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隨著 Django 應(yīng)用變得復(fù)雜，它的 URLconf 也在增長辉饱，并且維護(hù)這些導(dǎo)入可能使得管理變麻煩眨八。

改進(jìn)方式一 函數(shù)對象：

from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
**from mysite import views**

urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^hello/$', **views.hello** ),
    (r'^time/$', **views.current_datetime** ),
    (r'^time/plus/(d{1,2})/$', **views.hours_ahead** ),
)

改進(jìn)方式二 字符串：

from django.conf.urls.defaults import *

urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^hello/$', **'mysite.views.hello'** ),
    (r'^time/$', **'mysite.views.current_datetime'** ),
    (r'^time/plus/(d{1,2})/$', **'mysite.views.hours_ahead'** ),
)
# 注意視圖名前后的引號

改進(jìn)方式三 提取公共前綴：

from django.conf.urls.defaults import *

urlpatterns = patterns(**'mysite.views'** ,
    (r'^hello/$', **'hello'** ),
    (r'^time/$', **'current_datetime'** ),
    (r'^time/plus/(d{1,2})/$', **'hours_ahead'** ),
)

使用多個(gè)視圖前綴：

舊的:
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *

urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^hello/$', 'mysite.views.hello'),
    (r'^time/$', 'mysite.views.current_datetime'),
    (r'^time/plus/(\d{1,2})/$', 'mysite.views.hours_ahead'),
    (r'^tag/(\w+)/$', 'weblog.views.tag'),
)

新的:
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *

urlpatterns = patterns('mysite.views',
    (r'^hello/$', 'hello'),
    (r'^time/$', 'current_datetime'),
    (r'^time/plus/(\d{1,2})/$', 'hours_ahead'),
)

urlpatterns += patterns('weblog.views',
    (r'^tag/(\w+)/$', 'tag'),
)

調(diào)試模式下的特例：

from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
from mysite import views

urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^$', views.homepage),
    (r'^(\d{4})/([a‐z]{3})/$', views.archive_month),
)
if settings.DEBUG:
    urlpatterns += patterns('',
        (r'^debuginfo/$', views.debug),
    )

使用命名組蜻韭，url中傳遞命名的參數(shù)：
在 Python 正則表達(dá)式中得院，命名的正則表達(dá)式組的語法是 (?P<name>pattern) 傻铣，這里 name 是組的名字，而pattern 是匹配的某個(gè)模式祥绞。

# 使用無名組的 URLconf 的例子
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
from mysite import views
urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^articles/(\d{4})/$', views.year_archive),
    (r'^articles/(\d{4})/(\d{2})/$', views.month_archive),
)

# 使用命名組進(jìn)行了重寫
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
from mysite import views
urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^articles/(?P<year>\d{4})/$', views.year_archive),
    (r'^articles/(?P<year>\d{4})/(?P<month>\d{2})/$', views.month_archive),
)

# 例如非洲，如果不帶命名組，請求 /articles/2006/03/ 將會(huì)等同于這樣的函數(shù)調(diào)用：
month_archive(request, '2006', '03')
# 而帶命名組就谜，同樣的請求就會(huì)變成這樣的函數(shù)調(diào)用：
month_archive(request, year='2006', month='03')

需要注意的是如果在URLconf中使用命名組怪蔑，那么命名組和非命名組是不能同時(shí)存在于同一個(gè)URLconf的模式中的。
具體地丧荐，以下是URLconf解釋器有關(guān)正則表達(dá)式中命名組和 非命名組所遵循的算法:

1.如果有任何命名的組，Django會(huì)忽略非命名組而直接使用命名組喧枷。
2.否則虹统，Django會(huì)把所有非命名組以位置參數(shù)的形式傳遞。
3.在以上的兩種情況隧甚，Django同時(shí)會(huì)以關(guān)鍵字參數(shù)的方式傳遞一些額外參數(shù)车荔。

額外參數(shù)

P113
下面是幾節(jié)額外參數(shù)在實(shí)際工程中的應(yīng)用：

一、創(chuàng)建通用視圖
原視圖：

# urls.py
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
from mysite import views
urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^events/$', views.event_list),
    (r'^blog/entries/$', views.entry_list),
)

# views.py
from django.shortcuts import render_to_response
from mysite.models import Event, BlogEntry
def event_list(request):
    obj_list = Event.objects.all()
    return render_to_response('mysite/event_list.html', {'event_list': obj_list})
def entry_list(request):
    obj_list = BlogEntry.objects.all()
    return render_to_response('mysite/blogentry_list.html', {'entry_list': obj_list})

改進(jìn)后視圖：

# urls.py
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
from mysite import models, views
urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^events/$', views.object_list, {'model': models.Event}),
    (r'^blog/entries/$', views.object_list, {'model': models.BlogEntry}),
)

# views.py
from django.shortcuts import render_to_response
def object_list(request, model):
    obj_list = model.objects.all()
    template_name = 'mysite/%s_list.html' % model.__name__.lower()
    return render_to_response(template_name, {'object_list': obj_list})

重點(diǎn)：了解捕捉值和額外參數(shù)之間的優(yōu)先級 額外的選項(xiàng)

當(dāng)沖突出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候戚扳，額外URLconf參數(shù)優(yōu)先于捕捉值忧便。 也就是說，如果URLconf捕捉到的一個(gè)命名組變量和一個(gè)額外URLconf參數(shù)包含的變量同名時(shí)帽借，額外URLconf參數(shù)的值會(huì)被使用珠增。

例如超歌，下面這個(gè)URLconf：

from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
from mysite import views
urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^mydata/(?P<id>\d+)/$', views.my_view, {'id': 3}),
)

這里，正則表達(dá)式和額外字典都包含了一個(gè) id 蒂教。硬編碼的（額外字典的） id 將優(yōu)先使用巍举。 就是說任何請求（比如， /mydata/2/ 或者 /mydata/432432/ ）都會(huì)作 id 設(shè)置為 3 對待凝垛，不管URL里面能捕捉到什么樣的值懊悯。

使用缺省視圖參數(shù):

# urls.py
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
from mysite import views

urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^blog/$', views.page),
    (r'^blog/page(?P<num>\d+)/$', views.page),
)
# views.py
def page(request, **num='1'**):
# Output the appropriate page of blog entries, according to num.
# ...

URLconf解析順序：從頂向下的順序，碰到合適就停止

從URL中捕獲文本：

舉個(gè)例子梦皮，在這行URLConf中：

(r'^articles/(?P<year>\d{4})/$', views.year_archive),

盡管 \d{4} 將只匹配整數(shù)的字符串炭分，但是參數(shù) year 是作為字符串傳至 views.year_archive() 的，而不是整型剑肯。

包裝視圖函數(shù)：
原視圖：

def my_view1(request):
    if not request.user.is_authenticated():
        return HttpResponseRedirect('/accounts/login/')
    # ...
    return render_to_response('template1.html')
def my_view2(request):
    if not request.user.is_authenticated():
        return HttpResponseRedirect('/accounts/login/')
    # ...
    return render_to_response('template2.html')
def my_view3(request):
    if not request.user.is_authenticated():
        return HttpResponseRedirect('/accounts/login/')
    # ...
    return render_to_response('template3.html')

改進(jìn)視圖：

# views.py
def requires_login(view):
    def new_view(request, *args, **kwargs):
        if not request.user.is_authenticated():
            return HttpResponseRedirect('/accounts/login/')
        return view(request, *args, **kwargs)
    return new_view

# urls.py
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
from mysite.views import requires_login, my_view1, my_view2, my_view3
urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^view1/$', requires_login(my_view1)),
    (r'^view2/$', requires_login(my_view2)),
    (r'^view3/$', requires_login(my_view3)),
)

重要：包含其他URLconf：

# URLconf root 
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^weblog/', include('mysite.blog.urls')),
    (r'^photos/', include('mysite.photos.urls')),
    (r'^about/$', 'mysite.views.about'),
)

# URLconf mysite.blog.urls
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^(\d\d\d\d)/$', 'mysite.blog.views.year_detail'),
    (r'^(\d\d\d\d)/(\d\d)/$', 'mysite.blog.views.month_detail'),
)

捕獲的參數(shù)如何和include()協(xié)同工作:

一個(gè)被包含的URLconf接收任何來自parent URLconfs的被捕獲的參數(shù)欠窒，比如:

# root urls.py

from django.conf.urls.defaults import *

urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^(?P<username>\w+)/blog/', include('foo.urls.blog')),
)

# foo/urls/blog.py

from django.conf.urls.defaults import *

urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^$', 'foo.views.blog_index'),
    (r'^archive/$', 'foo.views.blog_archive'),
)
#在這個(gè)例子中，被捕獲的 username 變量將傳遞給被包含的 URLconf退子，
#進(jìn)而傳遞給那個(gè)URLconf中的 每一個(gè) 視圖函數(shù)岖妄。

額外的URLconf如何和include()協(xié)同工作

第一個(gè)：
# urls.py
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^blog/', include('inner'), {'blogid': 3}),
)
# inner.py
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^archive/$', 'mysite.views.archive'),
    (r'^about/$', 'mysite.views.about'),
    (r'^rss/$', 'mysite.views.rss'),
)

第二個(gè)
# urls.py
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^blog/', include('inner')),
)
# inner.py
from django.conf.urls.defaults import *
urlpatterns = patterns('',
    (r'^archive/$', 'mysite.views.archive', {'blogid': 3}),
    (r'^about/$', 'mysite.views.about', {'blogid': 3}),
    (r'^rss/$', 'mysite.views.rss', {'blogid': 3}),
)