Q：
Determine if a Sudoku is valid, according to: Sudoku Puzzles - The Rules.
The Sudoku board could be partially filled, where empty cells are filled with the character '.'.
Note:A valid Sudoku board (partially filled) is not necessarily solvable. Only the filled cells need to be validated.
A：
這個題目并不是要找數(shù)獨unfilled區(qū)域的solution曲横，而是要check每個filled cells是否valid桃移。
public boolean isValidSudoku(char[][] board) {
for(int i = 0; i<9; i++){
HashSet<Character> rows = new HashSet<Character>(); //注釋1
HashSet<Character> columns = new HashSet<Character>(); //注釋4
HashSet<Character> cube = new HashSet<Character>();
for (int j = 0; j < 9;j++){
if(board[i][j]!='.' && !rows.add(board[i][j])) //注釋2
return false;
if(board[j][i]!='.' && !columns.add(board[j][i]))
return false;
int RowIndex = 3*(i/3); //注釋3
int ColIndex = 3*(i%3);
if(board[RowIndex + j/3][ColIndex + j%3]!='.'
&& !cube.add(board[RowIndex + j/3][ColIndex + j%3]))
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
注釋1：
為什么類型里要用Character字柠，不可以寫成char无拗？
正如Integer之于int，char是基本數(shù)據(jù)類型(primitive type)概疆，Character是包裝類型（Wrapper Classes独旷，也就是類，實例化出來的叫對象）芯义，其中還涉及到自動封箱（Autoboxing），自動拆解（extracts）：
example 1:
int t = 10; Integer t1 = t; //自動封箱
Integer t = new Integer(10); int t1 = t ; //自動解封
example 2:
Interger = obj1; int num1 = 69; obj1 = num1; //自動封箱
Integer obj2 = new Integer (69); int num2; num2 = obj2; //自動解封
初次之外很重要的一點妻柒，Character作為char的包裝類扛拨，作為一個類，它提供了很多方法举塔。比如當我們使用HashSet.add()這個方法時绑警，設(shè)計到object.equals()等方法，所以包裝類的意義就體現(xiàn)出來了央渣。
還有個情況计盒，就是在數(shù)據(jù)類型不統(tǒng)一的時候，在操作數(shù)據(jù)的時候容易引起錯誤痹屹，報出“java.lang.ClassCastException”章郁，比如Integer類型沖突了String，通過泛型志衍，也可以進行一個限制暖庄，參考（http://www.cnblogs.com/lwbqqyumidi/p/3837629.html）。
注釋2：
先來看一下 java.util.HashSet.add() HashSet API方法：
public boolean add (E e)
Adds the specified element to this set if it is not already present. More formally, adds the specified element e to this set if this set contains no element e2 such that (e==null ? e2==null : e.equals(e2)). If this set already contains the element, the call leaves the set unchanged and returns false.
Specified by:
add in the interface Collection<E>
add in interface Set<E>
Overrides:
add in class AbstractCollection<E>
Returns:
true if this set did not already contain the specified element
由此可知楼肪，!rows.add(board[i][j])表達的意思是當要加入新的數(shù)字時培廓，如果不成功，說明matrix里已經(jīng)存在了春叫，那么這時出現(xiàn)了重復的值肩钠，要返回false，但暂殖！之后价匠，返回true。如果那個cell的值也不是'.'呛每，說明那個cell是有數(shù)字的踩窖。邏輯與（&&）操作之后，true && true晨横，則判斷條件成立洋腮，return false。
HashSet vs HashMap：
HashSet 實現(xiàn)了Set接口手形。不允許重復的值啥供。 .add()
HashMap實現(xiàn)了Map接口。不允許重復的鍵库糠。.put()
Map接口有兩個基本的實現(xiàn)伙狐，HashMap和TreeMap。TreeMap保存了對象的排列次序，而HashMap則不能鳞骤。HashMap允許鍵和值為null窒百。HashMap是非synchronized的。
HashMap <Key, Value>豫尽，而我們這里參數(shù)進來其實不需要鍵值篙梢，使用Character封裝類，匹配parameter char[][] board就好美旧。
HashSet類維護了一個HashMap引用作為自己的成員變量：
public HashSet() { map = new HashMap<E,Object>(); }
HashSet源碼分析：http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-26864892-id-3167656.html
注釋3：
@jaqenhgar 解釋了這里運算背后的邏輯：
0,0,0,1,0,2; < --- 3 Horizontal Steps followed by 1 Vertical step to next level.
1,0,1,1,1,2; < --- 3 Horizontal Steps followed by 1 Vertical step to next level.
2,0,2,1,2,2; < --- 3 Horizontal Steps.
And so on...But, thejiterates from0 to 9.
But we need to stop after 3 horizontal steps, and go down 1 step vertical.
Use
%for horizontal traversal. Because%increments by 1 for each j :0%3 = 0 , 1%3 = 1, 2%3 = 2, and resets back. So this covers horizontal traversal for each block by 3 steps.
Use/for vertical traversal. Because/increments by 1 after every 3 j:0/3 = 0; 1/3 = 0; 2/3 =0; 3/3 = 1.
So far, for a given block, you can traverse the whole block using just j.
But because j is just 0 to 9, it will stay only first block. But to increment block, use i. To move horizontally to next block, use%again :ColIndex = 3 * (i%3)(Multiply by 3 so that the next block is after 3 columns. Ie0,0is start of first block, second block is0,3(not0,1);
Similarly, to move to next block vertically, use/and multiply by 3 as explained above. Hope this helps.
