Beginner & Expert:

Iss 27： In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.?

Beginner:

· Fewer restrictions

· Fewer stereotypes

· Imagination

· Creativity

· Social tolerance

Expert:

· Reputation

· Experience

· Resources

· Knowledge

新人更容易獲得成功：

· 新人沒有思想上的固化成建爹袁，沒有regulations毙籽， 會(huì)有自己的guts去嘗試

· 整個(gè)社會(huì)對(duì)新人會(huì)有更大的tolerance搜贤， 所以新人會(huì)有更多嘗試和試錯(cuò)的即會(huì)同木，這樣更容易成功葫录，因?yàn)槌晒ν峭ㄟ^試錯(cuò)得到的捶码。

專家更容易獲得成功：

· 更豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和知識(shí)汹押，所以遇到問題是可以通過經(jīng)驗(yàn)來決定這些問題值不值的研究缘回，而在研究的過程中自己的知識(shí)可以很好地幫助他們自己去獲得解決方案。

· 專家積累了名氣和資源希俩，這些都能幫助他們做更好的研究吊宋，這樣比新手更容易得到成果。

Iss 108: Critical judgement of work in any field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field.?

Yes:

1. Expert in that field = experience & knowledge: interception and promotion of the works and realize the public regognition and acceptance; the value of any auction items must be identified ?by the experts in that field, and the public respect their knowledge and authorities.?

No:

1. Not necessarily abolutly true: experts from that field tend to ignore the disparity in understanding ?levels and knowledge of the public, and they alwats use the jargons to present / interpret = sometimes, experts from other fields could better facilitate the understanding and realize the value. Eg. When we try to appreciate the gothic music of Bach, the music experts simply talk about grandiosity and power of the melodies, but seriously, can the general public really understand or depict the grandiosity and power in one piece of music? Therefore, the evaluation and explanation from an architect expert could benifit the understanding. The architect expewrt oculd simply visualize the gothic shyle with pictures of Duomo in Milan of Cathedral in Cologne to help the understanding oof the Bach music = better convince the public of the value. (history and literature has connection too. 歷史會(huì)幫助理解文學(xué)颜武，例如莎士比亞的羅密歐與茱麗葉璃搜，肉蒲團(tuán)）carnel prayer mat King Lear, Othello, Macbeth, Harmlet.?

2. Non-expert / beginning could bring fresh ideas when evaluation = overly respecting the authority might lead to public blindness, as is the case with the Emperor's new clothes story = sometimes the beginners have the guts to make adjustment without restrictions.?

Education:

Selective process+ fairly fair standard

Academic & professional improvement

Iss 82： Colleges and universities should require their students to spend at least one semester studying in foreign country.?

Study overseas:

1. "通用觀點(diǎn)： Personal Development“

academically vs professionally:

1. different countries = different cultures = disparity in education concepts and systems = disparity in academic researches = students with new perspective + innovative know-how / knowledge;

2. Professionally: global citizen = working & researching cooperate with people different cultural background = teamwork = cultural tolerance = immersion in the country = one good way = one semester in foriegn countries.?

Not Study Overseas:

1. personal problems: Problems = exposed to a new cultrual / social environment: cultural tolerance vs cultrual shock: on the one hand, culture shock frustrates students = not focusing too much on the studying but struggling with the cultrual issues every day = loss of orientation; on the other hand, exposure to so many new intersting and exotic events, not focusing on studying but going for fun for most of the time, even try drugs / violence and other things they might not think of in homeland.?

2. "通用觀點(diǎn) Freewill" : University should require ??? Freewill vs obligation = require = ignorance of the personal willingness = might not be interested = waste of time and effort, especially or the students. IF universities sponsor the oversea studies = students not getting the expected result = waste of limited resources; IF students self-finance = expensicve + the results not ensured. SO, universites create the system to ensure the possibility, provide relevant offerings but not set a requirement for the students = unfair.?

Iss 13：Universities should require every student to take a variety of course outside the student's field of study.?

Study other courses：

1. "通用觀點(diǎn) Personal Development":

academically vs professionally:

1. interaction amoong different subjects = interdisciplinary = inspiration for problem solving : artificially created isolated knowledge system = better understanding within the area = connecting all the knowledge; critical thinking = philosophy = appilication to natural science; business vs psychology; in otder for the newly designed product to gain quick popularity in the market, designing students must have a profound understanding about the psycology of the targeting group. (education & psycology, mathematics & art, physics & biology).?

2. Problem solving require multi-knowledge = canditadate new requirement = universities not only education but also preparation for the society = equip the students with necessary skills = compound candidates for the society improvements. Steve Jobs " connecting the Dots".?

NOT Study Other Courses.?

1. Specialization: the era has come to the time when qualified candidates should be at least semi-experts in the field they are engaged. Distraction on the other topics, espically irrelevant would be a burden that might consume their time and energy, which would not sufficiently let their sould devoted to the specialization. For example, not all students need to know about politics in order to excel in their area of expertise. However, most schools have mandatory politics classes as a general education requirement.?

2."通用觀點(diǎn) FreeWill" ： University should require ??? Freewill vs obligation = require = ignorance of the personal willingness = might not be interested = waste of time and effort, especially or the students. IF universities sponsor the oversea studies = students not getting the expected result = waste of limited resources; IF students self-finance = expensicve + the results not ensured. SO, universites create the system to ensure the possibility, provide relevant offerings but not set a requirement for the students.

Iss 6：A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college.?

· ?College = elite education = continuous selevtive process = standards: entrance examination = relatively fair standard to exclude some unqualified candidates = to ensure the mechanism, the government defines the rules of the game: based on experiences & expertise in mangagement = set up some principles = to some extent, reasonable necessity, as it is the case with SAT in USA, the nation entrance examination in China.?

· Nation = diversed social groups = 不一樣的訴求和本身的學(xué)習(xí)能力以及學(xué)習(xí)的追求 = ?全國統(tǒng)一的課程，在很大的程度上沒有考慮到焦慮的特殊性盒刚， 和教育應(yīng)該是tailor made / customized / 因材施教的： Chiristian school, public school, private school 在自己的教育 focus 和 教育 resources 以及教育的 purpose上都是有很大的差別的腺劣， 不能不加區(qū)分的做統(tǒng)一的要求绿贞，這樣其實(shí)是在干涉democracy因块， Evolutionism VS Creationism.?

· Freewill vs Obligations: 提供一些課可參考意見，列舉出這樣的一項(xiàng)課程重要須知, if necessary the government can set the basis for recommended curriculum with their general understanding, and each social group has the delegated right to choose what they want their residents to learn. This means 讓他們根據(jù)自己的situation做出選擇籍铁，不是一個(gè)requirement涡上。 Apart from setting some of the obligatory requirements as optional choices to give students more academic freedom, higher education institutions should also give high school students the chances to advance their studies ealrly such as Advanced Placement classes for early exposure to advanced theories and knowledge before they step into college. This way, students who are interesteed in certain field can focus their time and energy in learning what they want to obtain rather than wasting their focus on mundane curriculums.?

0........

Iss 81： All parents should be required to volunteer time to their children's schools.?

Yes:

1. Parent's involvement in the children's education: most time with parents= profound understanding of the children both at home as the parents' sweet heart and in the school as the friends' companies. Family kid vs social kid = improve the parental education = not overly rely on schools to educate, which is focusing mainly on academics. After all, they are their children that they should be paying attention to.?

No:

1. Problems: parents' busy with their own work and hardly find a chance to schedule the volunteering = requirement = burden for the parents and also might influence the mental development of the children = kuds not understanding why her parents are absent.?

2. Different parents may also have different occupational and financial backgrounds, and that may potentially leads to peer pressure seeing other parents' success, feeling marginalized and inferior.?

3. Requirement : Freewill with obligation: Highlight the importance of parents' involvement in the children education, offer the chances but no obligation; other approcachens to have a profound understanding of the children = shedule family vacation + more family activities out of the school.?

Iss 50：Government officals should rely on their own judgement rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve.?

通用觀點(diǎn)：社會(huì)契約論

“ People sacrifice their legal rights and money to form social groups in order to survive and thrive, in the hope of getting greater paybacks. ( 人們?cè)谝黄鸨F(tuán)更好的話，然后總會(huì)有矛盾 )

? ? ?-----mandate from the public vs mandate of the gods.?

Public Will:

1. Government = serve the public = social / generation contract as defined in the Du Contrat Social of Jean Jacques Rousseau: people comprise or sacrifice benefits to provide support to the government = one of the governors' responsibilities is to ensure the wellbeing of the general public = listening to the public opinions which reflect the urgent social problems = solve = social stability + advancement.?

? ? -----Ostracism: It was a procedure under the Athenian democracy in which any citizen could be expelled from the city-state of Athens for ten years. While some instances clearly expressed popular anger at the citizen, ostracism was often used preemptively. It was used as a way of neutralizingsomeone thought to be a threat to the state of potential tyrant. It has been called an " honorable exile" by scholar P.J.Rhodes. The word " ostracism" continues to be used for various cases of social shunning. (pottery shards)

2. People's opinions = represent the benefits of certain social groups = social contract signed by many social groups = interest inevitably contradicting with each other = government harmonizes the diversified interests and creats the balance among different parties = mostly based on their own judgement?

? ?-----其實(shí)重點(diǎn)是：政府該要聽取這些意見拒名，但是不是說無條件地去執(zhí)行這些意見吩愧。這些意見作為參考，最后政府官員還是要相信自己的判斷來綜合出一個(gè)所有人都能接受的決定增显。

So, we need someone to gather and harmonize the different interests and formulate decisions that most people could live with without much reluctance.?

Self-confidence:

1. Governors = expert = experience + information advantages: compared with the general public, Govenors posssess much more knowledge and could make a comprehensive evaluation and decisions on the issue, while the general public might be easily misguided eithere by the lack of credible info or the emotions.?

Iss28：The surest indicator of a great nation is represented not by the achievement of the rulers, artists, or scientist, but by the general welfare of its people.?

General welfare:

1. Welfare, in general understanding, means the life quality, how the people are living their current lives. Nation = social demands satisfaction based on the social / generation contract of Rousseau: stable and happy life. No denying that for most of current great nations, those people are enjoying various benefits in daily life, away from wars, starvation and diseases; they could satisfy their life with all entertainments.

Not necessarily:

1. Hard to measure and compare the welfare in different background, simply with momentary standards = not sufficient: with the current general understanding, the monogolian people with Genghis Khan not materially ensured, the Macedonian Empire / Alexandra Empire, they have been regarde as great nations in the history, but the citizens were not living a " wellfare" life in modern definition. Must be other indicators.?

2. The achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists embody the comtemporary social demands and help build up great nations:" China scientists = gun-powder, compass, printing and paper making = advance the civilization, not for certain social groups; Egypt = Pyrimid, Characters, ?Sphinx; Mongolia / Macedonia = leader achievement = for those worriors, the honor determines the glory of their lives, and the honor means conquering with the leaders = Genghis Khan / Alexander the Great expand and boundary to fulfill the honor = great nation.?

Iss 62：Leaders are created by the demands that are placed on them.?

Leaders created by demand:

1. Roosevely: great depression from 1929- 1939

美國人民水深火熱雁佳，需要救贖，R帶著新政策來了同云。 State regulation = 滿足了當(dāng)時(shí)的social demand： 解決了當(dāng)時(shí)的social demands： 解決了freewill of the market 的危害糖权，拯救了美國人民= leaders. OR Genghis Khan: 當(dāng)時(shí)的蒙古人民需要救贖= GK 帶著stability 和 power來了：蒙古人民的生活穩(wěn)定了。 Elon Musk: Tesla : demand = clean energy + zero-emmission vehicles.?

Leaders not created by demand:

1. 有沒有一種可能是leader創(chuàng)造了demand炸站， 而不是demand 創(chuàng)造了leader： Adolf Hitler星澳。當(dāng)時(shí)德國的情況，其實(shí)是Hitler在政府外和政府內(nèi)不停的創(chuàng)造者一些矛盾旱易，計(jì)劃一些沖突禁偎，從而更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的一些利益，讓自己以一個(gè)救世主Messiahs的身份出現(xiàn)在人們的面前阀坏，但是我們要看到如暖，這是leaders為了自己的政治目的而創(chuàng)造的demand， 從而step further忌堂， 而不是說本身的 social demand 的一個(gè) progress装处。?

2. Other approaches to create leades: system and mechanism: 這樣的一個(gè)機(jī)制一方面在保證leader candidates 自身的qualification的提高，可以讓他們更好地去競(jìng)爭(zhēng)成為leaders； 另一方面妄迁，這是社會(huì)穩(wěn)定和發(fā)展的一個(gè)正常機(jī)制寝蹈，而不是一個(gè)刻意為之的demand。

Iss 36：Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.?

Supporting the research:?

1. The essence of scienrtific research is the continuous exploration into the uncertainty and then etabilishment of the certainty, thereby advancing the human civilization. The unknown mysteries of the ocean never prevent us from exploring deep into the waters; the uncertainty of universe pales with human ambitions to expand their boundaries = destiny of the scientific research.

2. Nothing goes wrong with the scientific researches. It is human will that abuses the consequences of the researches. The simple goodwill aims to explore and advance, but the complex humnanity defines the risky consequences = government should more focus on establishing a good system.

? ? ? ? ----火藥是為了煉丹登淘， 指南針是算命箫老， 后面被abuse了 ( Alchemy：煉丹)

Not supporting the research:

1. Risks elaboration: out of contol = disaster + catastrophe, Chernobyl nuclear station always marks one dark page in the human history as support of such a claim. Clone......(倫理+ 道德）

Robert Oppenheimer: "Now, I am become death, the destoryrt of the worlds. "

2. Focus more on certainly = with limited resources to achieve a bigger accomplishment within a shorter period = with more understanding = turn the previous uncertainty into current / future certainty = safe progress.?

討論到政府做事可以討論到錢

Iss 12：Government should offer a free university education to any student who has been admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition.?

Government offer free education to the poor:

Provide the chance for the poor students to get education = better coverage of elite education = fair plat form / possibility for the students to develop into responsible candidates to improve the world / more and better labor for building a better society. Equal chances of higher education = opportunities for moving up the social ladder / classes / hierarchy for the poor.?

Government not offering free education to the poor:

1. Dishonest: Some people may take advantage of this policy. How to define the incapability to afford the tuition: we cannot deny the fact that many families are actually poor to support the academic pursuit of the students, but when such an assistance has become a policy, it is quite possible that many families and students might fabricate some documents to avoid the tuition burden, and those families could easily use their powers to take advantage of the policy to benefit themselves by taking . occupying the free education quota = governmenta burden.?

* 不要做亡羊補(bǔ)牢的事---要向著未雨綢繆的方向發(fā)展 *

2. Free is not necessary = burden on government & laziness / dependence on students = proverty becomes privilege, so better solutions include student loan and work study.?

? ? ? ? ? ? ?----a. University and institutions could give a hand : education sponsering : paid working in universities: scholarship in names of the university or the institution = social responsibilities = not only the government duty.?

? ? ? ? ? ? ----b: Government could use the saved money to boost the economy to ensure that fewer qualified students should need the external support.?

Student grant / loan

Iss 18：The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.?

（跟50一樣）

Iss 16: Some people believe that in order to be effective, political leaders must yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise. Others believe that the most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives.?

(跟50一樣）

Iss 151：Some people claim that the goal of politics should be the pursuit of an ideal. Others argue that the goal should be finding common ground and reaching reasonable consensus.?

Pursuit of an ideal:

1. Idealistic: the ultimate goal of politics is to realize "Utopia" and bring the benefits to real life. No denying that the politicans should focus on such goals. Politicans should focus on such goals. Politicans = representatives of different social groups = harmonized interests-concentration = expertise + experience + capabilities = envision the future and depict the blueprint for the groups who choose them -> ignore the ideal = social groups, propioritizing their own interests, usually commit to temporary blindness = politics remind them of the long-term goal as collectivism. Examples: communism = ideal encouraged many working class to pursue a better society in the past.?

Finding common ground + consensus:?

1. However, centralized government / monopoly's pursuit of an ideal = incubator for tyranny = not only carry out ideals that does not match the need of its people, but also may involve personal ambitious = Government may mislead its people towards destruction if ideal is too self-centered / inhuman.?

2. Du Contrat Social (social contract) of Jean Jacques Rousseau: Politicans = representatives of different social froups = appreances = common ground & reasonable consensus: compromises of individual interests in the hope of greater paybacks: ?stable political action finds consensus among different interest groups = should not, the politics would fall.?

Ideal 和 common ground 其實(shí)是可以不沖突的，ideal是理想化的東西黔州，非常的theoretical耍鬓， 但是put into practice 的時(shí)候會(huì)有問題，這些問題可以大家一起討論得到結(jié)果流妻，所以ideal是引領(lǐng)我們的理論牲蜀，然后大家討論得出方式一起前進(jìn)。

Realistic: realistic stability is the premise for the realization of the ideal. Soviet Union should be a great example here. Great ideal did exist in the history of the Soviet Union, and influenced several generations of its people. Failed to maintain the common ground and public consensus among different social groups, simply thinking that the ideal itself could unite all the forces = dissolution of the ideal.?

--------Eg.Zootopia: mayor tried to keep the ideal, but when the public cannot reach the consensus between preys and predators, the Zootopia almost fell into pieces with conflicts and chaos = system got re-established and the ideal came back to the political topics again only when the officers recreated the consensus among different species and groups. Mongoliea = conquering - ideal, but the social welfare - consensus, the Mongolia nobles enjoy the priorities and stability, the citizens suffer.?

Iss 25: Government should offer college and university education free of charge to all students.?

Government offer free education:

1. Provide the chance for everyone who has the ability to attain acceptance to higher education = more and equal chances for all able able-students = smallerdisparity between the rich and the poor = erase the possiblity of the poor people become poorer because their unaffordablity to higher education = improve the overall education level of the people = more and better labor for building a better society.?

Government not offering free education:

1. Free is not necessary = financial burden on government leads to exhaustion of national resource = not enough money to pay for the facilities of institutions and the salary of professors = potentially lowering of the level of current higher education.?

2. Laziness / dependence of the people = not paying means less motivation to study for some.?