蜘，它表明某事不存在或者某人缺乏某事。

• home – homeless 家 －無家可歸的

1. The number of illiterate people is often underestimated. Many people in remote areas haven't been counted.
2. Local government is sometimes incapable of helping the poor. There are simply not enough resources.
3. It is irresponsible to assume that being in poverty is the fault of poor people.
4. A disadvantaged person needs a great deal of help.
5. Some nonprofit organizations are too understaffed to make a real impact on problems.

2. Sounding cautious

使用近似統(tǒng)計
在給出沒有那么確切的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)時眠屎，使用近似語言來幫助你避免錯誤。注意in the region of給出一個大致范圍肆饶，as many as描述一個說話人要強調(diào)的粗略數(shù)字是大量的改衩。

• The population of homeless people was in the region of 0.6 million to 0.7 million in 2013. 無家可歸者的人數(shù)在2013年是60萬到70萬之間。
• Figures suggest that as many as a hundred million people worldwide are homeless. 數(shù)字表明驯镊，全球有多達(dá)一億的人無家可歸葫督。
• That's something like 800 million people suffering from insufficient food. 約有8億人因食物不足而遭受痛苦。
• It was found that approximately 750 million adults in the world were illiterate. 結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)板惑，世界上大約有7.5億成年人是文盲橄镜。

抽離是用謹(jǐn)慎語言來保護你的觀點，并避免聽起來太絕對的技巧冯乘。抽離的一種方法是使用動詞如estimate, judge 和 guess洽胶。

• The World Food Organization estimates that more than 10 percent of the starving people it helps live in urban areas. 世界糧食組織估計，它幫助的超過10％的饑民生活在城市地區(qū)裆馒。

當(dāng)您預(yù)感到不一定每個人都同意時姊氓，您可以使用模糊限制語來修飾一個陳述。

• If I remember correctly, it was over 1 million people. 如果我沒有記錯的話喷好，這是超過100萬的人翔横。
• It seems that they occur in every single country all over the world. 看起來，他們在世界各地的每一個國家發(fā)生梗搅。
• It appears that this doesn't happen only in disadvantaged areas. 看上去這并不僅在貧困地區(qū)才會發(fā)生禾唁。

3. Humanitarian efforts

Humanitarian Efforts
The world is rapidly changing, with its turbulent economies and rapid advancement of technology. Meanwhile, we are still facing problems that have existed for decades. As many as 800 million people are undernourished worldwide, approximately 100 million people in the world are homeless and over 750 million adults globally are illiterate. However, on the positive side, organizations and individuals have greatly increased their efforts to fight these problems.

In the past year, financial and material aid remained the main forms of humanitarian support. Statistics from Charitable International revealed that organizations and individuals in the US donated more than $350 billion to charities and nonprofit organizations. Considerable amounts also were donated in various other countries, with education, human services and health charities receiving the most. Rather than big foundations and corporations, individuals accounted for the vast majority of the annual donations. With this massive amount of funding, charities and nonprofits have been pushed to operate more transparently to meet their donors' expectations.

Volunteering in humanitarian work has also proved a popular form of support. In the UK and the US, approximately 25 percent of citizens participated in volunteering last year. Common activities included collecting and distributing food to people in need, tutoring and teaching the disadvantaged, building and running shelters for the homeless and organizing fundraising events. One survey showed that the majority of regular volunteers did so to gain a sense of satisfaction from seeing improvement in people's lives.

• My husband tutors disadvantaged children. 我的丈夫輔導(dǎo)貧困兒童效览。
• I make regular donations to a homeless shelter. 我定期捐款給無家可歸者收容所。
• In December, I helped distribute food to the poor. 在十二月荡短，我?guī)椭咽澄锓职l(fā)給窮人丐枉。
• Volunteering gives me a sense of achievement. 做志愿者給我一種成就感。
• I run a shelter for the homeless. 我為無家可歸的人開辦了一個庇護所肢预。

4. Citing from a source

引用來源
通過引用你引入信息的來源你會聽上去更客觀和可信矛洞。一個常見的非正式做法是使用過去進行時。

• I was listening to this podcast the other day that said volunteer holidays have become very popular. 我有一天聽這段播客提到志愿者假期已非常受歡迎烫映。
• I was watching a documentary on wildlife last night, and it said that some national parks are short of funding. 昨晚我看了一個關(guān)于野生動物的紀(jì)錄片沼本，它說一些國家公園缺少資金。

你也可以使用轉(zhuǎn)述動詞如report, say,state锭沟。

• The UN reported problems with hunger. 聯(lián)合國報道的饑餓問題抽兆。

當(dāng)你不太確定來源時，你可以使用Was it …?來問一個問題族淮。

• Was it that website Charitable International that said individuals account for the majority of donations? 是不是慈善國際的網(wǎng)站提到個人捐款占大多數(shù)辫红？

如果你不記得確切的來源，你可以使用somewhere做一個含糊的參考祝辣。

• I remember reading somewhere that something like 750 million adults in the world can't read or write. 我記得在什么地方讀到贴妻，世界上大約7.5億成人無法讀或?qū)憽?/li>

• Situation 1: You read a statistic that about 800 million people are suffering from insufficient food, but you can't remember where you read it.
• Situation 2: Some time ago, you read in a magazine that approximately 750 million adults in the world were illiterate.
• Situation 3: According to a report from Charitable International, the majority of donations to charities come from individuals.
• Situation 4: You learned recently that the majority of people who volunteered did so for a sense of satisfaction. You vaguely remember the source was TimeBank.com.

Module 3 Talking about making an impact

1. Speaking engagingly

魅力講話的技巧
讓我們來看一下說話時吸引你的聽眾的幾個技巧。

使用figurative speech蝙斜，或者非字面或暗喻的措辭名惩，可以讓你所說的更有趣。例如孕荠，weave的意思事用線織布娩鹉，backfire*描述發(fā)動機逆火。

• You have a wonderful opportunity to weave doing good into your culture. 你有一個極好的機會來編織善行到你的文化中稚伍。
• His plan totally backfired. 他的計劃完全失敗了弯予。

你也可以使用intensity adverbs來增加你的講話的吸引力。

• To succeed spectacularly, you need to be willing to fail spectacularly. 要巨大地成功个曙，你需要愿意去巨大地失敗锈嫩。
  其他常見的 intensity adverbs 有 truly, genuinely 和 tremendously。

你也可以通過將常見詞替換成更強的單詞和詞組來添加強調(diào)垦搬。在下面的例子中祠挫，注意every single, nothing but 和 more than的使用。

• People are basically good, and if you give them the right tools, they will prove that to you every single day. 人們基本上都是好的悼沿，如果你給他們正確的工具等舔，他們每一天都會向你證明這一點。
• We want nothing but the best for our customers. 我們希望把最好的給我們的客戶糟趾。
• I'm more than willing to transform the company into one that benefits not only the stakeholder but also the general public. 我非常愿意將公司轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€不僅惠及利益相關(guān)者慌植，而且有益于公眾的公司甚牲。

2. Making an impact

Small acts, big differences
By Gillian Thomson

The world today is definitely not a paradise. Hunger, poverty and disease are all too common. While these world problems take tremendous resources to tackle, governments and big organizations are not the only forces capable of doing it. You as an individual can also make a difference, and it's not as hard as you think.

Financial support

Micro-philanthropy has been a popular concept for some time. Its essence is to allow individual donors to make an impact with small donations. A number of charity websites allows the option of giving for a specific purpose. For example, you can pledge 20 a month. Micro-giving also makes it possible for small donors to impact a large number of people in need. Last year, 1,342 donations averaging $8 each added up to 10 new wells in Africa, bringing clean drinking water to thousands.

Volunteer work

Even with funding in place, making changes happen still requires a large amount of work. That's why volunteers are still critical. Available volunteer work ranges widely, depending on your time and skills. With expertise in finance, for instance, you can volunteer with local charities to help out with their accounting. You can also donate your time and energy in more hands-on ways, such as collecting and distributing food in local communities. Even if you can only contribute one day a month, charities and nonprofit organizations would still love to use your time and ability. When time is an issue, take a volunteer holiday. You can spend your annual leave traveling to a place in need and participate in onsite volunteer work.

Think about who you want to help and what you can offer, research organizations and programs that will meet your needs, and reach out. That's all it takes for an individual to make an impact.

• Pledge a donation for a specific purpose. 承諾為特定目的而捐贈。
• Volunteer with a nonprofit organization. 加入一個非營利組織做志愿者蝶柿。
• Micro-philanthropy can have a big impact. 微慈善可以有很大的影響丈钙。
• You can sponsor a child's education. 你可以資助一個孩子的教育。
• Contribute your time and energy. 貢獻你的時間和精力交汤。
• Try participating in onsite volunteer work. 嘗試參與現(xiàn)場志愿者工作雏赦。

3. Softening your advice 給出軟化的建議

如果你軟化你的口氣其他人常常會更容易接受你的建議。你可以有多種方式做到這一點芙扎。

使用包括性代詞如I 和 we星岗，而不是you來與另一個人關(guān)連起來。

• I'd actually look into micro-giving. 其實我會看一下微付出戒洼。
• We both know that a simple act of kindness can make a big difference. 我們都知道俏橘，一個簡單的善行會產(chǎn)生很大的不同。

使用問題或假設(shè)性陳述以避免強烈建議圈浇。

• Have you considered volunteering with local nonprofits? 你有沒有考慮去當(dāng)?shù)胤菭I利組織做志愿者寥掐？
• Right. What if you find a program you're interested in and ask them? 對。你找到一個你有興趣的項目并問去他們磷蜀，怎么樣召耘？

有時候，你可以只改變句子的語調(diào)褐隆，使它成為一個問題污它。

• Maybe you could try going on a volunteer holiday? 也許你可以嘗試一個志愿者假期？

此外妓灌，具有積極意義的某些短語用作鼓勵是很有用的。 例如：

• Every bit counts. 每一點都有用蜜宪。
• You never know. 你永遠(yuǎn)不知道虫埂。

Module 4 Writing to argue or persuade

1. What is CSR?

My take on CSR
By Jenlee32 at 20:32, yesterday

CSR, or corporate social responsibility, has been a big topic of discussion in recent years. It refers to companies taking responsibility for the impact their actions have upon their workforce, their community and the world – which, for me, should be an essential part of any operating business.

As an integral part of society, corporations need to conform to social expectations, and that entails moral responsibilities. It means that companies shouldn't damage the environment. It's not a lot to ask that they make it office policy to recycle paper, use ceramic cups and save electricity. A company ought to pay even its lowest employees a livable salary and make sure they work in a hazard-free office. Similarly, as members of the local community, businesses should support community development by sponsoring local projects and donations.

Some critics believe CSR is just a publicity stunt, nothing more than a marketing device to manipulate public perception. While it may be true that a company needs to maintain its public image, and CSR is a good method of doing that, we must not ignore the fact that this oftentimes is a win-win situation. If a company ensures fair benefits for its staff, it usually enjoys less turnover and higher productivity. By sponsoring improvements in local education, the company is actually cultivating its future workforce. And on a global scale, operating sustainably helps ensure that all businesses have adequate resources to operate in the future.

To sum up, I believe CSR should be an innate part of business operations. Consistent adherence to corporate social responsibility principles can help the company and its shareholders, as well as people in need in the local community and around the world.

企業(yè)社會責(zé)任語言
這是一些與 corporate social responsibilityCSR)相關(guān)的語言。

• We should conform to social expectations. 我們應(yīng)該順應(yīng)社會的期望圃验。
• All companies have moral responsibilities. 所有公司都有道義上的責(zé)任掉伏。
• CSR is just a publicity stunt for shareholders. 企業(yè)社會責(zé)任只是股東們的一種宣傳噱頭。
• It's just a marketing device. 這只是一種營銷手段澳窑。
• It's an attempt to manipulate public perceptions. 這是操縱公眾看法的一種嘗試斧散。
• Companies want to maintain a positive public image. 公司希望保持積極的公眾形象。
• The company is recognized for ensuring fair benefits for its staff. 公司被認(rèn)為是確保其員工合理利益的摊聋。
• Better benefits lead to less turnover and higher productivity. 更好的福利帶來更少的員工流動和更高的效率鸡捐。
• Companies have an obligation to operate sustainably. 公司有可持續(xù)運營的義務(wù)。

2. Building an argument

My take on CSR
...

寫作來說服
在關(guān)于企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的文章中麻裁，作者用了一個很常見的結(jié)構(gòu)來構(gòu)建她的論點：opening (開頭), expansion (展開), concession (讓步), refutation (反駁), 和 summary (總結(jié))

The opening
在開頭箍镜，作者陳述主題源祈，企業(yè)社會責(zé)任，然后給出她的立場色迂，因此讀者會立刻明白主要思想香缺。

The expansion
開頭后，她以關(guān)于企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的細(xì)節(jié)來擴充并以此來建立她的論點－例如歇僧，公司應(yīng)該付a livable wage图张。

The concession
然后，作為她的論點的一部分诈悍，她做出了一個concession祸轮，承認(rèn)對立的觀點，一些人認(rèn)為企業(yè)社會責(zé)任是一個publicity stunt写隶。這是一個證明你的客觀性和對不同立場知曉的有效的方法倔撞。

The refutation
讓步后，作者馬上駁斥了對立的觀點并進一步加強了她自己立場的論點慕趴。她列舉了企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的好處－例如痪蝇，less turnover 和 higher productivity。

The summary
最后冕房，她通過重述她在文章中涵蓋的論點來重申她對企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的支持躏啰。

3. Making concessions and refuting

在讓步中削弱對立觀點
你的讓步并不總是必須要絕對的。即使你提到了反對意見耙册，你仍然可以將該觀點削弱一點给僵，以加強自己的論點。例如详拙，您可以使用情態(tài)動詞如may 或者 might帝际。

• Critics may argue it's too expensive for a company to give back to the public. However …
  *批評家可能認(rèn)為對一個公司來說回饋大眾太昂貴了。然而…

你可以使用動詞如feel 和 believe來將反對的意見從事實弱化為觀點饶辙。注意some people是如何幫助淡化觀點的蹲诀。

• Some people believe that CSR is too expensive. On the other hand …
  *一些人認(rèn)為企業(yè)社會責(zé)任太貴了。另一方面…

你也可以直接表述反對意見弃揽。

• One common argument against CSR is that it's too time consuming. I don't agree …
  *反對企業(yè)社會責(zé)任的一個常見的論點是脯爪，它太耗費時間了。我不同意…

駁斥反對意見
你可以在同一個句子中做出讓步矿微，并反駁反對觀點痕慢。看這些例子涌矢。哪個從句是讓步掖举，哪個是反駁？

• While it might be true that CSR can be expensive, we need to take into consideration its obvious benefits to companies.
  *雖然企業(yè)社會責(zé)任有可能是昂貴的可能是事實娜庇，但我們需要考慮它給公司帶來的明顯的好處拇泛。
• Although CSR may take away some time from employees' work responsibilities, it's also evident that it gives employees a sense of satisfaction.
  *雖然企業(yè)社會責(zé)任可能會占用員工的工作職責(zé)中的一些時間滨巴，但也很明顯，它給員工以滿足感俺叭。